Outline of human anatomy

See also: Index of anatomy-related articles

Human anatomy, a branch of anatomy, is the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, by Rembrandt; depicts an anatomy demonstration using a cadaver.

Essence of human anatomy

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (1492)

Main article: Human anatomy

Human body

Branches of human anatomy

Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
- Cytology
- Histology

Anatomy of the human body

Main article: Human anatomy

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation.

General anatomy

General terms
Parts of human body
- Head
  - Ear
  - Face
    - Eye
    - Cheek
    - Nose
    - Mouth
    - Chin
- Neck
- Trunk
  - Thorax
  - Abdomen
  - Pelvis
  - Back
- Upper limb
  - Pectoral girdle
  - Axilla
  - Arm
  - Elbow
  - Forearm
  - Hand
- Lower limb
  - Pelvic girdle
  - Buttocks
  - Hip
  - Thigh
  - Knee
  - Leg
  - Foot
- Cavities
  - Cranial cavity
  - Thoracic cavity
  - Abdominopelvic cavity
    - Abdominal cavity
    - Pelvic cavity
Planes, lines, and regions
- Regions of head
- Regions of neck
- Anterior and lateral thoracic regions
- Abdominal regions
- Regions of back
- Perineal regions
- Regions of upper limb
- Regions of lower limb

Bones

Front view of an adult human skeleton

Rear view of an adult human skeleton

Main articles: Skeletal system, Human skeleton, and Bone

General terms
- Bony part
  - Cortical bone
  - Compact bone
  - Spongy bone
- Cartilaginous part
- Membranous part
  - Periosteum
  - Perichondrium
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Pneumatized bone
- Sesamoid bone
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
  - Epiphysial plate (Growth plate)
- Metaphysis
- Apophysis
- Tuber
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
- Eminence^{[disambiguation needed ]}
- Process
- Condyle
- Epicondyle
- Fossa
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
- Yellow bone marrow
- Red bone marrow
- Nutrient foramen
- Nutrient canal
- Ossification center
Cranium
- Neurocranium
- Viscerocranium
- Cranial cavity
- Forehead
- Occiput
- Nasion
- Bregma
- Lambda
- Inion
- Pterion
- Asterion
- Gonion
- Temporal fossa
- Zygomatic arch
- Infratemporal fossa
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Pterygomaxillary fissure
- Fontanelles
  - Anterior fontanelle
  - Posterior fontanelle
  - Sphenoidal fontanelle
  - Mastoid fontanelle
- Calvaria
  - Vertex
  - Diploe
- Cranial base
  - Internal surface of cranial base
    - Petrosphenoidal fissure
    - Petro-occipital fissure
    - Anterior cranial fossa
    - Middle cranial fossa
    - Posterior cranial fossa
      - Clivus
  - External surface of cranial base
    - Jugular foramen
    - Foramen lacerum
    - Bony palate
    - Greater palatine canal
    - Greater palatine foramen
    - Lesser palatine foramina
    - Incisive fossa
    - Incisive canals
    - Incisive foramina
- Orbit
  - Orbital cavity
  - Medial wall
    - Anterior ethmoidal foramen
    - Posterior ethmoidal foramen
  - Superior orbital fissure
  - Inferior orbital fissure
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Bony nasal cavity
  - Piriform aperture
  - Superior nasal meatus
  - Middle nasal meatus
  - Inferior nasal meatus
  - Spheno-ethmoidal recess
  - Choana
  - Sphenopalatine foramen
- Bones of cranium
  - Parietal bone
  - Frontal bone
    - Squamous part
      - External surface
        
        Glabella
        
        Frontal suture
        
        Supra-orbital margin
        
        Supra-orbital notch (Supra-orbital foramen)
      - Internal surface
        
        Foramen cecum
    - Frontal sinus
  - Occipital bone
    - Foramen magnum
    - Occipital condyle
    - Condylar canal
    - Hypoglossal canal
    - Condylar fossa
    - Jugular tubercle
    - Jugular notch
    - Jugular process
    - External occipital protuberance
    - Superior nuchal line
    - Inferior nuchal line
    - Internal occipital protuberance
  - Sphenoid
    - Body
      - Sella turcica
        
        Tuberculum sellae
        
        Hypophysial fossa
        
        Dorsum sellae
        
        Posterior clinoid process
      - Sphenoidal sinus
    - Lesser wing
    - Greater wing
      - Foramen rotundum
      - Foramen ovale
      - Sphenoidal emissary foramen
      - Foramen spinosum
      - Foramen petrosum
      - Pterygoid process
      - Pterygoid notch
      - Pterygoid fossa
      - Scaphoid fossa
      - Pterygoid hamulus
      - Pterygoid canal
  - Temporal bone
    - Petrous part
      - Mastoid process
      - Occipital groove
      - Mastoid foramen
      - Facial canal
      - Inferior surface of petrous part
        
        Styloid process
        
        Stylomastoid foramen
      - Tympanic cavity
    - Mandibular fossa
    - Articular tubercle
      - Petrotympanic fissure
      - Petrosquamous fissure
  - Ethmoid
    - Cribriform plate
    - Cribriform foramina
    - Crista galli
    - Ethmoidal labyrinth
      - Ethmoidal bulla
  - Inferior nasal concha
  - Lacrimal bone
  - Nasal bone
  - Vomer
  - Maxilla
    - Body of maxilla
      - Orbital surface
        
