Fresno, California

"Fresno" redirects here. For other uses, see Fresno (disambiguation).

Fresno
—  City  —
Flag Seal
Location in the state of California
Fresno Location in the United States
Coordinates: 36°44′52″N 119°46′21″W / 36.74778°N 119.7725°W / 36.74778; -119.7725Coordinates: 36°44′52″N 119°46′21″W / 36.74778°N 119.7725°W / 36.74778; -119.7725
Country	United States
State	California
County	Fresno
Founded	1872
Incorporated	October 12, 1885
Government
– Type	Mayor-Council
– City Council	Mayor Ashley Swearengin Blong Xiong Andreas Borgeas Oliver Baines Larry Westerlund Sal Quintero Lee Brand Clint Olivier
– City Manager	Mark Scott
Area[1]
– Total	112.308 sq mi (290.877 km2)
– Land	111.957 sq mi (289.967 km2)
– Water	0.351 sq mi (0.91 km2)  0.31%
Elevation	296 ft (90 m)
Population (2010)
– Total	510,365
– Rank	1st in Fresno County 5th in California 34th in the United States
– Density	4,544.3/sq mi (1,754.6/km2)
– Demonym	Fresnan
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
– Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP code	93650, 93701-06, 93710, 93711, 93720-23, 93725-28, 93730, 93740, 93888
Area code	559
FIPS code	06-27000[2]
GNIS feature ID	0277606[3]
Website	www.fresno.gov

Fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh) is a city in central California, United States, the county seat of Fresno County. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 510,365, making it the fifth largest city in California, the largest inland city in California, and the 34th largest in the nation. Fresno is located in the center of the San Joaquin Valley of Central California, approximately 200 miles (322 km) north of Los Angeles, and 170 miles (274 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento. Metropolitan Fresno has a population of 1,107,416.^{[citation needed]} The name Fresno is the Spanish language word for the ash tree, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.

History

In 1867, Anthony "McQeen" Easterby purchased land bounded by the present Chestnut, Belmont, Clovis and California avenues. Unable to grow wheat for lack of water, he hired Moses J. Church in 1871 to build an irrigation canal. Church then formed the Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company, a predecessor of the Fresno Irrigation District.

In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's farm for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store. Around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885.

An 1897 photo of K Street High School, which was replaced by Fresno High School in 1896. The school later became Emerson Elementary School and was demolished ca. 1930.

Two years after the station was established, county residents voted to move the county seat from Millerton to Fresno. When the Friant Dam was completed in 1944, the site of Millerton became inundated by the waters of Millerton Lake. In extreme droughts, when the reservoir shrinks, ruins of the original county seat can still be observed.

In the nineteenth century, with so much wooden construction and in the absence of sophisticated firefighting resources, fires often ravaged American frontier towns. The greatest of Fresno's early-day fires, in 1882, destroyed an entire block of the city. Another devastating blaze struck in 1883.

One of the earliest buildings in Fresno, the Fresno Water Tower.

In 1909, Fresno's first and oldest synagogue, Temple Beth Israel, was founded.

The population of Fresno proper soared in the second half of the 20th century. It entered the ranks of the 100 largest United States cities in 1960 census with a population of 134,000. In the 1990 census it moved up to 47th place with 354,000, and in the census of 2000 it achieved 37th place with 428,000, a 21 percent increase during the preceding decade.^[4]

The Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill was the first modern landfill in the United States, and incorporated several important innovations to waste disposal, including trenching, compacting, and the daily covering of trash with dirt. It was opened in 1937 and closed in 1987. Today, it has the unusual distinction of being a National Historic Landmark as well as a Superfund site.^[5]

Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. (Incongruously, Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today Japanese-American businesses still remain). During 1942, Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center, an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps.^[6] The Fresno Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center.

Row crops and orchards gave way to urban development particularly in the period after World War II; this transition was particularly vividly demonstrated in locations such as the Blackstone Avenue corridor.

In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument which was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.

The dance style commonly known as popping evolved in Fresno in the 1970s.^[7]

In the 1970s the city was the subject of a song, Walking Into Fresno,' written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Fictional residents of the town were portrayed in a 1986 comedic mini series titled "Fresno", featuring Carol Burnett, Dabney Coleman, Teri Garr and Charles Grodin, along with numerous other celebrities. The mini series was presented as a parody of the prime time soap operas popular in the 1980s.

In 1995, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Operation Rezone sting resulted in several prominent Fresno and Clovis politicians being charged in connection with taking bribes in return for rezoning farmland for housing developments. Before the sting brought a halt to it, housing developers could buy farmland cheaply, pay off council members to have it rezoned, and make a large profit building and selling inexpensive housing. Sixteen people were eventually convicted as a result of the sting.^[8]

In 2009 and 2010, Fresno was ranked last and third from last respectively in a study of the smartest cities in the United States.^{[9] [10][11]}

Geography

Fresno is located at 36°44′52″N 119°46′21″W / 36.74778°N 119.7725°W / 36.74778; -119.7725.^[12] as having a total area of 112.3 square miles (291 km²) with 99.69% land covering 112.0 square miles (290 km²), and 0.31% water, 0.4 square miles (1.0 km²).

