CDX2

Caudal type homeobox transcription factor 2, also known as CDX2, is a human gene.cite journal | author = German MS, Wang J, Fernald AA, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Bell GI | title = Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, LMX1 and CDX3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13 | journal = Genomics | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 403–4 | year = 1994 | month = November | pmid = 7698771 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1994.1639 | url = | issn = ] The protein encoded by this gene is a homeobox transcription factor.

Function

Cdx2 is the gene that directs early embryogenesis in mice. It is required to form the placenta.cite journal | author = Chawengsaksophak K, de Graaff W, Rossant J, Deschamps J, Beck F | title = Cdx2 is essential for axial elongation in mouse development | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 20 | pages = 7641–5 | year = 2004 | month = May | pmid = 15136723 | pmc = 419659 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0401654101 | url = | issn = ]

Ectopic expression of CDX2 was reported more than 85% of the human patients with Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Ectopic expression of Cdx2 in murine bome marrow induced AML in mice and upregulate Hox genes in bone marrow progenitors.cite journal | author = Rawat VP, Cusan M, Deshpande A, Hiddemann W, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Humphries RK, Bohlander SK, Feuring-Buske M, Buske C | title = Ectopic expression of the homeobox gene Cdx2 is the transforming event in a mouse model of t(12;13)(p13;q12) acute myeloid leukemia | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 3 | pages = 817–22 | year = 2004 | month = January | pmid = 14718672 | pmc = 321764 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0305555101 | url = | issn = ] cite journal | author = Scholl C, Bansal D, Döhner K, Eiwen K, Huntly BJ, Lee BH, Rücker FG, Schlenk RF, Bullinger L, Döhner H, Gilliland DG, Fröhling S | title = The homeobox gene CDX2 is aberrantly expressed in most cases of acute myeloid leukemia and promotes leukemogenesis | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 117 | issue = 4 | pages = 1037–48 | year = 2007 | month = April | pmid = 17347684 | pmc = 1810574 | doi = 10.1172/JCI30182 | url = | issn = ] cite journal | author = Rawat VP, Cusan M, Deshpande A, Hiddemann W, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Humphries RK, Bohlander SK, Feuring-Buske M, Buske C | title = Ectopic expression of the homeobox gene Cdx2 is the transforming event in a mouse model of t(12;13)(p13;q12) acute myeloid leukemia | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 3 | pages = 817–22 | year = 2004 | month = January | pmid = 14718672 | pmc = 321764 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0305555101 | url = | issn = ]

Biomarker for intestinal cancer

CDX2 is also used in diagnostic surgical pathology as a marker for gastrointestinal differentiation, especially colorectal.cite journal | author = Liu Q, Teh M, Ito K, Shah N, Ito Y, Yeoh KG | title = CDX2 expression is progressively decreased in human gastric intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and cancer | journal = Mod. Pathol. | volume = 20 | issue = 12 | pages = 1286–97 | year = 2007 | month = December | pmid = 17906616 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800968 | url = | issn = ]

Possible use in stem cell research

This gene (or, more specifically, the equivalent gene in humans) has come up in the proposal by the President's Council on Bioethics, as a solution to the stem cell controversy.cite web | url = http://www.bioethics.gov/background/hurlbut.html | title = Altered Nuclear Transfer as a Morally Acceptable Means for the Procurement of Human Embryonic Stem Cells | author = Hurlbut WB | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2004 | format = | work = The President's Council on Bioethics | publisher = The White House of the United States of America | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-07-16] According to one of the plans put forth, by deactivating the gene, it would not be possible for a properly organized embryo to form, thus providing stem cells without requiring the destruction of an embryo.cite web | url = http://slate.msn.com/id/2110670/fr/rss/ | title = The creepy solution to the stem-cell debate | author = Saletan W | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2004-12-06 | format = | work = | publisher = Slate Magazine | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-07-16] Other genes that have been proposed for this purpose include Hnf4, which is required for gastrulation.cite journal | author = Hurlbut WB | title = Ethics and embryonic stem cell research: altered nuclear transfer as a way forward | journal = BioDrugs | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–83 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17402791 | url = | issn = ]