        Infra-orbital canal
        
        Infra-orbital groove
      - Anterior surface
        
        Infra-orbital foramen
      - Maxillary sinus
    - Palatine process
      - Incisive canals
    - Alveolar process
      - Dental alveoli
      - Incisive foramina
  - Palatine bone
  - Zygomatic bone
    - Zygomatico-orbital foramen
    - Zygomaticofacial foramen
    - Zygomaticotemporal foramen
  - Mandible
    - Body of mandible
      - Mental protuberance
      - Mental tubercle
      - Mental foramen
      - Oblique line
      - Superior mental spine
      - Inferior mental spine
      - Mylohyoid line
      - Sublingual fossa
      - Submandibular fossa
      - Alveolar part
        
        Dental alveoli
    - Ramus of mandible
      - Angle of mandible
      - Mandibular foramen
        
        Mandibular canal
      - Mylohyoid groove
      - Coronoid process
      - Mandibular notch
      - Condylar process
        
        Pterygoid fovea
  - Hyoid bone
  - (Auditory ossicles - see sense organs)
Vertebral column
- Vertebral canal
- Vertebra (this category contains parts of a vertebra)
  - Vertebral body
  - Vertebral arch
    - Pedicle
    - Lamina
  - Intervertebral foramen
  - Superior vertebral notch
  - Inferior vertebral notch
  - Vertebral foramen
  - Spinous process
  - Transverse process
- Cervical vertebrae
  - Uncus of body
  - Foramen transversarium
  - Carotid tubercle
  - Atlas (anatomy)
  - Axis (anatomy)
    - Dens
  - Vertebra prominens (C7)
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum
  - Dorsal surface
    - Sacral cornu
    - Sacral canal
      - Sacral hiatus
- Coccyx
Thoracic skeleton
- Ribs
  - True ribs
  - False ribs
    - Floating ribs
  - Costal cartilage
- Rib
  - Body
    - Costal groove
  - Cervical rib
  - First rib
    - Scalene tubercle
  - Lumbar rib
- Sternum
  - Manubrium of sternum
    - Clavicular notch
    - Jugular notch
  - Sternal angle
  - Xiphoid process
- Thoracic cage
  - Thoracic cavity
  - Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
  - Inferior thoracic aperture
  - Intercostal space
  - Infrasternal angle
Bones of upper limb
- Pectoral girdle
  - Scapula
    - Acromion
    - Superior border
      - Suprascapular notch
    - Glenoid cavity
    - Supraglenoid tubercle
    - Infraglenoid tubercle
    - Coracoid process
  - Clavicle
    - Acromial end
      - Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament
        
        Conoid tubercle
        
        Trapezoid line
- Free part of upper limb
  - Humerus
    - Greater tubercle
    - Lesser tubercle
      - Intertubercular sulcus
    - Shaft of humerus
      - Posterior surface
        
        Radial groove
      - Deltoid tuberosity
    - Condyle of humerus
      - Capitulum
      - Trochlea
      - Olecranon fossa
      - Coronoid fossa
      - Radial fossa
    - Medial epicondyle
    - Lateral epicondyle
  - Radius
    - Radial styloid process
  - Ulna
    - Olecranon
    - Coronoid process
    - Head
      - Ulnar styloid process
- Bones of hand
  - Carpal bones
    - Scaphoid
    - Lunate
    - Triquetrum
    - Pisiform
    - Trapezium
    - Trapezoid
    - Capitate
    - Hamate
  - Metacarpals
  - Phalanges (hand)
  - Sesamoid bones (hand)
Bones of lower limb
- Pelvic girdle
  - [Sacrum - see vertebrae section]
  - Hip bone
    - Acetabulum
    - Obturator foramen
    - Greater sciatic notch
    - Ilium
      - Arcuate line
      - Iliac crest
        
        Anterior superior iliac spine
        
        Anterior inferior iliac spine
        
        Posterior superior iliac spine
        
        Posterior inferior iliac spine
    - Ischium
      - Lesser sciatic notch
    - Pubis
      - Body
        
        Pubic tubercle
      - Superior pubic ramus
        
        Pecten pubis
  - Pelvis (category contains general terms)
    - Pelvic cavity
    - Pubic arch
    - Subpubic angle
    - Greater pelvis
    - Lesser pelvis
    - Linea terminalis
    - Pelvic inlet
    - Pelvic outlet
- Free part of lower limb
  - Femur
    - Greater trochanter
    - Lesser trochanter
    - Intertrochanteric line
    - Intertrochanteric crest
    - Shaft of femur
      - Linea aspera
      - Pectineal line
    - Intercondylar fossa
  - Patella
  - Tibia
    - Medial malleolus
  - Fibula
    - Lateral malleolus
- Bones of foot
  - Tarsal bones
    - Talus
    - Calcaneus
      - Sustentaculum tali
    - Navicular
    - Medial cuneiform
    - Intermediate cuneiform
    - Lateral cuneiform
    - Cuboid
  - Metatarsals
  - Phalanges (foot)
  - Sesamoid bones (foot)