Fresno's location, very near the geographical center of California, places the city a comfortable distance from several of the major recreation areas and urban centers in the state. Just 60 mi (97 km) south of Yosemite National Park, it is the nearest major city to the park. Likewise, Sierra National Forest is 40 mi (64 km), Kings Canyon National Park is 60 mi (97 km) and Sequoia National Park is 75 mi (121 km).

Because Fresno sits at the junction of Highways 41 and 99 (41 is Yosemite National Park's southern access road, and 99 branches east from Interstate 5 to serve the urban centers of the San Joaquin Valley), the city is a major gateway for Yosemite visitors coming from Los Angeles. The city also serves as an entrance into Sierra National Forest via highway 168, and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks via Highway 180.

Fresno has three large public parks, two located in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is located in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, located near Downtown Fresno, is home to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion and plays host to the annual Civil War Revisited, the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.^[13][14]

Climate

Fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate (Köppen Bsh), with mild, moderately wet winters and hot and dry summers, thus displaying Mediterranean characteristics.^[15] December is the coldest month, and averages 53.4 °F (11.9 °C) during the day; July high temperatures average 96.6 °F (35.9 °C), though summer temperatures can occasionally soar to highs of 113 °F (45.0 °C) or more. Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, January is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours.^[16] Average annual precipitation is around 11.2 inches (284 mm), which, by definition, would classify the area as a semidesert and very close to a climate where agriculture is only possible through the use of extensive irrigation; rainfall is high in the winter and spring seasons, with the summers typically being very dry. Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics.^[17] Fresno meteorology was selected in a national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm, dry western United States locale.^[18]

Climate data for Fresno, California (Fresno Airport)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	78 (26)	84 (29)	90 (32)	101 (38)	110 (43)	112 (44)	115 (46)	113 (45)	111 (44)	102 (39)	89 (32)	77 (25)	115 (46)
Average high °F (°C)	53.8 (12.1)	61.5 (16.4)	66.2 (19.0)	74.0 (23.3)	82.5 (28.1)	91.2 (32.9)	96.8 (36.0)	95.3 (35.2)	88.9 (31.6)	78.3 (25.7)	63.2 (17.3)	53.6 (12.0)	75.3
Average low °F (°C)	38.0 (3.3)	41.2 (5.1)	45.1 (7.3)	48.5 (9.2)	55.0 (12.8)	61.3 (16.3)	66.2 (19.0)	64.9 (18.3)	60.1 (15.6)	51.9 (11.1)	42.2 (5.7)	37.0 (2.8)	51.0
Record low °F (°C)	17 (−8)	24 (−4)	26 (−3)	32 (0)	36 (2)	42 (6)	50 (10)	49 (9)	37 (3)	27 (−3)	26 (−3)	18 (−8)	17 (−8)
Rainfall inches (mm)	2.16 (54.9)	2.12 (53.8)	2.20 (55.9)	0.76 (19.3)	0.39 (9.9)	0.23 (5.8)	0.01 (0.3)	0.01 (0.3)	0.26 (6.6)	0.65 (16.5)	1.10 (27.9)	1.34 (34)	11.23 (285.2)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)	8.0	8.0	8.0	3.8	1.9	0.8	0.2	0.3	1.2	2.6	5.6	6.3	46.7
Sunshine hours	142.6	197.8	285.2	336.0	399.9	411.0	427.8	399.9	345.0	288.3	189.0	127.1	3,549.6
Source no. 1: NOAA [19]
Source no. 2: HKO [16]

The highest temperature recorded at the Fresno air terminal was 113 °F (45 °C) on July 23, 2006; the lowest temperature recorded was 17 °F (−8 °C) on January 10, 1949, and December 23, 1990. Temperatures reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher on an average of 106.4 days annually and drop to 32 °F (0 °C) or lower on an average of 21.2 days annually. The wettest year at the airport was 1983 with 21.61 inches (549 mm) and the dryest year was 1966 with 6.07 inches (154 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 8.56 inches (217 mm) in January 1969 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was 2.38 inches (60 mm) on March 10, 1995. Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 46 days annually. Snow is a rarity; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches (56 mm) on January 21, 1962.^[20]

Demographics

Location of the Fresno-Madera CSA and its components:

  Fresno Metropolitan Statistical Area

  Madera Metropolitan Statistical Area

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1880	1,112		—
1890	10,818		872.8%
1900	12,470		15.3%
1910	24,892		99.6%
1920	45,086		81.1%
1930	52,513		16.5%
1940	60,685		15.6%
1950	91,669		51.1%
1960	133,929		46.1%
1970	165,655		23.7%
1980	217,129		31.1%
1990	354,202		63.1%
2000	427,652		20.7%
2010	494,665		15.7%

Fresno is the larger principal city of the Fresno-Madera CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Fresno (Fresno County) and Madera (Madera County) metropolitan areas,^[21][22] which had a combined population of 922,516 at the 2000 census.^[2]

2010

The 2010 United States Census^[23] reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (4.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican.

The Census reported that 485,798 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 4,315 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,552 (0.9%) were institutionalized.

There were 158,349 households, out of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62.

The population was spread out with 148,823 people (30.1%) under the age of 18, 62,601 people (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 135,076 people (27.3%) aged 25 to 44, 102,064 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 46,101 people (9.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.

There were 171,288 housing units at an average density of 1,525.2 per square mile (588.9/km²), of which 77,757 (49.1%) were owner-occupied, and 80,592 (50.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.6%. 235,430 people (47.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 250,368 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census^[2] of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km²). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (mostly Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population.