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=German MS, Wang J, Fernald AA, "et al." |title=Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, LMX1 and CDX3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13. |journal=Genomics |volume=24 |issue= 2 |pages= 403–4 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7698771 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1994.1639
*cite journal | author=Suh E, Chen L, Taylor J, Traber PG |title=A homeodomain protein related to caudal regulates intestine-specific gene transcription. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=14 |issue= 11 |pages= 7340–51 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7935448 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Inoue H, Riggs AC, Tanizawa Y, "et al." |title=Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the human insulin promoter factor 1 (IPF-1) gene. |journal=Diabetes |volume=45 |issue= 6 |pages= 789–94 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8635654 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mallo GV, Rechreche H, Frigerio JM, "et al." |title=Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of the mRNA encoding human Cdx1 and Cdx2 homeobox. Down-regulation of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNA expression during colorectal carcinogenesis. |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=74 |issue= 1 |pages= 35–44 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9036867 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Chawengsaksophak K, James R, Hammond VE, "et al." |title=Homeosis and intestinal tumours in Cdx2 mutant mice. |journal=Nature |volume=386 |issue= 6620 |pages= 84–7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9052785 |doi= 10.1038/386084a0
*cite journal | author=Walters JR, Howard A, Rumble HE, "et al." |title=Differences in expression of homeobox transcription factors in proximal and distal human small intestine. |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=113 |issue= 2 |pages= 472–7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9247466 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Drummond F, Putt W, Fox M, Edwards YH |title=Cloning and chromosome assignment of the human CDX2 gene. |journal=Ann. Hum. Genet. |volume=61 |issue= Pt 5 |pages= 393–400 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9459001 |doi= 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1997.6150393.x
*cite journal | author=Yamamoto H, Miyamoto K, Li B, "et al." |title=The caudal-related homeodomain protein Cdx-2 regulates vitamin D receptor gene expression in the small intestine. |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=14 |issue= 2 |pages= 240–7 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9933478 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Lorentz O, Suh ER, Taylor JK, "et al." |title=CREB-binding [corrected] protein interacts with the homeodomain protein Cdx2 and enhances transcriptional activity. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 11 |pages= 7196–9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10066780 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hussain MA, Habener JF |title=Glucagon gene transcription activation mediated by synergistic interactions of pax-6 and cdx-2 with the p300 co-activator. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 41 |pages= 28950–7 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10506141 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mitchelmore C, Troelsen JT, Spodsberg N, "et al." |title=Interaction between the homeodomain proteins Cdx2 and HNF1alpha mediates expression of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=346 Pt 2 |issue= |pages= 529–35 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10677375 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Sivagnanasundaram S, Islam I, Talbot I, "et al." |title=The homeobox gene CDX2 in colorectal carcinoma: a genetic analysis. |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=84 |issue= 2 |pages= 218–25 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11161380 |doi= 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1544
*cite journal | author=Rings EH, Boudreau F, Taylor JK, "et al." |title=Phosphorylation of the serine 60 residue within the Cdx2 activation domain mediates its transactivation capacity. |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=121 |issue= 6 |pages= 1437–50 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11729123 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hinoi T, Tani M, Lucas PC, "et al." |title=Loss of CDX2 expression and microsatellite instability are prominent features of large cell minimally differentiated carcinomas of the colon. |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=159 |issue= 6 |pages= 2239–48 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11733373 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mizoshita T, Inada K, Tsukamoto T, "et al." |title=Expression of Cdx1 and Cdx2 mRNAs and relevance of this expression to differentiation in human gastrointestinal mucosa--with special emphasis on participation in intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach. |journal=Gastric Cancer |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 185–91 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11846061 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Eda A, Osawa H, Yanaka I, "et al." |title=Expression of homeobox gene CDX2 precedes that of CDX1 during the progression of intestinal metaplasia. |journal=J. Gastroenterol. |volume=37 |issue= 2 |pages= 94–100 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11871772 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Qualtrough D, Hinoi T, Fearon E, Paraskeva C |title=Expression of CDX2 in normal and neoplastic human colon tissue and during differentiation of an in vitro model system. |journal=Gut |volume=51 |issue= 2 |pages= 184–90 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12117877 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Moucadel V, Totaro MS, Dell CD, "et al." |title=The homeobox gene Cdx1 belongs to the p53-p21(WAF)-Bcl-2 network in intestinal epithelial cells. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=297 |issue= 3 |pages= 607–15 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12270138 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Song BL, Qi W, Wang CH, "et al." |title=Preparation of an anti-Cdx-2 antibody for analysis of different species Cdx-2 binding to acat2 promoter. |journal=Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao |volume=35 |issue= 1 |pages= 6–12 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12518221 |doi=

External links

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