Joints

General terms
- Joint
- Bony joints
  - Synarthrosis
    - Fibrous joint
    - Cartilaginous joint
      - Synchondrosis
      - Symphysis
      - Epiphysial cartilage
  - Synovial joint
    - Articular disc
    - Meniscus
    - Synovial bursa
    - Synovial sheath
    - Plane joint
    - Cylindrical joint
      - Pivot joint
      - Hinge joint
    - Bicondylar joint
    - Saddle joint
    - Condylar joint
    - Ball and socket joint
- Abduction
- Adduction
- External rotation or Lateral rotation
- Internal rotation or Medial rotation
- Circumduction
- Flexion
- Extension
- Pronation
- Supination
- Opposition^{[disambiguation needed ]}
- Reposition
Joints of the skull
- Cranial fibrous joints
  - Cranial syndesmoses
  - Cranial sutures
  - Dento-alveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis)
- Cranial cartilaginous joints
  - Cranial synchondroses
- Cranial synovial joints
  - Temporomandibular joint
    - Sphenomandibular ligament
    - Stylomandibular ligament
  - Atlanto-occipital joint
Vertebral joints
- Syndesmoses of vertebral column
  - Interspinous ligaments
  - Ligamenta flava
  - Intertransverse ligaments
  - Supraspinous ligament
  - Ligamentum nuchae
  - Anterior longitudinal ligament
  - Posterior longitudinal ligament
  - Transverse ligaments
- Synchondroses of vertebral column
  - Intervertebral joint
    - Intervertebral disc
      - Annulus fibrosus
      - Nucleus pulposus
- Vertebral synovial joints
  - Median atlanto-axial joint
    - Alar ligaments
    - Apical ligament of dens
    - Cruciate ligament of dens
  - Lateral atlanto-axial joint
  - Zygapophysial joints
  - Lumbosacral joint
  - Sacrococcygeal joint
Thoracic joints
- Syndesmoses of thorax
  - External intercostal membrane
  - Internal intercostal membrane
- Synchondroses of thorax
  - Costosternal joint
  - Synchondrosis of first rib
  - Sternal synchondroses
    - Xiphisternal joint
    - Manubriosternal joint
- Synovial joints of thorax
  - Costovertebral joints
  - Sternocostal joints
  - Costochondral joints
  - Interchondral joints
Joints of upper limb
- Joints of pectoral girdle
  - Syndesmoses of pectoral girdle
    - Coraco-acromial ligament
    - Superior transverse scapular ligament
  - Synovial joints of pectoral girdle
    - Acromioclavicular joint
      - Acromioclavicular ligament
      - Coracoclavicular ligament
        
        Trapezoid ligament
        
        Conoid ligament
    - Sternoclavicular joint
- Joints of free upper limb
  - Radio-ulnar syndesmosis
    - Interosseous membrane of forearm
  - Synovial joints of free upper limb
    - Glenohumeral joint
    - Elbow joint (since merged with elbow article)
      - Humero-ulnar joint
      - Humeroradial joint
      - Proximal radio-ulnar joint
      - Ulnar collateral ligament
      - Radial collateral ligament
      - Anular ligament of radius
      - Quadrate ligament
    - Distal radio-ulnar joint
    - Joints of hand
      - Wrist joint
      - Carpal joints
        
        Midcarpal joint
        
        Radiate carpal ligament
        
        Pisiform joint
        
        Pisohamate ligament
        
        Pisometacarpal ligament
      - Carpal tunnel
      - Ulnar canal
      - Carpometacarpal joints
        
        Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
      - Intermetacarpal joints
      - Metacarpophalangeal joints
        
        Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
      - Interphalangeal joints of hand
Joints of lower limb
- Joints of pelvic girdle
  - Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle
    - Obturator canal
    - Pubic symphysis
    - Sacro-iliac joint
- Joints of free lower limb
  - Tibiofibular syndesmosis^{[disambiguation needed ]}
    - Interosseous membrane of leg
  - Synovial joints of free lower limb
    - Hip joint
    - Knee joint
      - Lateral meniscus
      - Medial meniscus
      - Transverse ligament of knee
      - Anterior cruciate ligament
      - Posterior cruciate ligament
      - Fibular collateral ligament
      - Tibial collateral ligament
      - Oblique popliteal ligament
      - Arcuate popliteal ligament
      - Patellar ligament
    - Tibiofibular joint^{[disambiguation needed ]}
    - Joints of foot
      - Ankle joint
        
        Medial ligament (deltoid ligament)
        
        Lateral ligament
      - Subtalar joint
      - Transverse tarsal joint
      - Cuneonavicular joint
      - Intercuneiform joints
      - Tarsal ligaments
        
        Tarsal interosseous ligaments
        
        Dorsal tarsal ligaments
        
        Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament
        
        Plantar tarsal ligaments
        
        Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring ligament)
      - Tarsometatarsal joints
      - Intermetatarsal joints
      - Metatarsophalangeal joints
      - Interphalangeal joints of foot