There were 140,079 households out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.57.

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 32.9% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,236, and the median income for a family was $35,892. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $26,551 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,010. About 20.5% of families and 26.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

The population as of July 1, 2007 was estimated to be 470,508 by the US Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program.^[24] The Fresno Metropolitan Statistical Area population was estimated at 899,348.^[25]

Armenian population

The first Armenians to move to Fresno were the brothers Hagop and Garabed Seropian, who arrived in 1881. Their letters to their home village of Marsovan in the Ottoman Empire brought more immigrants to the San Joaquin Valley, which reminded them so much of home. By 1894 the Armenian population in Fresno was 360, a number which grew rapidly with the onset of the Hamidian Massacres in 1895-96. Many of the immigrants were Protestant converts, the result of heavy missionary activity in Armenia by American Christians seeking converts from the Armenian Church^{[disambiguation needed ]}. During and after the genocide even more Armenians came until the restrictions on immigration in 1921 and 1924 brought this to a virtual end. Los Angeles also became a focus of Armenian immigration, and some Armenians from Fresno moved there as well. The number of Armenians in LA surpassed those in Fresno in 1930 – partly because of the agricultural depression in the valley during the 1920s.

The early immigrants were primarily involved with farming and agriculture, with the ultimate goal almost always that of land ownership. By 1930 Armenians owned 40% of the raisin acreage in Fresno County. They were pioneers in the melon and fig production as well.

From the very beginning, bigotry against Armenians was common, and led many to Anglicize their names. In the 1890s Armenian Protestants were stripped of membership in local churches. Fear of Armenian land ownership caused the passage of laws restricting their rights to freely buy land. This attitude towards the tight knit Armenian community led some to try and assimilate, while having the opposite effect on others. The problem lasted for many decades, finally abating in the 1950s.

After World War II, displaced Soviet Armenians came from Germany, and a natural population flow of Armenians from east to west in the US also contributed to growth.

Today, the number of Armenians in Fresno is thought to number 25-30,000.

• 1881 – first Armenians move to Fresno
• 1894 – large influx due to Hamidian Massacres
• 1897 – First Armenian Presbyterian Church constructed
• 1900 – Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church built, which burned in 1914 and was rebuilt in a new location in the heart of "Little Armenia".
• 1901 – Pilgrim Armenian Congregational Church
• 1902 – Kaghakatsi (meaning Citizen) founded, renamed Nor Or (meaning New Day) in 1923.
• 1908 – Asbarez (meaning Arena) newspaper founded.
• 1957 – The California Courier, which was California's first English-language Armenian newspaper.
• 1970s – Establishment of Armenian Community School of Fresno and the Armenian Studies department at California State University Fresno.

Economy

Fresno serves as the economic hub of Fresno County and California's San Joaquin Valley. The unincorporated area and rural cities surrounding Fresno remain predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production.

Top employers

According to the City's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[26] the top employers in the city are:

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Community Medical Centers	6,000
2	City of Fresno	4,158
3	Kaiser Permanente	2,603
4	Saint Agnes Medical Center	2,031
5	Quinn CAT	1,178
6	Foster Farms	1,100
7	AT&T	1,000
8	Cargill Meat Solutions	999
9	Zacky Farms	975
10	Aetna	950

Government

Fresno has a modified strong-mayor form of local government and seven City Council members (Legislative branch) elected for no more than two 4-year terms. The City council and the mayor are nonpartisan, not affiliated with any political party. Alan Autry was first elected in November 2000, reelected on March 2, 2004, and served until January 2009. Ashley Swearengin was sworn in as Mayor on January 6, 2009.

President, Board of Trustees

Prior to 1901, Fresno was governed by a board of trustees.^[27]

• William Faymonville – October 27, 1885 to April 25, 1887
• W.L. Graves – April 25, 1887 to October 31, 1887
• A.M. Clark – October 31, 1887 to April 15, 1889
• A.J. Pedlar – April 15, 1889 to unknown
• C.J. Craycroft – October 27, 1895 to 1901

Mayor

1901-1905 L.O. Stephens 1905-1908 W. Parker Lyon 1908-1909 Ed. F. Bush (acting) 1909-1912 Chester Rowell † 1912-1917 Alva E. Snow 1917-1921 William F. Toomey 1921-1925 Truman C. Hart 1925-1929 A.E. Sunderland

1929-1934 Z.S. Leymel 1937-1941 Frank A. Homan 1941-1947 Z.S. Leymel † 1947-1947 Glenn M. Devore (acting) 1949-1957 Gordon D. Dunn 1957-1958 C. Cal Evans 1958-1963 Arthur L. Selland † 1963-1965 Wallace Henderson (acting)

1965-1969 Floyd H. Hyde 1969-1977 Ted C. Wills 1977-1985 Dan Whitehurst 1985-1989 Dale Doig 1989-1993 Karen Humphrey 1993-2001 Jim Patterson 2001-2009 Alan Autry 2009-present Ashley Swearengin

† Died in office

City Council

City council is made up of seven members, elected by district:

