Inland Empire (California)

For other uses, see Inland Empire.

Inland Empire Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario
—  Metropolitan Area  —
Riverside
San Bernardino
Ontario
Country	United States of America
State	California
Principal cities (10 largest cities by population)	- Riverside  - San Bernardino  - Ontario  - Corona  - Moreno Valley  - Temecula  - Murrieta  - Indio  - Redlands  - Hemet
Area
– Metro	70,669 km2 (27,298 sq mi)
Elevation	-607.1 - 3,507 m (-1,600 - 11,499 ft)
Population (2010)[1]
– Density	56.9/km2 (147.5/sq mi)
– Urban	1,506,816 (25th)
– Urban density	1,325.9/km2 (3,434.1/sq mi)
– Metro	4,224,851 (13th)
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
– Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)

The Inland Empire (colloquially known as the I.E.) is a region in Southern California. The region sits directly east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Inland Empire most commonly is used in reference to the U.S. Census Bureau's federally-defined Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, which covers more than 27,000 square miles (70,000 km²). The metropolitan area consists of Riverside County and San Bernardino County and, according to the US Census, is home to over 4 million people and is the 13th most populous metropolitan area in the United States, and the third largest in the state of California.^[2] Most of the area's population is located in the southwest corner of the region. At the end of the 19th century, the Inland Empire was a major center of agriculture, including citrus, dairy, and wine-making. Agriculture declined through the 20th century, and since the 1970s a rapidly growing population, fed by families migrating in search of affordable housing, has led to more residential, commercial, and industrial development. The Inland Empire also has the desert resort cities of Palm Springs and Palm Desert. The U.S. Census Bureau also combines the Inland Empire and the Los Angeles metropolitan area into a larger region known as the Greater Los Angeles Area with a population of over 17 million.

History

Drawing of San Bernardino (1852)

What is now known as the Inland Empire was inhabited for thousands of years, prior to the late 18th century, by the Tongva, Serrano, and Cahuilla Native Americans. With Spanish colonization and the subsequent Mexican era the area was sparsely populated at the land grant Ranchos, considering it unsuitable for missions. The first American settlers arrived over the Cajon Pass in 1851, a group of Mormon pioneers who were the first residents of San Bernardino. Although the Mormons left a scant six years later, recalled to Salt Lake City by Brigham Young during the church's Utah War with the U.S. government, other settlers soon followed.

The entire landmass of Southern California was subdivided according to the San Bernardino Meridian, which was first plotted as part of the Public Land Survey System in November 1852, by Col. Henry Washington. Base Line road, a major thoroughfare, today runs from Highland to San Dimas, intermittently along the absolute baseline coordinates plotted by Col. Washington.^[3] San Bernardino County was first formed out of parts of Los Angeles County on April 26, 1853. While the partition once included what is today most of Riverside County, the region is not as monolithic as it may sound. Rivalries between Colton, Redlands, Riverside and San Bernardino over the location of the county seat in the 1890s caused each of them to form their own civic communities, each with their own newspapers. On August 14, 1893 the Senate allowed Riverside County to form out of land previously in San Bernardino and San Diego counties, after rejecting a bill for Pomona to split from LA County and become the seat of what would have been called San Antonio County.^[4]

Arlington Heights Citrus Groves, Riverside circa 1903

The arrival of railroads and the importation of navel and Valencia orange trees in the 1870s touched off explosive growth, with the area quickly becoming a major center for citrus production.^[5][6][7] This agricultural boom continued with the arrival of water from the Colorado River and the rapid growth of Los Angeles in the early 20th century, with dairy farming becoming another staple industry. In 1926, Route 66 (now known as Foothill Boulevard) came through the northern parts of the area, bringing a stream of tourists and migrants to the region. Still, the region endured as the key part of the Southern California "Citrus belt" until the end of World War II, when a new generation of real-estate developers bulldozed acres of agricultural land to build suburbs.^[5] The precursor to the San Bernardino Freeway, the Ramona Expressway, was built in 1944, and further development of the freeway system facilitated the expansion of suburbs and human migration throughout the Inland Empire and Southern California.