Muscles

General terms
- Muscle
Muscles of head
- Extra-ocular muscles (see sense organs)
- Muscles of auditory ossicles (see sense organs)
- Facial muscles
  - Epicranius
  - Procerus
  - Nasalis
  - Depressor septi nasi
  - Orbicularis oculi
  - Corrugator supercilii
  - Depressor supercilii
  - Auricularis anterior
  - Auricularis superior
  - Auricularis posterior
  - Orbicularis oris
  - Depressor anguli oris
  - Transversus menti
  - Risorius
  - Zygomaticus major
  - Zygomaticus minor
  - Levator labii superioris
  - Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  - Depressor labii inferioris
  - Levator anguli oris
  - Modiolus
  - Buccinator
  - Mentalis
  - Masticatory muscles
    - Masseter
    - Temporalis
    - Lateral pterygoid
    - Medial pterygoid
- Muscles of tongue - see alimentary system
- Muscles of soft palate and fauces - see alimentary system
Muscles of neck
- Platysma
- Longus colli
- Longus capitis
- Scalenus anterior
- Scalenus medius
- Scalenus posterior
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Suboccipital muscles
  - Rectus capitis anterior
  - Rectus capitis lateralis
  - Rectus capitis posterior major
  - Rectus capitis posterior minor
  - Obliquus capitis superior
  - Obliquus capitis inferior
- Suprahyoid muscles
  - Digastric
  - Stylohyoid
  - Mylohyoid
  - Geniohyoid
- Infrahyoid muscles
  - Sternohyoid
  - Omohyoid
  - Sternothyroid
  - Thyrohyoid
- Cervical fascia
Muscles of back
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Rhomboid major
- Rhomboid minor
- Levator scapulae
- Serratus posterior inferior
- Serratus posterior superior
- Anterior cervical intertransversarii
- Lateral posterior cervical intertransversarii
- Intertransversarii laterales lumborum
- Muscles of back proper
  - Erector spinae
    - Erector spinae aponeurosis
    - Iliocostalis
    - Longissimus
    - Spinalis
  - Spinotransversales
    - Splenius
  - Transversospinales
    - Multifidus
    - Semispinalis^{[disambiguation needed ]}
    - Rotatores
  - Interspinales
  - Intertransversarii
  - Thoracolumbar fascia
Muscles of thorax
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis minor
- Subclavius
- Serratus anterior
- Levatores costarum
- External intercostal muscle
- Internal intercostal muscle
- Innermost intercostal muscle
- Subcostales
- Transversus thoracis
- Pectoral fascia
- Clavipectoral fascia
- Thoracic fascia
- Endothoracic fascia
- Thoracic diaphragm
  - Lumbar part
    - Right crus of diaphragm
    - Left crus of diaphragm
    - Median arcuate ligament
    - Medial arcuate ligament
    - Lateral arcuate ligament
  - Aortic hiatus
  - Esophageal hiatus
  - Caval opening
Muscles of abdomen
- Rectus abdominis
- Pyramidalis
- External oblique
  - Inguinal ligament
- Superficial inguinal ring
- Internal oblique
  - Cremaster
- Transversus abdominis
  - Inguinal falx
  - Deep inguinal ring
- Linea alba
- Linea semilunaris
- Inguinal canal
- Quadratus lumborum
- Abdominal fascia
- Pelvic fascia
- Pelvic diaphragm
  - Levator ani
  - Ischiococcygeus
  - External anal sphincter
- Perineal muscles - see genital systems
Muscles of upper limb
- Compartments
- Muscles
  - Deltoid
  - Supraspinatus
  - Infraspinatus
  - Teres minor
  - Teres major
  - Subscapularis
  - Biceps brachii
  - Coracobrachialis
  - Brachialis
  - Triceps brachii
  - Anconeus
  - Pronator teres
  - Flexor carpi radialis
  - Palmaris longus
  - Flexor digitorum superficialis
  - Flexor digitorum profundus
  - Flexor pollicis longus
  - Pronator quadratus
  - Brachioradialis
  - Extensor carpi radialis longus
  - Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  - Extensor digitorum
  - Extensor digiti minimi
  - Extensor carpi ulnaris
  - Supinator
  - Abductor pollicis longus
  - Extensor pollicis brevis
  - Extensor pollicis longus
  - Extensor indicis
  - Palmaris brevis
  - Abductor pollicis brevis
  - Flexor pollicis brevis
  - Opponens pollicis
  - Adductor pollicis
  - Abductor digiti minimi
  - Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  - Opponens digiti minimi
  - Lumbricals of hand
  - Dorsal interossei (of hand)
  - Palmar interossei (of hand)
  - Fascia
    - Flexor retinaculum
Muscles of lower limb
- Compartments
- Muscles
  - Iliopsoas
    - Iliacus
    - Psoas major
  - Gluteus maximus
  - Gluteus medius
  - Gluteus minimus
  - Tensor fasciae latae
  - Piriformis
  - Obturator internus
  - Gemellus superior
  - Gemellus inferior
  - Quadriceps femoris
    - Rectus femoris
    - Vastus lateralis
    - Vastus intermedius
    - Vastus medialis
  - Articularis genus
  - Pectineus
  - Adductor longus
  - Adductor brevis
  - Adductor magnus
  - Gracilis
  - Obturator externus
  - Biceps femoris
  - Semitendinosus
  - Semimembranosus
  - Tibialis anterior
  - Extensor digitorum longus
  - Fibularis tertius
  - Extensor hallucis longus
  - Fibularis longus
  - Fibularis brevis
  - Triceps surae
    - Gastrocnemius
    - Soleus
    - Calcaneal tendon
  - Plantaris
  - Popliteus
  - Tibialis posterior
  - Flexor digitorum longus
  - Flexor hallucis longus
  - Extensor hallucis brevis
  - Extensor digitorum brevis
  - Abductor hallucis
  - Flexor hallucis brevis
  - Adductor hallucis
  - Abductor digiti minimi
  - Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  - Flexor digitorum brevis
  - Quadratus plantae
  - Lumbricals
  - Dorsal interossei
  - Plantar interossei
  - Fascia
    - Fascia lata
      - Iliotibial tract
    - Adductor canal
    - Femoral canal
    - Femoral triangle
    - Femoral ring
    - Femoral septum
Tendon sheaths and bursae
- General terms
- Bursae of neck
- Bursae of upper limb
- Tendinous sheaths of upper limb
- Bursae of lower limb
- Tendinous sheaths of lower limb

Alimentary system

Main article: Human gastrointestinal tract

Mouth
- Oral cavity
  - Oral vestibule
  - Oral cavity proper
- Glands of mouth
  - Major salivary glands
  - Minor salivary glands
- Teeth
  - Incisor tooth
- Tongue
  - Muscles of tongue
    - Genioglossus
    - Hyoglossus
    - Styloglossus
    - Superior longitudinal muscle
    - Inferior longitudinal muscle
    - Transverse muscle
    - Vertical muscle
    - Palatoglossus
Fauces
- Muscles of soft palate and fauces
  - Levator veli palatini
  - Tensor veli palatini
  - Musculus uvulae
  - Palatoglossus
  - Palatopharyngeus
Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Pharyngeal muscles
  - Superior pharyngeal constrictor
  - Middle pharyngeal constrictor
  - Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
  - Stylopharyngeus
  - Salpingopharyngeus
  - Palatopharyngeus - see 'Muscles of soft palate and fauces'
Esophagus
Stomach
- Pylorus
Small intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Large intestine
- Cecum
  - Appendix
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
  - Pectinate line
Liver
- Common hepatic duct
Gall bladder
- Cystic duct
- Bile duct
Pancreas
- Pancreatic islets