• District 1 (west-central) – Blong Xiong
• District 2 (northwest) – Andreas Borgeas
• District 3 (southwest and downtown) – Oliver Baines
• District 4 (east-central) – Larry Westerlund
• District 5 (southeast) – Sal Quintero
• District 6 (northeast) – Lee Brand (Council President)
• District 7 (central) – Clint Olivier

Department heads

Airports – Russell Widmar City Attorney – James Sanchez City Clerk – Rebecca Klisch City Manager – Mark Scott Convention & Entertainment Center – Bill Overfelt Planning & Development – John Dugan Downtown & Community Revitalization – Craig Scharton Finance – Joe Gray

Fire Department – Joel L. Aranaz Information Services – Carolyn Hogg Parks – Bruce Rudd (interim director) Personnel Services – Terry Bond Police Department – Jerry Dyer Public Transportation – Ken Hamm Public Utilities – Patrick Wiemiller Public Works – Patrick Wiemiller

The Robert E. Coyle United States Courthouse houses the Eastern District of California, Fresno Division, Federal Courts.

Courts

The California Fifth Appellate District Fresno courthouse.

Fresno is the county seat of Fresno County. It maintains the main county courthouse located on Van Ness in the Fresno County Plaza for criminal and some civil court cases.

The United States District Court, Eastern District of California, has one of its six divisions based in the Robert E. Coyle Courthouse. The new courthouse replaced the B.F. Sisk Federal Building in 2006 because it did not have enough space for the growing Fresno Division. After extensive renovation, the building reopened in November 2010 as the B.F. Sisk Courthouse serving the Fresno County Superior Court.

Fresno is also the seat of the Fifth Appellate District of the State of California Court of Appeal where a new courthouse was built in the old Armenian Town section of downtown Fresno in 2007 across from the Fresno Convention Center. The Fifth District Court of Appeal Courthouse is named after former Senator and Associate Justice of the Fifth District, George N. Zenovich.

Politics

Fresno City Hall.

The majority of registered voters in both the city and county of Fresno are Republicans. Nevertheless, Democrat Barack Obama carried the county by 50.2% in the 2008 presidential election.^[28]

The citizens of Fresno are represented in the California State Senate by Tom Berryhill (R) and Michael Rubio (D) and in the California State Assembly by Linda Halderman (R) and Henry Perea (D). The citizens of Fresno are represented in the United States Congress by Jeff Denham (R) in California's 19th congressional district, Jim Costa (D) in California's 20th congressional district and Devin Nunes (R) in California's 21st congressional district.

Education

The Old Administration Building, the first permanent structure on California State University, Fresno's original campus, is now part of Fresno City College and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[29]

Four-year institutions

• Alliant International University (Private)
• California Christian College (Private/Freewill Baptist)
• California State University, Fresno
• Fresno Pacific University (Private/Mennonite Brethren)
• Fresno Pacific University Biblical Seminary
• Maric College – Fresno
• National University, Fresno campus
• San Joaquin College of Law (Private Law School)
• University of California, San Francisco – Fresno Medical Education Program
• University of Phoenix
• DeVry University (Private)

National University, Fresno, California campus

Two-year institutions

• Fresno City College
• Willow International Center (Reedley College North Center)

Career colleges

• Heald College
• Institute of Technology
• ITT Technical Institute
• San Joaquin Valley College

High schools

• Bullard High School
• Central High School, East Campus
• Central High School, West Campus
• Clovis High School
• Clovis East High School
• Clovis North High School
• Clovis West High School
• Edison High School
• DeWolf High School
• Duncan Polytechnical High School
• Fresno High School
• Hoover High School
• McLane High School
• Roosevelt High School
• San Joaquin Memorial High School (Private)
• Sunnyside High School
• University High School
• Washington Union High School

K-12, districts

• Central Unified School District (Public)
• Clovis Unified School District (Public)
• Fresno Unified School District (Public)
• West Fresno Elementary School District (Public)

Private schools

• Acsof Armenian Community School
• Carden School Of Fresno
• Fairmont Private School
• First Church Christian Academy
• Fresno Christian High School
• Fresno Adventist Academy
• Our Lady of Perpetual Help^{[disambiguation needed ]}
• Our Lady of Victory School
• Sacred Heart School^{[disambiguation needed ]}
• St. Anthony's School^{[disambiguation needed ]}
• St. Helen's Catholic School
• San Joaquin Memorial High School
• Truth Tabernacle Christian School

Neighborhoods

Downtown

Fresno County Courthouse

Through the 1990s, downtown was one of the last remaining examples of untouched architecture in California, but it has recently been subjected to a mixed revitalization effort.^{[citation needed]} While many of the buildings that were once abandoned for many years have been remodeled, many have been demolished or are under threat of being demolished to be replaced with new structures. Recently added new structures such as Grizzlies Stadium, now Chukchansi Park and the Federal Courthouse, and plans to eventually erect new high-rise buildings, threaten the unique and increasingly rare twentieth century architecture.

A victim of this redevelopment was the Vagabond Hotel, unique in its relevance in popular culture. The Vagabond, which had a pool that was an important location in modern skateboarding history and a prime example of mid-century modern googie "roadside" architecture, was demolished in 2004 and replaced by concrete commercial lots and lofts in 2006. The old Army Induction Center, which was used during the Vietnam War, was also recently destroyed in the next development project on H St and Amador.