The region experienced significant economic and population growth through most of the later half of the 20th century. In the early 1990s, the loss of the region's military bases and reduction of nearby defense industries due to the end of the Cold War lead to a local economic downturn.^[8][9] The region as a whole had partially recovered from this downturn by the turn of the century through the development of warehousing, shipping, logistics and retail industries, primarily centered around Ontario.^[10] However, these industries have been heavily affected by the global late-2000s recession.^[11]

Name origin

Yucca Valley, within the Morongo Basin, is halfway between the San Bernardino Valley and the Arizona State line.

The term "Inland Empire" is documented to have been used by the Riverside Enterprise newspaper (now The Press-Enterprise) as early as April 1914.^[12] Developers in the area likely introduced the term to promote the region and to highlight the area's unique features. The "Inland" part of the name is derived from the region's location about 37 miles (60 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean and east of Los Angeles. Originally this area was called the Orange Empire, and referring to the acres of citrus groves that once extended from Pasadena to Redlands during the early half of the 20th century.^[13][14] The Inland Empire today is a nebulous region, though most can agree the nickname includes the cities of western Riverside County and southwestern San Bernardino County, adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area.^[14]

Geography

Physical geography

View of the San Bernardino Valley from the San Bernardino Mountains. The Santa Ana Mountains are visible in the distance.

Physical boundaries between Los Angeles and the Inland Empire from west to east are the San Jose Hills splitting the San Gabriel Valley from the Pomona Valley, leading to the urban populations centered in the San Bernardino Valley.^{[citation needed]} From the south to north, the Santa Ana Mountains physically divide Orange County from San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. The Santa Rosa Mountains, as well as the Southern California portion of the Sonoran Desert, physically divide Riverside County from San Diego County.^[15] Some definitions for the IE consist of the Chino Valley, Coachella Valley, Cucamonga Valley, Menifee Valley, Murrieta Valley, Perris Valley, Temecula Valley, and Victor Valley.^{[citation needed]}

Elevations range from 11,499 feet (3,505 m) at the top of the San Gorgonio Mountain to 220 ft (-67.1 m) below sea level at the Salton Sea. The San Bernardino mountains are home to the San Bernardino National Forest and the resort communities of Big Bear Lake, Lake Arrowhead, and Running Springs. The Santa Ana River extends from Mt. San Gorgonio for nearly 100 miles (160 km) through San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties before it eventually spills into the Pacific Ocean at Newport Beach and Huntington Beach. While temperatures are generally cool to cold in the mountains, it can get hot in the valleys. In the desert resort of Palm Springs, near Joshua Tree National Park, summer temperatures can reach well over 110 degrees.

Political geography

Unlike most metropolitan areas that have grown up around a central city, the Inland Empire centers around multiple cities, including Riverside, San Bernardino and Ontario.^{[citation needed]} Suburban sprawl spreads out to form a unified whole with Los Angeles, with further development encroaching past the mountains into the outlying desert areas. Interconnectivity provided by one of the most comprehensive freeway systems in the United States has eroded any sense of physical boundaries between the Inland Empire and Los Angeles county.^{[citation needed]}

The Inland Empire has also been referred to as the 909, after one of the region's most used area codes.^[14][16] In 2004, because of growing demand for telephone numbers, most of Riverside County was granted a new area code, 951.^[16]

Boundaries and definitions

There is no universally accepted definition for the Inland Empire. Some sources such as the Los Angeles Times^{[17][18][19][20][21]} have referred to Riverside County and San Bernardino County as the Inland Empire, mirroring the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area.