Respiratory system

Main articles: Respiratory tract and Respiratory system

Nose
- Nasal cavity
  - Nasal septum
  - Spheno-ethmoidal recess
  - Superior nasal meatus
  - Middle nasal meatus
  - Inferior nasal meatus
- Paranasal sinuses
  - Maxillary sinus
Larynx
- Laryngeal cartilages and joints
  - Thyroid cartilage
  - Cricoid cartilage
  - Cricothyroid joint
  - Arytenoid cartilage
  - Crico-arytenoid joint
  - Corniculate cartilage
  - Cuneiform cartilage
  - Epiglottis
  - Laryngeal muscles
    - Cricothyroid
  - Laryngeal cavity
    - Glottis
Trachea
- Carina of trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
- Bronchopulmonary segments
  - Bronchioles

Thoracic cavity

Main article: Thoracic cavity

Anatomy, Respiratory system: Thoracic cavity (TA A07, TH H3.05.03, GA 11.1087)

Pleurae

Parietal pleura (Cervical, Costal, Mediastinal, Diaphragmatic) · Visceral pleura · Pulmonary ligament · recesses (Costomediastinal, Costodiaphragmatic) · Pleural cavity

Suprapleural membrane

Mediastinum

Superior · Anterior · Middle · Posterior

General

Thoracic wall

M: RES

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Urinary system

Main article: Urinary system

Kidney
- Renal segments
- Intrarenal arteries
- Intrarenal veins
- Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Female urethra - see genital systems
Male urethra - see genital systems

Genital systems

Main article: Reproductive system

Female reproductive system
- Female internal genitalia
  - Ovary
    - Ligament of ovary
    - Suspensory ligament of ovary
  - Uterine tube
  - Uterus
    - Cervix of uterus
    - Round ligament of uterus
    - Pubocervical ligament
    - Cardinal ligament
    - Uterosacral ligament
  - Vagina
- Female external genitalia
  - Pudendum (vulva)
    - Mons pubis
    - Labium majus
      - Pudendal cleft
    - Labium minus
    - Vestibule of vagina
    - Bulb of vestibule
    - Greater vestibular gland
    - Clitoris
    - Female urethra
Male reproductive system
- Male internal genitalia
  - Testis
    - Tunica vaginalis
    - Tunica albuginea
    - Seminiferous tubules
    - Straight tubules
    - Rete testis
  - Epididymis
  - Paradidymis
  - Spermatic cord
    - Cremaster
  - Ductus deferens
  - Seminal gland
    - Ejaculatory duct
  - Prostate
  - Bulbo-urethral gland
- Male external genitalia
  - Penis
    - Glans penis
    - Prepuce
    - Corpus cavernosum penis
    - Corpus spongiosum penis
    - Helicine arteries
    - Fascia of penis
      - Suspensory ligament of penis
  - Male urethra
    - Spongy urethra
      - Navicular fossa
  - Scrotum
    - Dartos fascia
      - Dartos muscle
- Perineum
  - Perineal body
  - Subcutaneous perineal pouch
  - Superficial perineal pouch
  - Deep perineal pouch
  - Ischio-anal fossa

Abdominopelvic cavity

Main article: Abdominopelvic cavity

Extraperitoneal space
Peritoneum
- Mesentery
- Mesocolon^{[disambiguation needed ]}
  - Transverse mesocolon
  - Sigmoid mesocolon
  - Meso-appendix
- Lesser omentum
  - Hepatophrenic ligament
  - Hepato-esophageal ligament
  - Hepatogastric ligament
  - Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Greater omentum
  - Gastrophrenic ligament
  - Gastrosplenic ligament
  - Phrenicosplenic ligament
  - Splenorenal ligament
  - Pancreaticosplenic ligament
  - Pancreaticocolic ligament
  - Splenocolic ligament
  - Phrenicocolic ligament
- Peritoneal attachments of liver
  - Coronary ligament
- Recesses, fossae, and folds
  - Omental bursa
  - Paracolic gutters
  - Median umbilical fold
  - Medial umbilical fold
  - Inguinal triangle
  - Lateral umbilical fold
- Urogenital peritoneum
  - Vesico-uterine pouch
  - Broad ligament of uterus
    - Mesometrium
    - Mesosalpinx
    - Mesovarium
    - Suspensory ligament of ovary - see genital systems

Endocrine glands

Main article: Endocrine system

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Suprarenal gland
Pancreatic islets - see alimentary system

Cardiovascular system

Main article: Cardiovascular system

General terms
- Artery
Heart
- Chordae tendinae
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
  - Tricuspid valve
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
  - Mitral valve
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Pericardial cavity
  - Transverse pericardial sinus
- Pericardium
Arteries
- Pulmonary trunk
  - Right pulmonary artery
  - Left pulmonary artery
- Aorta
  - Ascending aorta
    - Right coronary artery
    - Left coronary artery
  - Arch of aorta
  - Brachiocephalic trunk
    - Thyroid ima artery
  - Common carotid artery
    - Carotid sinus
  - External carotid artery
    - Superior thyroid artery
    - Ascending pharyngeal artery
    - Lingual artery
    - Facial artery
    - Occipital artery
    - Posterior auricular artery
    - Superficial temporal artery
    - Maxillary artery
      - Deep auricular artery
      - Anterior tympanic artery
      - Inferior alveolar artery
      - Middle meningeal artery
        