The historic Fulton Mall and Chinatown are two downtown areas which still retain an exceptional amount of historic buildings and architecture of contextual, associative and memorial value in comparison with other cities of California and the Western United States, and are being considered for preservation as historic districts.

Sunnyside

The neighborhood of Sunnyside is located on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of Fresno, much of the neighborhood is a "county island" within Fresno County. Largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s, it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction. It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club, which maintains a golf course designed by William Bell.

Old Fig Garden

First started as a development known as Forkner-Giffen Fig Garden Estates #1 the now historic community set among mature trees of Old Fig Garden has long been one of Fresno's most prestigious neighborhoods. Fig Garden is an area of approximately 6 sq mi (16 km²), once on the northern fringe of Fresno, but the city has since incorporated all of the surrounding land, making Fig Garden a county "island." The city's annual "Christmas Tree Lane" is found on a section of Van Ness Boulevard during the holiday season.

Christmas Tree Lane is located on Van Ness Boulevard in between Shields Avenue and Shaw Avenue and runs through Old Fig Garden. It was started in 1920 when a single tree in the front yard of one of the houses on Van Ness Boulevard was decorated with lights to honor their teenage son who was killed by an accident at the family home. After that, more and more houses began decorating their front yard trees and soon enough Christmas Tree Lane was born. In 1941 the lane was unable to light the trees due to wartime restrictions and another time in 1973 due to an energy crisis. December 2011 marks the 89th anniversary for Christmas Tree Lane which makes it one of the longest running Christmas traditions in the country. Christmas Tree Lane is so well known that it made the Washington Post. Over 100,000 people make the effort to either walk or drive down Christmas Tree Lane every year. Many homes on Christmas Tree Lane hold parties at their homes in order to see the annual parade on the opening night. Many neighborhoods in Fresno have started their own holiday light lanes, but to this day Christmas Tree Lane is still the one that people line up to see.

Tower District

The popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of Historic Places.^[30] The theater was built in 1939 and is located at Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower which is actually located in another nearby area). The Tower District neighborhood is located just north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half mile south of Fresno City College.^[31] Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior, the early commercial establishments of the Tower District began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after World War II. The character of small local businesses largely remains today, despite the presence of national chain Starbucks. To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later renamed California State University at Fresno). In 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of Fresno City College one-half mile north ^[32] of the Tower District.

This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s. After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theater in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978, at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. Ms. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.

The Tower District has become a hub for community events such as Jamaica My Weekend, Mardi Gras in February, Car Shows, A Taste of The Tower, Halloween in the Tower, and the opened Farmer's Market on the North-West Corner of Olive and Van Ness.

The neighborhood features some notable restaurants, live Theatre and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet of each other. Since renewal, the Tower District has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. Today, the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and Hipster Communities.^[33]

The area is also known for its early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno.

Huntington Boulevard

Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue on the east is the home to many large, stately homes. The original development of this area began circa 1910, on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field. The Alta Vista Tract, as the land would become known, was mapped by William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation, and was officially platted in 1911. The tract's boundaries were Balch Avenue on the south, Cedar Avenue on the east, the rear property line of Platt Avenue (east of Sixth Street) and Platt Avenue (west of Sixth Street) on the north, and First Street on the west. The subdivision was annexed to the City in January 1912, in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community. At the time of its admission to the City, the Alta Vista Tract was uninhabited but landscaped, although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon. In 1914 developers Billings & Meyering acquired the tract, completed street development, provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service, and began marketing the property with fervor. A mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes. This rapid development was no doubt hastened by the Fresno Traction Company right-of-way along Huntington Boulevard, which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital.

The surrounding streets, Kerckhoff and Balch Avenues (which are part of the original Alta Vista tract), have homes from the Arts and Crafts era which, like the downtown, are being renovated and brought back to their historic roots. During Christmas, the homes along the boulevard are adorned with lights and decorations. The nation's tallest living Christmas Tree, located at Huntington and 6th Street, is the highlight of the event.

Huntington Boulevard has been referred to as Fresno's "anti-gated community".^[34]

Van Ness Extension

North of Shaw Avenue, Van Ness continues as the Van Ness Extension, located between Marks Avenue and West Avenue. Van Ness Extension is considered the most prestigious neighborhood in the city, and boasts some of Fresno's most elaborate homes and most affluent citizens.

Residents include many notable doctors, business owners, entrepreneurs, and stock traders.

West Side

The "West Side" of Fresno, also often called "Southwest Fresno", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly-constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's African-American community. It is culturally diverse and also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian) populations.

The neighborhood includes Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney, which extends from Fresno Street in Southwest Fresno about 20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard is lined with tall palm trees. The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for Fresno's elite African-American families. Another section, Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood's image. The isolated subdivision was for years known as the "Dogg Pound" in reference to a local gang, and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime.

While many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families. There have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood, including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of Fresno and B streets, an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood, and some new section 8 apartments have been built along Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood, and the stench from these (and other small industrial facilities) has long plagued area residents. The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also located on the West Side. Due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers, is not a true "inner-city" neighborhood, and there are many vacant lots, strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood. The neighborhood has very little retail activity, aside from the area near Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center, built in the late 1990s) and small corner markets scattered throughout.

