Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PDB rendering based on 1fm6.
Available structures PDB 1FM6, 1FM9, 1I7I, 1K74, 1KNU, 1NYX, 1PRG, 1RDT, 1WM0, 1ZEO, 1ZGY, 2ATH, 2F4B, 2FVJ, 2G0G, 2G0H, 2GTK, 2HFP, 2HWQ, 2HWR, 2I4J, 2I4P, 2I4Z, 2OM9, 2P4Y, 2POB, 2PRG, 2Q59, 2Q5P, 2Q5S, 2Q61, 2Q6R, 2Q6S, 2Q8S, 2QMV, 2VSR, 2VST, 2VV0, 2VV1, 2VV2, 2VV3, 2VV4, 2ZK0, 2ZK1, 2ZK2, 2ZK3, 2ZK4, 2ZK5, 2ZK6, 2ZNO, 2ZVT, 3B3K, 3BC5, 3CDP, 3CDS, 3CS8, 3CWD, 3D6D, 3DZU, 3DZY, 3E00, 3ET0, 3ET3, 3FEJ, 3FUR, 3G9E, 3GBK, 3H0A, 3HO0, 3HOD, 3IA6, 3K8S, 3KMG, 3LMP, 3PRG, 4PRG
Identifiers
Symbols	PPARG; CIMT1; GLM1; NR1C3; PPARG1; PPARG2; PPARgamma
External IDs	OMIM: 601487 MGI: 97747 HomoloGene: 7899 IUPHAR: NR1C3 GeneCards: PPARG Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • DNA binding • chromatin binding • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • steroid hormone receptor activity • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity • prostaglandin receptor activity • protein binding • drug binding • zinc ion binding • enzyme binding • activating transcription factor binding • sequence-specific DNA binding • transcription regulatory region DNA binding • transcription regulatory region DNA binding • metal ion binding • retinoid X receptor binding • arachidonic acid binding Cellular component • nucleus • nucleoplasm • cytosol Biological process • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • negative regulation of cytokine production • placenta development • negative regulation of acute inflammatory response • transcription, DNA-dependent • transcription, DNA-dependent • lipid metabolic process • induction of apoptosis • activation of caspase activity • signal transduction • heart development • response to nutrient • regulation of blood pressure • negative regulation of cell proliferation • response to cold • gene expression • negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation • negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation • negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process • negative regulation of cholesterol storage • negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride • long-chain fatty acid transport • regulation of lipid metabolic process • monocyte differentiation • negative regulation of cell growth • epithelial cell differentiation • response to caffeine • organ regeneration • cellular response to insulin stimulus • response to vitamin A • response to lipid • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nuclear hormone receptor • response to drug • glucose homeostasis • lipoprotein transport • response to estrogen stimulus • innate immune response • cell fate commitment • positive regulation of fat cell differentiation • low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation • cell maturation • positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation • white fat cell differentiation • white fat cell differentiation • brown fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • negative regulation of telomerase activity • lipid homeostasis • response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus • negative regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway • regulation of cholesterol transporter activity • cellular response to lithium ion • cellular response to organic cyclic compound Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5468	19016
Ensembl	ENSG00000132170	ENSMUSG00000000440
UniProt	P37231	A0N0C8
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_005037.5	NM_011146
RefSeq (protein)	NP_005028.4	NP_035276
Location (UCSC)	Chr 3: 12.33 – 12.48 Mb	Chr 6: 115.31 – 115.44 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ or PPARG), also known as the glitazone receptor, or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3) is a type II nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the PPARG gene.^[1][2][3]

Two isoforms of PPARG are detected in the human and in the mouse: PPAR-γ1 (found in nearly all tissues except muscle) and PPAR-γ2 (mostly found in adipose tissue and the intestine).^[4]

Function

PPARG regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. The genes activated by PPARG stimulate lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells. PPARG knockout mice fail to generate adipose tissue when fed a high fat diet.^[5]

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and these heterodimers regulate transcription of various genes. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR-gamma and is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described.^[6]

Interactions

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma has been shown to interact with:

• EDF1,^[7][8][9]
• EP300,^[10][11]
• HDAC3,^[12][10]
• MED1,^[11]
• NCOA3,^[11]
• NCOA4,^[13]
• NCOA2,^[11]
• NR0B2.^[14]
• PPARGC1A,^[15][16] and
• RB1.^[10]

Clinical relevance

PPAR-gamma has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. PPAR-gamma agonists have been used in the treatment of dyslipidaemia and hyperglycemia.^[17] PPAR-gamma decreases the inflammatory response of many cardiovascular cells, particularly endothelial cells.^[18] PPAR-gamma activates the PON1 gene, increasing synthesis and release of paraoxonase 1 from the liver, reducing atherosclerosis.^[19]

Many insulin sensitizing drugs used in the treatment of diabetes target PPARG as a means to lower serum glucose without increasing pancreatic insulin secretion.

