- PER2
-
Period homolog 2 (Drosophila) Identifiers Symbols PER2; FASPS; KIAA0347 External IDs OMIM: 603426 MGI: 1195265 HomoloGene: 7885 GeneCards: PER2 Gene Gene Ontology Molecular function • signal transducer activity
• protein bindingCellular component • nucleus
• cytoplasmBiological process • regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
• circadian rhythmSources: Amigo / QuickGO RNA expression pattern 
More reference expression data Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 8864 18627 Ensembl ENSG00000132326 ENSMUSG00000055866 UniProt O15055 Q3TN36 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_022817.2 NM_011066.3 RefSeq (protein) NP_073728.1 NP_035196.2 Location (UCSC) Chr 2:
239.15 – 239.2 MbChr 1:
93.31 – 93.36 MbPubMed search [1] [2] Period circadian protein homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PER2 gene.[1][2]
PER2 contains glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) and a GRE within the core clock gene Per2 is continuously occupied during rhythmic expression and essential for glucocorticoid regulation of PER2 in vivo. Mice with a genomic deletion spanning this GRE expressed elevated leptin levels and were protected from glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on glucocorticoid treatment but not from muscle wasting. Per2 is an integral component of a particular glucocorticoid regulatory pathway and that glucocorticoid regulation of the peripheral clock is selectively required for some actions of glucocorticoids. [3]
Contents
Function
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The specific function of this gene is not yet known.[4]
Per2 and Bmal1 work in opposition to each other.[5]
Clinical significance
A genetic test from a cheek swab can use Per2 expression levels to tell whether a person is an early morning person or a "night owl".[6]
Interactions
PER2 has been shown to interact with CRY1.[7][8]
References
- ^ Shearman LP, Zylka MJ, Weaver DR, Kolakowski LF Jr, Reppert SM (Jan 1998). "Two period homologs: circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei". Neuron 19 (6): 1261–9. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80417-1. PMID 9427249.
- ^ Xu Y, Toh KL, Jones CR, Shin JY, Fu YH, Ptacek LJ (Jan 2007). "Modeling of a human circadian mutation yields novel insights into clock regulation by PER2". Cell 128 (1): 59–70. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.043. PMC 1828903. PMID 17218255. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1828903.
- ^ PMID 19805059
- ^ "Entrez Gene: PER2 period homolog 2 (Drosophila)". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8864.
- ^ Langmesser S, Tallone T, Bordon A, Rusconi S, Albrecht U (2008). "Interaction of circadian clock proteins PER2 and CRY with BMAL1 and CLOCK". BMC Mol. Biol. 9: 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-9-41. PMC 2383916. PMID 18430226. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2383916.
- ^ Roger Highfield (2008-06-06). "Swab test to tell if you're a late sleeper or early riser". Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/06/06/sciclock106.xml. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
- ^ Griffin EA, Staknis D, Weitz CJ (October 1999). "Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock". Science 286 (5440): 768–71. doi:10.1126/science.286.5440.768. PMID 10531061.
- ^ Miyazaki K, Mesaki M, Ishida N (October 2001). "Nuclear Entry Mechanism of Rat PER2 (rPER2): Role of rPER2 in Nuclear Localization of CRY Protein". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (19): 6651–9. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.19.6651-6659.2001. PMC 99810. PMID 11533252. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99810.
Further reading
- Tafti M, Maret S, Dauvilliers Y (2005). "Genes for normal sleep and sleep disorders". Ann. Med. 37 (8): 580–9. doi:10.1080/07853890500372047. PMID 16338760.
External links
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
Transcription factors and intracellular receptors (1) Basic domains (1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) · AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JDP2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) · BACH (1, 2) · BATF · BLZF1 · C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) · CREB (1, 3, L1) · CREM · DBP · DDIT3 · GABPA · HLF · MAF (B, F, G, K) · NFE (2, L1, L2, L3) · NFIL3 · NRL · NRF (1, 2, 3) · XBP1(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLHB2 · BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) · CLOCK · EPAS1 · FIGLA · HAND (1, 2) · HES (5, 6) · HEY (1, 2, L) · HES1 · HIF (1A, 3A) · ID (1, 2, 3, 4) · LYL1 · MESP2 · MXD4 · MYCL1 · MYCN · Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) · Neurogenins (1, 2, 3) · NeuroD (1, 2) · NPAS (1, 2, 3) · OLIG (1, 2) · Pho4 · Scleraxis · SIM (1, 2) · TAL (1, 2) · Twist · USF1(1.3) bHLH-ZIP(1.4) NF-1(1.5) RF-X(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains (2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR)
subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX)
subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Androgen, Estrogen (α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related (α, β, γ))
subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) · subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) · subfamily 6 (GCNF) · subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)(2.2) Other Cys4(2.3) Cys2His2General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE (1, 2), TFIIF (1, 2), TFIIH (1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2))
ATBF1 · BCL (6, 11A, 11B) · CTCF · E4F1 · EGR (1, 2, 3, 4) · ERV3 · GFI1 · GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, REST, S2, YY1) · HIC (1, 2) · HIVEP (1, 2, 3) · IKZF (1, 2, 3) · ILF (2, 3) · KLF (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) · MTF1 · MYT1 · OSR1 · PRDM9 · SALL (1, 2, 3, 4) · SP (1, 2, 4, 7, 8) · TSHZ3 · WT1 · Zbtb7 (7A, 7B) · ZBTB (16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) · zinc finger (3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 300, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 644, 649, 655)(2.4) Cys6(2.5) Alternating composition(3) Helix-turn-helix domains (3.1) HomeodomainARX · CDX (1, 2) · CRX · CUTL1 · DBX (1, 2) · DLX (3, 4, 5) · EMX2 · EN (1, 2) · FHL (1, 2, 3) · HESX1 · HHEX · HLX · Homeobox (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) · HOPX · IRX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MKX) · LMX (1A, 1B) · MEIS (1, 2) · MEOX2 · MNX1 · MSX (1, 2) · NANOG · NKX (2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2, 6-1, 6-2) · NOBOX · PBX (1, 2, 3) · PHF (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) · PHOX (2A, 2B) · PITX (1, 2, 3) · POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) · OTX (1, 2) · PDX1 · SATB2 · SHOX2 · VAX1 · ZEB (1, 2)(3.2) Paired box(3.3) Fork head / winged helix(3.4) Heat Shock Factors(3.5) Tryptophan clusters(3.6) TEA domain(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts (4.1) Rel homology region(4.2) STAT(4.3) p53(4.4) MADS box(4.6) TATA binding proteins(4.7) High-mobility group(4.10) Cold-shock domainCSDA, YBX1(4.11) Runt(0) Other transcription factors (0.2) HMGI(Y)(0.3) Pocket domain(0.6) Miscellaneoussee also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)Categories:- Human proteins
- Chromosome 2 gene stubs
- Transcription factors
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