        Superior tympanic artery
      - Pterygomandibular artery
      - Masseteric artery
      - Anterior deep temporal artery
      - Posterior deep temporal artery
      - Buccal artery
      - Posterior superior alveolar artery
      - Infra-orbital artery
        
        Anterior superior alveolar arteries
      - Artery of pterygoid canal
      - Descending palatine artery
        
        Greater palatine artery
        
        Lesser palatine arteries
      - Sphenopalatine artery
  - Internal carotid artery
    - Ophthalmic artery
      - Central retinal artery
      - Lacrimal artery
      - Short posterior ciliary arteries
      - Long posterior ciliary arteries
      - Supra-orbital artery
      - Anterior ethmoidal artery
      - Posterior ethmoidal artery
      - Supratrochlear artery
      - Dorsal nasal artery
  - Arteries of brain
    - Anterior choroidal artery
    - Anterior cerebral artery
      - Anterior communicating artery
    - Middle cerebral artery
    - Posterior communicating artery
    - Cerebral arterial circle (Willis)
    - Posterior cerebral artery
  - Subclavian artery
    - Vertebral artery
      - Basilar artery
    - Internal thoracic artery
      - Pericardiophrenic artery
      - Musculophrenic artery
      - Superior epigastric artery
    - Thyrocervical trunk
    - Dorsal scapular artery
    - Costocervical trunk
      - Deep cervical artery
      - Supreme intercostal artery
  - Arteries of upper limb
    - Axillary artery
      - Superior thoracic artery
      - Thoraco-acromial artery
      - Lateral thoracic artery
      - Subscapular artery
        
        Thoracodorsal artery
        
        Circumflex scapular artery
      - Anterior circumflex humeral artery
      - Posterior circumflex humeral artery
    - Brachial artery
      - Profunda brachii artery
    - Radial artery
      - Princeps pollicis artery
      - Radialis indicis artery
      - Deep palmar arch
    - Ulnar artery
      - Superficial palmar arch
  - Thoracic aorta
    - Posterior intercostal arteries
    - Subcostal artery
  - Abdominal aorta
    - Inferior phrenic artery
    - Lumbar arteries
    - Median sacral artery
    - Celiac trunk
      - Left gastric artery
      - Common hepatic artery
        
        Gastroduodenal artery
        
        Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
        
        Right gastro-omental artery
        
        Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
      - Right gastric artery
      - Hepatic artery proper
        
        Right branch
        
        Cystic artery
      - Splenic artery
      - Left gastro-omental artery
      - Short gastric arteries
    - Superior mesenteric artery
    - Inferior mesenteric artery
    - Middle suprarenal artery
    - Renal artery
    - Ovarian artery
    - Testicular artery
  - Common iliac artery
  - Internal iliac artery
    - Iliolumbar artery
    - Lateral sacral arteries
    - Obturator artery
    - Superior gluteal artery
    - Inferior gluteal artery
    - Umbilical artery
      - Superior vesical arteries
    - Inferior vesical artery
    - Uterine artery
    - Vaginal artery
    - Middle rectal artery
    - Internal pudendal artery
      - Inferior rectal artery
      - Perineal artery
  - Arteries of lower limb
Veins
- Veins of heart
  - Coronary sinus
    - Great cardiac vein
    - Oblique vein of left atrium
    - Middle cardiac vein
    - Small cardiac vein
- Pulmonary veins
- Superior vena cava
  - Brachiocephalic vein
    - Inferior thyroid vein
    - Inferior laryngeal vein
    - Pericardial veins
    - Pericardiophrenic veins
    - Bronchial veins
    - Vertebral vein
      - Occipital vein
      - Anterior vertebral vein
    - Deep cervical vein
    - Internal thoracic veins
      - Superior epigastric veins
      - Musculophrenic veins
      - Anterior intercostal veins
    - Supreme intercostal vein
  - Internal jugular vein
    - Lingual vein
    - Superior thyroid vein
    - Middle thyroid veins
    - Sternocleidomastoid vein
    - Superior laryngeal vein
    - Facial vein
      - Angular vein
      - Supratrochlear veins
      - Supra-orbital vein
      - External nasal veins
      - Deep facial vein
      - External palatine vein
      - Submental vein
    - Retromandibular vein
      - Superficial temporal veins
      - Middle temporal vein
      - Transverse facial vein
      - Maxillary veins
      - Pterygoid plexus
    - External jugular vein
    - Dural venous sinuses
      - Transverse sinus
      - Confluence of sinuses
      - Marginal sinus
      - Occipital sinus
      - Petrosquamous sinus
      - Sigmoid sinus
      - Superior sagittal sinus
      - Inferior sagittal sinus
      - Straight sinus
      - Inferior petrosal sinus
      - Superior petrosal sinus
      - Cavernous sinus
      - Sphenoparietal sinus
    - Diploic veins
    - Emissary veins
  - Cerebral veins
    - Superficial cerebral veins
    - Deep cerebral veins
      - Basal vein
      - Great cerebral vein
    - Veins of brainstem
    - Cerebellar veins
  - Orbital veins
    - Superior ophthalmic vein
      - Nasofrontal vein
      - Ethmoidal veins
      - Lacrimal vein
      - Vorticose veins
      - Ciliary veins
      - Central retinal vein
      - Episcleral vein
    - Inferior ophthalmic vein
  - Azygos vein
    - Posterior intercostal veins
      - Intervertebral vein
    - Veins of vertebral column
      - Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
        
        Basivertebral veins
        
        Anterior spinal veins
        
        Posterior spinal veins
  - Veins of upper limb
    - Subclavian vein
    - Axillary vein
      - Subscapular vein
      - Circumflex scapular vein
        