A fusion protein of PPAR-γ1 and the thyroid transcription factor PAX8 is present in approximately one-third of follicular thyroid carcinomas, specifically those cancers with a chromosomal translocation of t(2;3)(q13;p25), which permits juxtaposition of portions of both genes.^{[20] [21]}

References

1. ^ Greene ME, Blumberg B, McBride OW, Yi HF, Kronquist K, Kwan K, Hsieh L, Greene G, Nimer SD (1995). "Isolation of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma cDNA: expression in hematopoietic cells and chromosomal mapping". Gene Expr. 4 (4–5): 281–99. PMID 7787419. 
2. ^ Elbrecht A, Chen Y, Cullinan CA, Hayes N, Leibowitz M, Moller DE, Berger J (July 1996). "Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of human peroxisome proliferator activated receptors gamma 1 and gamma 2". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 224 (2): 431–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1044. PMID 8702406. 
3. ^ Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, Chatterjee VK, Glass CK, Gonzalez FJ, Grimaldi PA, Kadowaki T, Lazar MA, O'Rahilly S, Palmer CN, Plutzky J, Reddy JK, Spiegelman BM, Staels B, Wahli W (December 2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors". Pharmacol. Rev. 58 (4): 726–41. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.5. PMID 17132851. 
4. ^ Fajas L, Auboeuf D, Raspé E, Schoonjans K, Lefebvre AM, Saladin R, Najib J, Laville M, Fruchart JC, Deeb S, Vidal-Puig A, Flier J, Briggs MR, Staels B, Vidal H, Auwerx J (July 1997). "The organization, promoter analysis, and expression of the human PPARgamma gene". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (30): 18779–89. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.30.18779. PMID 9228052. 
5. ^ Jones JR, Barrick C, Kim KA, Lindner J, Blondeau B, Fujimoto Y, Shiota M, Kesterson RA, Kahn BB, Magnuson MA (April 2005). "Deletion of PPARγ in adipose tissues of mice protects against high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (17): 6207–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.0306743102. PMC 556131. PMID 15833818. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=556131. 
6. ^ "Entrez Gene: PPARG peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5468. 
7. ^ Brendel C, Gelman L, Auwerx J (June 2002). "Multiprotein bridging factor-1 (MBF-1) is a cofactor for nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolism". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (6): 1367–77. doi:10.1210/me.16.6.1367. PMID 12040021. 
8. ^ Berger J, Patel HV, Woods J, Hayes NS, Parent SA, Clemas J, Leibowitz MD, Elbrecht A, Rachubinski RA, Capone JP, Moller DE (April 2000). "A PPARgamma mutant serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of PPAR signaling and is localized in the nucleus". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 162 (1–2): 57–67. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00211-2. PMID 10854698. 
9. ^ Gampe RT, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Miller AB, Bledsoe RK, Milburn MV, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Xu HE (March 2000). "Asymmetry in the PPARgamma/RXRalpha crystal structure reveals the molecular basis of heterodimerization among nuclear receptors". Mol. Cell 5 (3): 545–55. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80448-7. PMID 10882139. 
10. ^ ^{a b c} Fajas L, Egler V, Reiter R, Hansen J, Kristiansen K, Debril MB, Miard S, Auwerx J (December 2002). "The retinoblastoma-histone deacetylase 3 complex inhibits PPARgamma and adipocyte differentiation". Dev. Cell 3 (6): 903–10. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00360-X. PMID 12479814. 
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Kodera Y, Takeyama K, Murayama A, Suzawa M, Masuhiro Y, Kato S (October 2000). "Ligand type-specific interactions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma with transcriptional coactivators". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (43): 33201–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000517200. PMID 10944516. 
12. ^ Franco PJ, Li G, Wei LN (August 2003). "Interaction of nuclear receptor zinc finger DNA binding domains with histone deacetylase". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 206 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00254-5. PMID 12943985. 
13. ^ Heinlein CA, Ting HJ, Yeh S, Chang C (June 1999). "Identification of ARA70 as a ligand-enhanced coactivator for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (23): 16147–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16147. PMID 10347167. 
14. ^ Nishizawa H, Yamagata K, Shimomura I, Takahashi M, Kuriyama H, Kishida K, Hotta K, Nagaretani H, Maeda N, Matsuda M, Kihara S, Nakamura T, Nishigori H, Tomura H, Moore DD, Takeda J, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (January 2002). "Small heterodimer partner, an orphan nuclear receptor, augments peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transactivation". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2): 1586–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104301200. PMID 11696534. 
15. ^ Wallberg AE, Yamamura S, Malik S, Spiegelman BM, Roeder RG (November 2003). "Coordination of p300-mediated chromatin remodeling and TRAP/mediator function through coactivator PGC-1alpha". Mol. Cell 12 (5): 1137–49. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00391-5. PMID 14636573. 
16. ^ Puigserver P, Adelmant G, Wu Z, Fan M, Xu J, O'Malley B, Spiegelman BM (November 1999). "Activation of PPARgamma coactivator-1 through transcription factor docking". Science 286 (5443): 1368–71. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1368. PMID 10558993. 
17. ^ Li Y, Qi Y, Huang TH, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD (January 2008). "Pomegranate flower: a unique traditional antidiabetic medicine with dual PPAR-alpha/-gamma activator properties". Diabetes Obes Metab 10 (1): 10–7. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00708.x. PMID 18095947. 
18. ^ Hamblin M, Chang L, Fan Y, Zhang J, Chen YE (June 2009). "PPARs and the Cardiovascular System". Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11 (6): 1415–52. doi:10.1089/ARS.2008.2280. PMC 2737093. PMID 19061437. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2737093. 
19. ^ Khateeb J, Gantman A, Kreitenberg AJ, Aviram M, Fuhrman B (January 2010). "Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression in hepatocytes is upregulated by pomegranate polyphenols: a role for PPAR-gamma pathway". Atherosclerosis 208 (1): 119–25. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.051. PMID 19783251. 
20. ^ Kroll, TG; et al. (25). "PAX8-PPARγ1 Fusion in Oncogene Human Thyroid Carcinoma". Science 28 (5483): 1357–1360. doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1357. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/289/5483/1357.abstract. Retrieved 8 December 2010. 
21. ^ Chapter 20 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.  8th edition.