Woodward Park

Located in the north eastern part of Fresno, Woodward Park was founded by the late Ralph Woodward, a long-time Fresno resident. He bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in Northeast Fresno. The park lies on the South bank of the San Joaquin River between Highway 41 and Friant Road. The initial 235 acres (0.95 km²), combined with additional acres acquired later by the City, brings the park to an amazing 300 acres (1.2 km²). Now packed with amenities, Woodward Park is the only Regional Park of its size in the Central Valley. The Southeast corner of the park harbors numerous bird species offering bird enthusiasts an excellent opportunity for viewing. The park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people, authentic Japanese Garden, fenced dog park, two-mile (3 km) equestrian trail, exercise par course, three children's playgrounds, a lake, 3 small ponds, 7 picnic areas and five miles (8 km) of multipurpose trails that are part of the San Joaquin River Parkway's Lewis S. Eaton Trail. When complete, the Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam. The park's numerous picnic tables make for a great picnic destination and a convenient escape from city life. The park is open April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm.

Sierra Sky Park

Formed in 1946, Sierra Sky Park Airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads. Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built^{[citation needed]} and there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world. Developer William Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood which spawned interest and similar communities nationwide.

Unincorporated communities

• Calwa
• Highway City
• Muscatel
• Butler Park, California The neighborhood south of Butler Street, between Maple Ave. And Chestnut Street.

Culture

Performing arts and music

• Artists' Repertory Theatre
• Children's Musical Theatreworks
• Center State Productions
• Fresno Grand Opera
• Fresno Philharmonic
• Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & 2nd Space Theatre (Good Company Players)
• Youth Orchestras of Fresno

Historic theaters

The Tower Theatre

• Azteca Theater
• Crest Theatre
• Liberty Theatre – currently Victory Church
• Saroyan Theatre
• Tower Theatre – Tower Theatre for the Performing Arts
• Warnors Theatre – Warnor's Center for the Performing Arts
• Wilson Theatre – currently Cornerstone Church
• Veteran's Memorial Auditorium

Museums and other attractions

• African-American Museum of the San Joaquin Valley
• Arte Américas
• Discovery Center
• Forestiere Underground Gardens
• Fresno Art Museum
• Fresno Metropolitan Museum of Art and Science (defunct)
• Kearney Mansion Museum‎
• Legion of Valor Museum‎
• Meux Home Museum
• Old Fresno Water Tower Tourist Center
• Fresno's Chaffee Zoo
• Sierra Endangered Cat Haven (Fresno County)

Annual events

Almond blossoms along the Fresno County Blossom Trail

• ArtHop
• Big Fresno Fair
• Central California Rib Cook-Off
• Central California Taco Truck Throwdown
• Christmas Tree Lane
• Fall Wine Cornucopia
• Fresno County Blossom Trail
• Fresno Film Festival
• Fresno Greek Fest
• Fresno Sweded Film Festival (Swede Fest)
• Fresno Urban Sound Experience
• Miss California Pageant
• Reel Pride Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
• Rev Fest
• Rogue Performing Arts Festival
• Sudz in the City
• Tri-Tip Cook-Off
• Woodward Shakespeare Festival

Sports

Fresno-based sports organizations include:

Club	Sport	Founded	League	Venue
Fresno Grizzlies	Baseball	1998	Pacific Coast League	Chukchansi Park
Central Valley Coyotes	Arena Football	2002	Arena Football 1	Selland Arena
Fresno Fuego	Soccer	2003	USL Premier Development League	Chukchansi Park
Fresno Monsters	Ice hockey	2009	North American Hockey League	Selland Arena
Fresno Legends	Basketball	2009	American Basketball Association	San Joaquin Memorial High School

• The Save Mart Center at Fresno State is a multi-purpose arena on the campus of the California State University, Fresno. It is home to the Fresno State Bulldogs basketball team and, for the first five seasons in the ECHL (2003–08) hosted the Fresno Falcons ice hockey team. It also hosts a wide range of musical acts.

• Also on the campus of Fresno State is Bulldog Stadium, a 41,031 seat football stadium. It is home to the Fresno State Bulldogs football program.

• Located next to Bulldog Stadium is Pete Beiden Field. It is home to the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball program and was home to the Fresno Grizzlies before their moved to Chukchansi Park in Downtown Fresno.

• Fresno's Woodward Park is the location of the CIF Cross Country State Championships, where high schoolers from around the state compete. Additionally the BMX course located in the park plays host to the National Bicycle League State Championships.

• Ratcliffe Stadium, located on the campus of Fresno City College, is a 13,000 seat track and field stadium. The stadium played host to the West Coast Relays. It is home to the college's football program and is also host to high school football games and track and field events.

Notable residents

• Philip Levine, Poet Laureate of the United States for 2011–2012
• Kevin Federline, dancer and second husband of pop star Britney Spears
• Christopher Gorham, actor best known for his work on Ugly Betty and Covert Affairs
• Steven Anthony Lawrence, child actor best known for his work on Even Stevens
• Carson Palmer, Oakland Raiders Quarterback NFL, 2002 Heisman winner, 2007 Pro Bowl MVP; born in Fresno
• Andranik Ozanian, Armenian national hero
• Charles Amirkhanian, sound poet, composer and producer

Media

Newspapers

• The Fresno Bee
• The Community Alliance
• The Business Journal (Fresno)
• The Charger
• The Collegian
• The Vantage
• The California Advocate
• The Rampage