        Thoracodorsal vein
        
        Posterior circumflex humeral vein
        
        Anterior circumflex humeral vein
      - Lateral thoracic vein
    - Superficial veins of upper limb
    - Deep veins of upper limb
- Inferior vena cava
  - Inferior phrenic veins
  - Lumbar veins
  - Ascending lumbar vein
  - Hepatic veins
  - Renal veins
    - Left suprarenal vein
    - Left ovarian vein
    - Left testicular vein
  - Right suprarenal vein
  - Right ovarian vein
  - Right testicular vein
    - Pampiniform plexus
  - Common iliac vein
    - Median sacral vein
    - Iliolumbar vein
  - Internal iliac vein
    - Superior gluteal veins
    - Inferior gluteal veins
    - Obturator veins
    - Lateral sacral veins
    - Vesical veins
    - Middle rectal veins
    - Internal pudendal vein
      - Deep veins of clitoris
      - Deep veins of penis
      - Inferior rectal veins
    - Posterior labial veins
    - Posterior scrotal veins
  - External iliac vein
    - Inferior epigastric vein
    - Deep circumflex iliac vein
  - Veins of lower limb
    - Superficial veins of lower limb
      - Great saphenous vein
        
        External pudendal veins
      - Small saphenous vein
    - Deep veins of lower limb
      - Femoral vein
      - Profunda femoris vein
      - Popliteal vein
        
        Sural veins
        
        Anterior tibial veins
        
        Posterior tibial veins
        
        Fibular veins
- Hepatic portal vein
  - Cystic vein
  - Para-umbilical veins
  - Left gastric vein
  - Right gastric vein
  - Superior mesenteric vein
    - Right gastro-omental vein
    - Ileocolic vein
      - Appendicular vein
    - Right colic vein
    - Middle colic vein
  - Splenic vein
    - Left gastro-omental vein
    - Inferior mesenteric vein
      - Left colic vein
      - Sigmoid veins
      - Superior rectal vein
Lymphatic trunks and ducts
- Thoracic duct
- Cisterna chyli

Lymphoid system

Main article: Lymphatic system

Primary lymphoid organs
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
- Spleen
- Pharyngeal lymphoid ring
- Lymph node
Regional lymph nodes
- Lymph nodes of head and neck
- Lymph nodes of upper limb
- Thoracic lymph nodes
- Abdominal lymph nodes
- Pelvic lymph nodes
- Lymph nodes of lower limb

Nervous system

General terms
Central nervous system
- General terms
- Meninges
- Spinal cord
  - Gray columns
  - White substance
- Brain
  - Brainstem
  - Cerebellum
  - Diencephalon
  - Telencephalon
    - Cerebral hemisphere
Peripheral nervous system
- General terms
- Cranial nerves
  - Olfactory nerve
  - Optic nerve
  - Oculomotor nerve
  - Trochlear nerve
  - Trigeminal nerve
    - Sensory root
      - Trigeminal ganglion
    - Ophthalmic nerve
      - Lacrimal nerve
      - Frontal nerve
        
        Supra-orbital nerve
        
        Supratrochlear nerve
      - Nasociliary nerve
      - Posterior ethmoidal nerve
      - Anterior ethmoidal nerve
        
        External nasal nerve
      - Infratrochlear nerve
    - Maxillary nerve
      - Nasopalatine nerve
      - Pharyngeal nerve
      - Greater palatine nerve
      - Lesser palatine nerves
      - Superior alveolar nerves^{[disambiguation needed ]}
      - Zygomatic nerve
      - Infra-orbital nerve
    - Mandibular nerve
      - Masseteric nerve
      - Deep temporal nerves
      - Buccal nerve
      - Auriculotemporal nerve
      - Lingual nerve
        
        Chorda tympani
        
        Sublingual nerve
        
        Inferior alveolar nerve
        
        Nerve to mylohyoid
        
        Mental nerve
  - Abducent nerve
  - Facial nerve
    - Posterior auricular nerve
    - Intermediate nerve
      - Greater petrosal nerve
      - Chorda tympani (also in trigeminal? redundancy?)
  - Vestibulocochlear nerve
    - Vestibular nerve
    - Cochlear nerve
  - Glossopharyngeal nerve
    - Tympanic nerve
      - Tympanic plexus
    - Lesser petrosal nerve
  - Vagus nerve
    - Superior laryngeal nerve
    - Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  - Accessory nerve
  - Hypoglossal nerve
- Spinal nerves
  - Cervical nerves
    - Suboccipital nerve
    - Greater occipital nerve
    - Third occipital nerve
    - Cervical plexus
    - Brachial plexus
      - Supraclavicular part
        
        Dorsal scapular nerve
        
        Long thoracic nerve
        
        Subclavian nerve
        
        Suprascapular nerve
        
        Subscapular nerves^{[disambiguation needed ]}
        
        Thoracodorsal nerve
        
        Medial pectoral nerve
        
        Lateral pectoral nerve
      - Infraclavicular part
        
        Musculocutaneous nerve
        
        Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
        
        Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
        
        Median nerve
        
        Ulnar nerve
        
        Radial nerve
        
        Axillary nerve
  - Thoracic nerves
  - Lumbar nerves
    - Medial clunial nerves
  - Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve
    - Lumbar plexus
      - Iliohypogastric nerve
      - Ilio-inguinal nerve
        
        Anterior labial nerves
        
        Anterior scrotal nerves
      - Genitofemoral nerve
      - Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
      - Obturator nerve
      - Accessory obturator nerve
      - Femoral nerve
        
        Saphenous nerve
        
        Medial cutaneous nerve of leg
      - Lumbosacral trunk
    - Sacral plexus
      - Nerve to obturator internus
      - Nerve to piriformis
      - Nerve to quadratus femoris
      - Superior gluteal nerve
      - Inferior gluteal nerve
      - Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
        