Further reading

• Qi C, Zhu Y, Reddy JK (2001). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, coactivators, and downstream targets". Cell Biochem. Biophys. 32 Spring: 187–204. PMID 11330046. 
• Kadowaki T, Hara K, Kubota N, et al. (2002). "The role of PPARgamma in high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance". J. Diabetes Complicat. 16 (1): 41–5. doi:10.1016/S1056-8727(01)00206-9. PMID 11872365. 
• Wakino S, Law RE, Hsueh WA (2002). "Vascular protective effects by activation of nuclear receptor PPARgamma". J. Diabetes Complicat. 16 (1): 46–9. doi:10.1016/S1056-8727(01)00197-0. PMID 11872366. 
• Takano H, Komuro I (2002). "Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in cardiovascular disease". J. Diabetes Complicat. 16 (1): 108–14. doi:10.1016/S1056-8727(01)00203-3. PMID 11872377. 
• Stumvoll M, Häring H (2002). "The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism". Diabetes 51 (8): 2341–7. doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2341. PMID 12145143. 
• Koeffler HP (2003). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and cancers". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (1): 1–9. PMID 12538445. 
• Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM (2003). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator". Endocr. Rev. 24 (1): 78–90. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0012. PMID 12588810. 
• Takano H, Hasegawa H, Nagai T, Komuro I (2003). "The role of PPARgamma-dependent pathway in the development of cardiac hypertrophy". Drugs Today 39 (5): 347–57. doi:10.1358/dot.2003.39.5.799458. PMID 12861348. 
• Rangwala SM, Lazar MA (2004). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes and metabolism". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (6): 331–6. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.03.012. PMID 15165749. 
• Cuzzocrea S (2005). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma ligands and ischemia and reperfusion injury". Vascul. Pharmacol. 41 (6): 187–95. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2004.10.004. PMID 15653094. 
• Savage DB (2007). "PPAR gamma as a metabolic regulator: insights from genomics and pharmacology". Expert reviews in molecular medicine 7 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1017/S1462399405008793. PMID 15673477. 
• Pégorier JP (2005). "[PPAR receptors and insulin sensitivity: new agonists in development]". Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris) 66 (2 Pt 2): 1S10–7. PMID 15959400. 
• Tsai YS, Maeda N (2005). "PPARgamma: a critical determinant of body fat distribution in humans and mice". Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 15 (3): 81–5. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2005.04.002. PMID 16039966. 
• Gurnell M (2006). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the regulation of adipocyte function: lessons from human genetic studies". Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 19 (4): 501–23. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2005.10.001. PMID 16311214. 
• Cecil JE, Watt P, Palmer CN, Hetherington M (2006). "Energy balance and food intake: the role of PPARgamma gene polymorphisms". Physiol. Behav. 88 (3): 227–33. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.028. PMID 16777151. 
• Rousseaux C, Desreumaux P (2007). "[The peroxisome-proliferator-activated gamma receptor and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (PPARgamma and IBD)]". J. Soc. Biol. 200 (2): 121–31. doi:10.1051/jbio:2006015. PMID 17151549. 
• Eriksson JG (2007). "Gene polymorphisms, size at birth, and the development of hypertension and type 2 diabetes". J. Nutr. 137 (4): 1063–5. PMID 17374678. 
• Tönjes A, Stumvoll M (2007). "The role of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes risk". Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 10 (4): 410–4. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3281e389d9. PMID 17563457. 
• Burgermeister E, Seger R (2007). "MAPK kinases as nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttles for PPARgamma". Cell Cycle 6 (13): 1539–48. doi:10.4161/cc.6.13.4453. PMID 17611413. 
• Papageorgiou E, Pitulis N, Msaouel P, et al. (2007). "The non-genomic crosstalk between PPAR-gamma ligands and ERK1/2 in cancer cell lines". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 11 (8): 1071–85. doi:10.1517/14728222.11.8.1071. PMID 17665979. 

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.