Magazines

• Fresno Magazine

Radio

88.1 KFCF is Fresno's Pacifica station, and one of Fresno's few non-commercial, non-corporate radio stations.

KMJ was Fresno's first radio station; it began broadcasting in 1922. Over the years its powerful 50,000-watt signal could clearly be heard throughout much of California. Here are the Fresno radio stations currently broadcasting:

FM Stations

103.1 KAAT 96.7 KALZ 95.3 KBHH 94.9 KBOS 88.1 KFCF 90.3 KFNO 104.1 KFRR 90.7 KFSR 102.7 KHGE 95.7 KJFX 99.3 KJWL

105.5 KJZN 105.1 KKBZ 107.9 KLLE 91.1 KLVY 100.3 KMAK 97.9 KMGV 105.9 KMJ 107.1 KHIT-FM 100.5 KMQA 94.3 KOKO 92.1 KOND

101.9 KOQO 107.5 KRDA 103.7 KFBT 97.1 KSEQ 91.5 KSJV 93.7 KSKS 98.9 KSOF 106.3 KVPW 89.3 KVPR 101.1 KWYE 88.9 KDUV

AM Stations

1680 KGED (10,000-day 1,000-night watts) 900 KBIF 1340 KCBL (1,000 watts) 980 KEYQ 1430 KFIG (5,000 watts)

790 KFPT (5,000-day 2,500-night watts) 1600 KGST (5,000 watts) 1250 KHOT 1510 KIRV (10,000 watts) 580 KMJ (50,000 watts)

1210 KQEQ 1060 KTNS 940 KYNO (50,000 watts) 1550 KXEX (5,000-day 2,500-night watts) 1300 KWRU (5,000-day 1,000-night watts)

Television

To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and those planned for Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton, the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno would only have UHF television stations. The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, now known as KSEE, Channel 24, which began broadcasting on June 1, 1953. Here are the Fresno television stations currently on the air:

• 3 3ABN
• 12 3ABN
• 16 KHSC HSN
• 18 KVPT PBS
• 21 KFTV Univision
• 24 KSEE NBC
• 26 KMPH Fox
• 30 KFSN ABC
• 32 KJEO-LD America One
• 33 KSDI-LP The Sportsman Channel
• 39 KMSG Azteca America
• 43 KGMC IND
• 47 KGPE CBS
• 49 KNXT EWTN
• 51 KNSO Telemundo
• 53 KAIL My Network TV
• 59 KFRE The CW
• 61 KTFF Telefutura

Sister cities

Fresno has several sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI).

• Torreón, Mexico
• Mashhad, Iran
• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Kōchi, Japan
• Afula, Israel
• Ejmiatsin, Armenia
• Münster, Germany
• Verona, Italy
• Taraz, Kazakhstan
• Lahore, Pakistan ^[35]

Transportation

Highways

Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero in the south, and then heads north to Yosemite. State Route 180 (Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west via Mendota, and from the east in Kings Canyon National Park going towards the city of Reedley.

Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway.^[36] When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99.^[37] Due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway.

Airports

Fresno Yosemite International Airport (FAT), formerly known as Fresno Air Terminal, provides regularly scheduled commercial airline service. The airport serves an estimated 1.3 million passengers annually to domestic and two international destinations.

Fresno Chandler Executive Airport (FCH) is located 2 mi (3.2 km) southwest of Downtown Fresno. Built in the 1920s by the Works Projects Administration, it is one of the oldest operational airports in California. The airport currently serves as a general aviation airport.

Sierra Sky Park Airport, located in Northwest Fresno, is a privately owned airport, but is open to the public. The airport was America's first aviation community^{[citation needed]}. Extra-wide streets surrounding the airport allow for residents of the community to land, taxi down extra-wide avenues, and park in the driveway at home.^[38]

Rail

Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot located in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city.The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail.^[39]

Public transportation

Public transit is provided by the Fresno Area Express. It consists entirely on buses serving the greater Fresno metropolitan area. Intercity and long-distance bus service is provided by Greyhound and Orange Belt Stages.

The city once provided trolley service during the late 19th and early 20th century. Known as the Fresno City Railway Company and later the Fresno Traction Company, the service operated horse-drawn streetcars from 1887 to 1901. Electric streetcars were introduced in 1903. The electric streetcars were used until 1939.^[40]

Walkability

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Fresno 26th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.^[41]

Military units

US Army

US Army Reserve, 63rd Regional Support Command All at the US Army Reserve Center at the Fresno Chandler Executive Airport

Army Maintenance Support Activity 14

729 Training Camp Company

924 Training Camp Detachment^[42]

US Marine Corps

US Marine Corps Forces Reserve, Marine Wing Support Squadron 473 Detachment Alpha^[43] formerly located at The Fresno Yosemite international Airport. The unit is now based out of Lemoore Naval Air Station in Lemoore, California, about 30 miles outside Fresno.

US Navy

United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps, Fresno Battalion Navy Operational Support Center^[44]

Navy League Cadet Corps, Training Ship Fresno Navy Operational Support Center^[44] Located at The Fresno Armed Forces Reserve Center adjacent to Hammer Army Air Field Armory

US Air Force

Civil Air Patrol, Fresno Composite Squadron 112^[45] Located at the Army National Guard Armory on the Fresno Fair grounds, hanger at Fresno Yosemite international Airport.

