Pronation

Pronation

In anatomy, pronation is a rotational movementKendall FP, McCreary EK and Provance PG. (1993).Muscles Testing and Function. 4th Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia . ISBN 0-683-04576-8.] of the forearm (at the radioulnar joint) or foot (at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints).Brukner P and Khan K. (1993). Clinical Sports Medicine. 1st Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Sydney. ISBN 0-07-452852-1.]

For the forearm, when standing in the anatomical position pronation will move the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position without an associated movement at the shoulder (gleno-humeral joint). For the foot pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.

Pronation is the opposite of supination.

Pronation of the forearm

This action is performed by the pronator quadratus and pronator teres muscle.

Pronation of the forearm should not be confused with medial rotation of the shoulder. When standing in the anatomical position, medial rotation of the shoulder can perform part of the movement to change the palm from facing anteriorly to posteriorly. Pronation of the forearm occurs at the radioulnar joint so such a movement does not constitute it. To isolate medial rotation in the shoulder from pronation of the forearm one can stand with one's elbows tucked against the trunk, with the elbows flexed to 90 degrees with the forearms pointing directly in front of the body with the palms of the hands facing upwards. Keeping ones elbows tucked at the sides, the act of moving one's forearms so that the palms are facing downwards is pronation of the forearm.

Pronation of the foot

The pronated foot is one in which the heel bone angles inward and the arch tends to collapse. A "knock-kneed" person has overly pronated feet. This flattens the arch as the foot strikes the ground in order to absorb shock when the heel hits the ground, and to assist in balance during mid-stance. If habits develop, this action can lead to foot pain as well as knee pain, shin splints, achilles tendinitis, posterior tibial tendonitis, and plantar fasciitis.cite web | title = Common Foot Problems | url = http://www.archsupport1.com/commonproblems.php ]

References

ee also

* capitulum of the humerus
* radial notch
* proximal radioulnar articulation
* distal radioulnar articulation
* annular ligament

External links

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  • pronation — [ prɔnasjɔ̃ ] n. f. • 1654; bas lat. pronatio ♦ Physiol. Mouvement de rotation que la main et l avant bras exécutent de dehors en dedans sous l action des muscles pronateurs; position de l avant bras et de la main, quand celle ci se présente avec …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Pronation — Pro*na tion, n. [Cf. F. pronation.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the palm or palmar surface of the forefoot downward. (b) That motion of the forearm whereby the palm or palmar, surface is turned downward. (c) The position of the limb… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Pronation — (v. lat.), 1) die Vorbewegung, Vorwärtsbeugung; daher Pronation der Gebärmutter, Vorwärtsneigung der Gebärmutter; Pronator, der Muskel, welcher den Vorderarm nach vorn rollt; 2) die Bewegung der Speiche des Vorderarms mit ihrem untern Theile um… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • pronation — 1660s, from Fr. pronation, from M.L. pronationem, noun of action from pronare (see PRONATE (Cf. pronate)) …   Etymology dictionary

  • Pronation — (lat., Einwärts oder Vorwärtsdrehung), diejenige Bewegung der Hand und des Unterarms, durch die erstere aus ihrer anatomischen Normalstellung so gedreht wird, daß die Handfläche nach hinten, der Daumen nach einwärts zu stehen kommt. Die hierzu… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Pronation — Pronation, lat. dtsch., die Bewegung der Speiche des Vorderarms um den Elnbogen; Pronator, Muskel, welcher den Unterarm nach vorn rollt …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • Pronation — Mit der Pronation (lateinisch) beschreibt man in der Medizin und Anatomie die Einwärtsdrehung der Gliedmaßen. Sie ist damit die Gegenbewegung zur Supination. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Pronation des Unterarms 2 Pronation des Fußes 2.1 …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Pronation — Exemple d un bras replié dans une position de pronation. Le membre supérieur est en pronation lorsque les paumes sont tournées vers l arrière et le radius se trouve alors devant l ulna. La position de référence en anatomie n est pas cette… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • PRONATION — s. f. T. d Anat. Il n est usité que dans cette expression, Mouvement de pronation, Celui par lequel on tourne la main, de manière que la paume regarde la terre. Il est opposé à Supination …   Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise, 7eme edition (1835)

  • PRONATION — n. f. T. d’Anatomie Il n’est usité que dans cette expression : Mouvement de pronation, Celui par lequel on tourne la main, de manière que la paume regarde la terre. Il est opposé à Supination …   Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise, 8eme edition (1935)

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