- Serum response factor
-
Serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor), also known as SRF, is a transcription factor.[1]
It is a member of the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) box superfamily of transcription factors.[2] This protein binds to the serum response element (SRE) in the promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many immediate-early genes, for example c-fos, and thereby participates in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. This gene is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs).[3][4]
SRF is considered very important during the development of the embryo, as it has been linked to the formation of mesoderm.[5][6] In the fully developed mammal, SRF is crucial for the growth of skeletal muscle.[7] Interaction of SRF with other proteins, such as steroid hormone receptors, may contribute to regulation of muscle growth by steroids.[8]
Lack of skin SRF is associated with psoriasis and other skin diseases.[9]
Interactions
Serum response factor has been shown to interact with NFYA,[10] Src,[11] CREB-binding protein,[12] GTF2I,[13][14] ATF6,[15] Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2,[16] CEBPB,[17][18] GATA4,[19][20] Myogenin,[21][22] GTF2F1,[23][24] TEAD1,[25] ELK4,[15][26] Promyelocytic leukemia protein[12] and ASCC3.[27]
References
- ^ Norman C, Runswick M, Pollock R, Treisman R (December 1988). "Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element". Cell 55 (6): 989–1003. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90244-9. PMID 3203386.
- ^ Shore P, Sharrocks AD (April 1995). "The MADS-box family of transcription factors". Eur. J. Biochem. 229 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0001l.x. PMID 7744019.
- ^ Dalton S, Marais R, Wynne J, Treisman R (June 1993). "Isolation and characterization of SRF accessory proteins". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 340 (1293): 325–332. doi:10.1098/rstb.1993.0074. PMID 8103935.
- ^ "SRF serum response factor". Entrez Gene. National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6722.
- ^ Sepulveda JL, Vlahopoulos S, Iyer D, Belaguli N, Schwartz RJ (July 2002). "Combinatorial expression of GATA4, Nkx2-5, and serum response factor directs early cardiac gene activity". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (28): 25775–25782. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203122200. PMID 11983708.
- ^ Barron MR, Belaguli NS, Zhang SX, Trinh M, Iyer D, Merlo X, Lough JW, Parmacek MS, Bruneau BG, Schwartz RJ (March 2005). "Serum response factor, an enriched cardiac mesoderm obligatory factor, is a downstream gene target for Tbx genes". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (12): 11816–11828. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412408200. PMID 15591049.
- ^ Li S, Czubryt MP, McAnally J, Bassel-Duby R, Richardson JA, Wiebel FF, Nordheim A, Olson EN (January 2005). "Requirement for serum response factor for skeletal muscle growth and maturation revealed by tissue-specific gene deletion in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (4): 1082–1087. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409103102. PMC 545866. PMID 15647354. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=545866.
- ^ Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, Lanz RB, Zoumpourlis VC, Schwartz RJ (March 2005). "Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (9): 7786–7792. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413992200. PMID 15623502.
- ^ Koegel H, von Tobel L, Schäfer M, Alberti S, Kremmer E, Mauch C, Hohl D, Wang XJ, Beer HD, Bloch W, Nordheim A, Werner S (April 2009). "Loss of serum response factor in keratinocytes results in hyperproliferative skin disease in mice". J. Clin. Invest. 119 (4): 899–910. doi:10.1172/JCI37771. PMC 2662566. PMID 19307725. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2662566.
- ^ Yamada, K; Osawa H, Granner D K (Oct. 1999). "Identification of proteins that interact with NF-YA". FEBS Lett. (NETHERLANDS) 460 (1): 41–45. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01311-3. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 10571058.
- ^ Kim, H J; Kim J H, Lee J W (Oct. 1998). "Steroid receptor coactivator-1 interacts with serum response factor and coactivates serum response element-mediated transactivations". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (44): 28564–28567. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.28564. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9786846.
- ^ a b Matsuzaki, Kazuhito; Minami Takeshi, Tojo Masahide, Honda Yoshiomi, Saitoh Noriko, Nagahiro Shinji, Saya Hideyuki, Nakao Mitsuyoshi (Mar. 2003). "PML-nuclear bodies are involved in cellular serum response". Genes Cells (England) 8 (3): 275–286. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2003.00632.x. ISSN 1356-9597. PMID 12622724.