Some residents of certain areas within the two counties, such as the Coachella, and Temecula valleys, consider themselves separate from the IE.^[14] The California Travel and Tourism Commission (CTTC), a not-for-profit, nongovernmental^[22] entity that promotes tourism in California,^[23] divides the state into several regions for its own purposes. The CTTC defines the Inland Empire as being bounded by Los Angeles County and Orange County on the west, San Diego County on the south, as far north as the Victor Valley area, and as far east as Idyllwild in the San Jacinto Mountains.^[24] The state of California's official website links to the CTTC's map with the description "Map of the Inland Empire region".^[25]

Other sources, including Kevin Starr, former state librarian of California, include eastern Los Angeles County cities in the Pomona Valley within the definition of the Inland Empire.^[26] Other sources also include cities in Los Angeles County within the boundaries.^{[27][28][verification needed][29]}

Economy

Boxcars, Rialto, California

Inexpensive land prices (compared to Los Angeles and Orange Counties), a large supply of vacant land, and a transport network where many highways and railroads intersect have made the Inland Empire a major shipping hub. Some of the nation's largest manufacturing companies have chosen the Inland Empire for their distribution facilities including Toyota Motor Corporation's North American Parts and Logistics Distribution (NAPLD) center in Ontario and APL Logistics in Rancho Cucamonga. Whirlpool Corporation recently leased a 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m²) distribution center in Perris that is larger than 31 football fields and one of the biggest warehouses in the country.^[30] These centers operate as part of the system that transports finished goods and materials from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to destinations to the north and east such as Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Denver. More than 80% percent of the state's imported cargo is shipped through the Los Angeles/Inland Empire Corridor.^[31] However, with the global economic downturn, industrial vacancies have doubled from 6.2% in 2007 to 12.4% to 2008. In San Bernardino and Redlands, vacancies are as high as 22%.^[32]

Although the region's large industries have been affected by the late-2000s recession, the Inland Empire is projected to remain California's fastest-growing region for some time to come.^[33] The area is also projected to remain one of the least educated areas of the state with the lowest average in annual wages in the country.^[33] A 2006 study of salaries in 51 metropolitan areas of the country ranked the Inland Empire second to last, with an average annual wage of $36,924.^[33] However, inexpensive land prices and innovative institutional support networks have attracted some small businesses owners and technology start-ups into the area.^[11]

While urbanization continues to cut into agricultural lands, the Inland Empire still produces substantial crops. Although 10,000 acres (40 km²) of irrigated land was lost between 2002 and 2004, agriculture still brought in more than $1.6 billion in revenues to the two-county region in 2006.^[6]

Being a MSA, aggregate GDP figures are reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis annually. 2010 GDP was $109.8 billion, roughly a third of San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA MSA despite their close population numbers. Due to housing crisis, the GDP fell from $114.8 billion in 2007, despite a heavy influx of residents. Per capita GDP was $25,970 in 2010.

Housing

Housing construction visible from the air in Fontana, since 1980 the city's population grew by 150,000 residents.

Since the 1950s, the area has evolved from a rural to a suburban environment. In addition to existing cities such as Riverside and San Bernardino, the region now comprises numerous suburban cities known as bedroom communities such as Rancho Cucamonga. Affordable home ownership is the primary motivation behind the growth in these Inland Empire communities as homes there are generally less expensive than comparable homes in Orange and Los Angeles Counties. The steady rise in population and the demand for housing has led to a dramatic increase in single-family residential construction on lots of 1/4 acre (1,000 m²) or more (as opposed to high-density development such as multi-level apartments or condominiums). Much of the vacant land is rapidly being developed to the chagrin of those who grew up living 'in the country'. In addition, much of the land that was used for agriculture is now being sold by their owners and being converted for use for more intensive purposes such shopping centers, industrial warehouses, etc. This continuous development, due to the various interests involved, has become seemingly unplanned and uncontrolled suburban sprawl.^[34] The Inland Empire was declared the nation's worst example of sprawl according to a study by Smart Growth America in 2002.^[35][36]

Foreclosures have risen by 3,500% since 2006.^[37] In 2010, the area ranked fourth in the nation in the number of foreclosures, with one filing for every 133 households.^[38] The city of Perris initiated a program to paint the brown lawns of abandoned homes green as a way to cut down on the appearance of blight.^[39]