        Inferior clunial nerves
      - Perforating cutaneous nerve
      - Pudendal nerve
        
        Inferior anal nerves
        
        Perineal nerves
        
        Posterior labial nerves
        
        Posterior scrotal nerves
        
        Dorsal nerve of clitoris
        
        Dorsal nerve of penis
      - Coccygeal nerve
        
        Anococcygeal nerve
    - Sciatic nerve
      - Common fibular nerve
        
        Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
        
        Superficial fibular nerve
        
        Deep fibular nerve
      - Tibial nerve
        
        Interosseous nerve of leg
        
        Medial sural cutaneous nerve
        
        Sural nerve
        
        Medial plantar nerve
        
        Lateral plantar nerve
- Autonomic division (Autonomic nervous system)
  - Sympathetic part
    - Sympathetic trunk
      - Rami communicantes
    - Superior cervical ganglion
    - Middle cervical ganglion
    - Cervicothoracic ganglion (Stellate - should prob. include inferior cerv. ganglion)
    - Thoracic ganglia
      - Greater splanchnic nerve
      - Lesser splanchnic nerve
      - Least splanchnic nerve
    - Lumbar ganglia
      - Lumbar splanchnic nerves
    - Sacral ganglia
      - Sacral splanchnic nerves
      - Ganglion impar
  - Parasympathetic part
    - Cranial part
      - Ciliary ganglion
        
        Short ciliary nerves
      - Pterygopalatine ganglion
        
        Nerve of pterygoid canal
      - Submandibular ganglion
      - Sublingual ganglion
      - Otic ganglion
    - Pelvic part
      - Pelvic ganglia
        
        Parasympathetic root of pelvic ganglia = Pelvic splanchnic nerves
  - Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia
    - Craniocervical part
      - Internal carotid plexus
    - Thoracic part
    - Abdominal part
      - Celiac plexus
      - Aorticorenal ganglia
      - Superior mesenteric plexus
      - Inferior mesenteric plexus
    - Pelvic part
      - Superior hypogastric plexus
      - Inferior hypogastric plexus

Sense organs

Main articles: Sense and Sensory system

Olfactory organ
Eye and related structures
- Eyeball
  - Fibrous layer of eyeball
    - Sclera
    - Cornea
  - Vascular layer of eyeball
  - Inner layer of eyeball
    - Retina
    - Optic nerve (see nervous system)
    - Retinal blood vessels (see cardiovascular system)
  - Lens
  - Chambers of eyeball
    - Aqueous humor
    - Vitreous humor
- Accessory visual structures
  - Extra-ocular muscles
    - Orbitalis
    - Superior rectus
    - Inferior rectus
    - Medial rectus
    - Lateral rectus
    - Common tendinous ring
    - Superior oblique
    - Inferior oblique
    - Levator palpebrae superioris
  - Eyebrow
  - Eyelids
    - Palpebral fissure
    - Eyelash
    - Superior tarsus
    - Inferior tarsus
    - Tarsal glands
    - Ciliary glands
  - Conjunctiva
    - Lacrimal caruncle
  - Lacrimal apparatus
    - Lacrimal gland
    - Lacus lacrimalis
    - Lacrimal papilla
    - Lacrimal punctum
    - Lacrimal canaliculus
    - Lacrimal sac
    - Nasolacrimal duct
Ear
- External ear
  - Auricle
    - Antitragus
    - Tragus
  - Ligaments of auricle
  - Auricular muscles
    - Helicis major
    - Helicis minor
    - Tragicus
    - Pyramidal muscle of auricle
    - Antitragicus
    - Transverse muscle of auricle
    - Oblique muscle of auricle
  - External acoustic meatus
  - Tympanic membrane
    - Umbo of tympanic membrane
- Middle ear
  - Tympanic cavity
    - Labyrinthine wall (medial wall)
      - Oval window
      - Sinus tympani
      - Round window
    - Mastoid wall (posterior wall)
      - Aditus to mastoid antrum
      - Pyramidal eminence
    - Mastoid antrum
  - Auditory ossicles
    - Stapes
    - Incus
    - Malleus
  - Articulations of auditory ossicles
    - Ligaments of auditory ossicles
  - Muscles of auditory ossicles
    - Tensor tympani
    - Stapedius
  - Pharyngotympanic tube
- Internal ear
  - Bony labyrinth
    - Semicircular canals
    - Cochlea
    - Internal acoustic meatus - see bones
    - Perilymphatic space
  - Membranous labyrinth
    - Endolymphatic space
  - Vestibular labyrinth
    - Utricle
    - Saccule
    - Semicircular ducts
    - Utriculosaccular duct
    - Endolymphatic duct
  - Cochlear labyrinth
    - Cochlear duct
      - Spiral organ
      - Spiral ganglion
  - Vessels of internal ear
Gustatory organ
- Taste bud

The integument

Main article: Integumentary system

Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
  - Hairs
  - Downy hair (Lanugo)
  - Skin glands
    - Sweat gland
    - Sebaceous gland
- Nail
  - Lunule
- Breast
  - Nipple
  - Mammary gland
    - Lactiferous duct
    - Lactiferous sinus
    - Areola
  - Suspensory ligaments of breast
Subcutaneous tissue

History of human anatomy

Main article: History of anatomy

Edwin Smith Papyrus - earliest known treatise on anatomy, from ancient Egypt circa 1600 BCE.

Organizations

American Association of Anatomists
American Association of Clinical Anatomists
British Association of Clinical Anatomists
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists

Anatomists

External links

Outline of human anatomy at the Open Directory Project
"Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public domain.
Human anatomy in photo
Terminologia Anatomica on FIPAT site

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Essence of human anatomy

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