- ^ Grueneberg, D A; Henry R W, Brauer A, Novina C D, Cheriyath V, Roy A L, Gilman M (Oct. 1997). "A multifunctional DNA-binding protein that promotes the formation of serum response factor/homeodomain complexes: identity to TFII-I". Genes Dev. (UNITED STATES) 11 (19): 2482–2493. doi:10.1101/gad.11.19.2482. ISSN 0890-9369. PMC 316568. PMID 9334314. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=316568.
- ^ Kim, D W; Cheriyath V, Roy A L, Cochran B H (Jun. 1998). "TFII-I enhances activation of the c-fos promoter through interactions with upstream elements". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 18 (6): 3310–20. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 108912. PMID 9584171. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108912.
- ^ a b Zhu, C; Johansen F E, Prywes R (Sep. 1997). "Interaction of ATF6 and serum response factor". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 17 (9): 4957–66. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 232347. PMID 9271374. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=232347.
- ^ Lee, S K; Kim J H, Lee Y C, Cheong J, Lee J W (Apr. 2000). "Silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, as a novel transcriptional corepressor molecule of activating protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and serum response factor". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (17): 12470–12474. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.17.12470. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10777532.
- ^ Hanlon, M; Sealy L (May. 1999). "Ras regulates the association of serum response factor and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (20): 14224–14228. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.14224. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10318842.
- ^ Sealy, L; Malone D, Pawlak M (Mar. 1997). "Regulation of the cfos serum response element by C/EBPbeta". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 17 (3): 1744–55. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 231899. PMID 9032301. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=231899.
- ^ Belaguli, N S; Sepulveda J L, Nigam V, Charron F, Nemer M, Schwartz R J (Oct. 2000). "Cardiac tissue enriched factors serum response factor and GATA-4 are mutual coregulators". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 20 (20): 7550–7558. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.20.7550-7558.2000. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 86307. PMID 11003651. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86307.
- ^ Morin, S; Paradis P, Aries A, Nemer M (Feb. 2001). "Serum response factor-GATA ternary complex required for nuclear signaling by a G-protein-coupled receptor". Mol. Cell. Biol. (United States) 21 (4): 1036–1044. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.4.1036-1044.2001. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 99558. PMID 11158291. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99558.
- ^ Groisman, R; Masutani H, Leibovitch M P, Robin P, Soudant I, Trouche D, Harel-Bellan A (Mar. 1996). "Physical interaction between the mitogen-responsive serum response factor and myogenic basic-helix-loop-helix proteins". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 271 (9): 5258–5264. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.9.5258. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8617811.
- ^ Biesiada, E; Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V (Apr. 1999). "Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 19 (4): 2577–84. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 84050. PMID 10082523. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84050.
- ^ Joliot, V; Demma M, Prywes R (Feb. 1995). "Interaction with RAP74 subunit of TFIIF is required for transcriptional activation by serum response factor". Nature (ENGLAND) 373 (6515): 632–635. doi:10.1038/373632a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 7854423.
- ^ Zhu, H; Joliot V, Prywes R (Feb. 1994). "Role of transcription factor TFIIF in serum response factor-activated transcription". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 269 (5): 3489–97. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8106390.
- ^ Gupta, M; Kogut P, Davis F J, Belaguli N S, Schwartz R J, Gupta M P (Mar. 2001). "Physical interaction between the MADS box of serum response factor and the TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain of transcription enhancer factor-1". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 276 (13): 10413–10422. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008625200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11136726.
- ^ Hassler, M; Richmond T J (Jun. 2001). "The B-box dominates SAP-1-SRF interactions in the structure of the ternary complex". EMBO J. (England) 20 (12): 3018–3028. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3018. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 150215. PMID 11406578. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150215.