California Army National Guard

40th Aviation Brigade, 40th Infantry Division^[46] located at Hammer Army Air Field Armory

Echo Company, 79th Brigade Support Battalion, 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 40th Infantry Division

1106th Theater Aviation Maintenance Sustainment Group, 1106th Aviation Classification Repair Depot^[47] Located at the Aviation Classification Repair Depot on the Fresno Yosemite International airport

Detachment 1, 649th MP Company, 49th Military Police Brigade

California Air National Guard

144th Fighter Wing^[47] Located at the California Air National Guard Base at Fresno Yosemite International Airport

California State Military Reserve

40th Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), 100th Troop Command Support Brigade ^[48] Located at The Fresno Armed Forces Reserve Center adjacent to Hammer Army Air Field Armory

Community-based organizations (nonprofits)

The City of Fresno is home to a number of nonprofits that serve the community, and/or contribute to the local economy by providing employment opportunities. Nonprofits based in Fresno include:

• San Joaquin River Parkway and Conservation Trust
• Central California Legal Services
• GRID Alternatives
• Centro La Familia
• Clovis Amateur Radio Pioneers, an amateur radio club that serves Clovis, Fresno and the Central Valley.
• Fresno Rescue Mission
• Girl Scouts of Central California South
• Marjaree Mason Center
• Poverello House
• ReadFresno
• Tree Fresno
• Reading and Beyond

See also

California portal

• Fresno Police Department
• Fresno County Library
• Japanese American internment
• List of California public officials charged with crimes, Fresno
• List of people from Fresno, California
• List of tallest buildings in Fresno

References

1. ^ U.S. Census
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4. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 TO 1990". http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab19.txt. Retrieved 2010-07-02. 
5. ^ Kevin Enns-Rempel; John Edward Powell. "Fresno Sanitary Landfill (1937)". HistoricFresno.org. http://historicfresno.org/nrhp/landfill.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
6. ^ "Pinedale Assembly Center, California". U.s. National Parks Service. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce16e.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
7. ^ Holman, Michael (October 1984). "History". Breaking and the New York City Breakers. Freundlich Books. ISBN 0-88191-016-3. http://www.msu.edu/~okumurak/styles/pop.html. Retrieved 2007-05-15. 
8. ^ Jim Boren (December 12, 2002). "Lessons learned from Rezone can't be forgotten". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on December 28, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021228095048/http%3A//www.fresnobee.com/columnists/boren/story/5599730p-6576567c.html. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
9. ^ Mike Oz (October 5, 2009). "Fresno: The Dumbest City in America?". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. http://fresnobeehive.com/2009/10/fresno_the_dumb.html. Retrieved 2011-01-24. 
10. ^ The Daily Beast (October 4, 2009). "America's Smartest Cities". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/787/1/?redirectURL=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-10-04/americas-smartest-cities---from-first-to-worst/. Retrieved 2011-01-24. 
11. ^ The Daily Beast (October 24, 2010). "Smartest Cities". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2249/1/. Retrieved 2011-01-24. 
12. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Fresno, California
13. ^ "Civil War Revisited Wraps Up". ABC30.com. October 10, 2005. http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=local&id=3522714. Retrieved 2007-03-06. 
14. ^ "The Civil War Revisited". Fresno Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311140721/http://www.civilwarrevisited.com/index.html. Retrieved 2007-03-06. 
15. ^ "Fresno, California Climate Summary". RSS Feeds World Weather. http://www.rssweather.com/climate/California/Fresno/. Retrieved 2007-03-06. 
16. ^ ^{a b} "Climatological Normals of Fresno". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/fresno_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-13. 
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18. ^ Hogan, C. Michael; Patmore, Leda C.;Harry Seidman (August 1973). Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases. EPA-660/2-73-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://cave.epa.gov/cgi/nph-bwcgis/BASIS/ncat/dba/ncat/DDW?M=145&W=DATETAG++%3D++1060217. Retrieved 2007-03-06. 
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23. ^ All data are derived from the United States Census Bureau reports from the 2010 United States Census, and are accessible on-line here. The data on unmarried partnerships and same-sex married couples are from the Census report DEC_10_SF1_PCT15. All other housing and population data are from Census report DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Both reports are viewable online or downloadable in a zip file containing a comma-delimited data file. The area data, from which densities are calculated, are available on-line here. Percentage totals may not add to 100% due to rounding. The Census Bureau defines families as a household containing one or more people related to the householder by birth, opposite-sex marriage, or adoption. People living in group quarters are tabulated by the Census Bureau as neither owners nor renters. For further details, see the text files accompanying the data files containing the Census reports mentioned above.
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26. ^ City of Fresno, California Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, for the Year ended June 30, 2010
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29. ^ History, SCCC Foundation: Old Administration Building. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
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32. ^ "The Old Administration Building at Fresno City College :: A Legacy Renewed". Oabalegacyrenewed.com. http://www.oabalegacyrenewed.com/history.html. Retrieved 2010-07-02. 
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34. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
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External links

• City of Fresno Official website
• City of Fresno Developer's Guide for Downtown Housing
• Guide to Historic Architecture in Fresno, California at FresnoHistory.org
• Fresno, California at the Open Directory Project
• Fresno City and County Historical Society
• Fresno Convention & Visitor Bureau
• Greater Fresno Area Chamber of Commerce