- ^ Jung, Dong-Ju; Sung Hee-Sook, Goo Young-Wha, Lee Hyun Mi, Park Ok Ku, Jung Sung-Yun, Lim Janghoo, Kim Han-Jong, Lee Soo-Kyung, Kim Tae Sung, Lee Jae Woon, Lee Young Chul (Jul. 2002). "Novel transcription coactivator complex containing activating signal cointegrator 1". Mol. Cell. Biol. (United States) 22 (14): 5203–5211. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.14.5203-5211.2002. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 139772. PMID 12077347. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139772.
External links
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine ([3]), which is in the public domain.
PDB gallery 
1hbx: TERNARY COMPLEX OF SAP-1 AND SRF WITH SPECIFIC SRE DNA
1k6o: Crystal Structure of a Ternary SAP-1/SRF/c-fos SRE DNA Complex
1srs: SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR (SRF) CORE COMPLEXED WITH SPECIFIC SRE DNATranscription factors and intracellular receptors (1) Basic domains (1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) · AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JDP2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) · BACH (1, 2) · BATF · BLZF1 · C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) · CREB (1, 3, L1) · CREM · DBP · DDIT3 · GABPA · HLF · MAF (B, F, G, K) · NFE (2, L1, L2, L3) · NFIL3 · NRL · NRF (1, 2, 3) · XBP1(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLHB2 · BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) · CLOCK · EPAS1 · FIGLA · HAND (1, 2) · HES (5, 6) · HEY (1, 2, L) · HES1 · HIF (1A, 3A) · ID (1, 2, 3, 4) · LYL1 · MESP2 · MXD4 · MYCL1 · MYCN · Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) · Neurogenins (1, 2, 3) · NeuroD (1, 2) · NPAS (1, 2, 3) · OLIG (1, 2) · Pho4 · Scleraxis · SIM (1, 2) · TAL (1, 2) · Twist · USF1(1.3) bHLH-ZIP(1.4) NF-1(1.5) RF-X(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains (2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR)
subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX)
subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Androgen, Estrogen (α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related (α, β, γ))
subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) · subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) · subfamily 6 (GCNF) · subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)(2.2) Other Cys4(2.3) Cys2His2General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE (1, 2), TFIIF (1, 2), TFIIH (1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2))
ATBF1 · BCL (6, 11A, 11B) · CTCF · E4F1 · EGR (1, 2, 3, 4) · ERV3 · GFI1 · GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, REST, S2, YY1) · HIC (1, 2) · HIVEP (1, 2, 3) · IKZF (1, 2, 3) · ILF (2, 3) · KLF (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) · MTF1 · MYT1 · OSR1 · PRDM9 · SALL (1, 2, 3, 4) · SP (1, 2, 4, 7, 8) · TSHZ3 · WT1 · Zbtb7 (7A, 7B) · ZBTB (16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) · zinc finger (3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 300, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 644, 649, 655)(2.4) Cys6(2.5) Alternating composition(3) Helix-turn-helix domains (3.1) HomeodomainARX · CDX (1, 2) · CRX · CUTL1 · DBX (1, 2) · DLX (3, 4, 5) · EMX2 · EN (1, 2) · FHL (1, 2, 3) · HESX1 · HHEX · HLX · Homeobox (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) · HOPX · IRX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MKX) · LMX (1A, 1B) · MEIS (1, 2) · MEOX2 · MNX1 · MSX (1, 2) · NANOG · NKX (2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2, 6-1, 6-2) · NOBOX · PBX (1, 2, 3) · PHF (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) · PHOX (2A, 2B) · PITX (1, 2, 3) · POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) · OTX (1, 2) · PDX1 · SATB2 · SHOX2 · VAX1 · ZEB (1, 2)(3.2) Paired box(3.3) Fork head / winged helix(3.4) Heat Shock Factors(3.5) Tryptophan clusters(3.6) TEA domain(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts (4.1) Rel homology region(4.2) STAT(4.3) p53(4.4) MADS box(4.6) TATA binding proteins(4.7) High-mobility group(4.10) Cold-shock domainCSDA, YBX1(4.11) Runt(0) Other transcription factors (0.2) HMGI(Y)(0.3) Pocket domain(0.6) Miscellaneoussee also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)Categories:- Human proteins
- Transcription factors
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