Retail

Retailing in the area has increased to keep abreast with the rapidly growing suburban population. The region is home to several large upscale shopping malls, including the Promenade Shops at Dos Lagos in Corona, Ontario Mills in Ontario, Promenade Mall in Temecula, Moreno Valley Mall in Moreno Valley, Victoria Gardens Mall in Rancho Cucamonga and the Inland Center mall in San Bernardino. In fiscal year 2006, retail sales in San Bernardino County grew by 11.9% to $31.2 billion, while sales in Riverside County were up 11.3% to $29.6 billion.^[40]

Panorama of the "Town Square" at Victoria Gardens Mall in Rancho Cucamonga

Environmental quality

The Inland Empire is subject to smog conditions on a regular basis as seen here, looking south, from the north terminus of Haven Avenue in Rancho Cucamonga. Note how the street 'fades' into the smoggy haze and the Santa Ana Mountains are completely obscured.	The Inland Empire is also subject to Santa Ana Winds that lead to generally clear days, free of smog or the marine layer. Note how the street that 'faded' into the smoggy haze and the Santa Ana Mountains that were completely obscured in the image to the left is now visible.

The result of this ongoing development has resulted in greater employment opportunities, increased affluence of the populace, and homeownership. Unfortunately, increased traffic congestion, degradation in air quality, and loss of open and environmentally sensitive land has been the negative result.^[41] The solution to these problems is not simple. The presence of so many local governments within the Inland Empire, which often have different 'visions' for their own respective municipalities, means that two cities in the region rarely agree on a solution or, just as common, they have unequal means for implementing one. The lack of a region-wide governmental planning organization as well as unequal enforcement of existing laws and policies, may undermine any solution that could be proposed. Lastly, the pace at which development occurs (fast) versus the ability of government to respond to changes (slow) means that it could easily take years, if not decades, for a viable solution (such as new roads, pollution controls, etc.) to go into effect.^[42]

Air pollution

Air pollution, or suspended particulate matter locally generated from the increased number of automobiles in the area, from point sources such as factories, dust carried into the air by construction activity, and the contribution of similar pollutants from the Los Angeles area has regularly caused the Inland Empire to be at, or near, the bottom of many air quality ratings. In 2004, the EPA rated the San Bernardino-Riverside area as having the worst particulate air pollution in the United States (although the San Joaquin Valley in central California had the worst overall air pollution).^[43] The air pollution problem is exacerbated by the region's location which is surrounded by mountain ranges to the north and east; the mountains 'contain' these aerosols which otherwise would be carried out of the region by the prevailing winds which typically flow from west to east.

Water pollution

Water pollution has also been found in the Santa Ana River and Cajon wash, and pollutants from the March Air Reserve Base and Stringfellow Acid Pits have contaminated groundwater in parts of Riverside County.^[15] In 1997, perchlorate, a chemical used to produce explosives, was discovered to be seeping into the groundwater under Rialto in a plume that continues to grow. In 2007, the Rialto City council petitioned the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for Superfund status to clean up the origin site. The sites comprising March Air Reserve Base, Norton Air Force Base and the Stringfellow Acid Pits have already been classified as EPA Superfund toxic waste sites.^[44]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in the Inland Empire

I-10, 215 Interchange traffic, south of downtown San Bernardino.

Traffic congestion problems on the roadways, as with elsewhere in Southern California, is the result of the steady increase in the number of vehicles and a transportation infrastructure network that has not expanded accordingly. Many of the existing freeways were completed in the late 1970s. With the exception of the segment of the Foothill Freeway, State Route 210 (SR 210) between San Dimas and San Bernardino recently completed in July, 2007. New freeways or highways "Fix Up's" are indeed being planned, such as the expansion of the length of the 215 freeway around Inland Center Mall, and the bridges connecting the 215 and 60 freeways. Another problem is the jobs vs. housing imbalance. In general, most of the higher paying jobs are located in Los Angeles and Orange County. Thus, workers must commute daily up to two hours (each direction) on the existing network. As the population increases, the problem is most certainly going to increase as well. Forbes Magazine recently ranked the area first in its list of America's most unhealthy commutes, beating out every other major metropolitan area in the country, as Inland area drivers breathe the unhealthiest air and have the highest rate of fatal auto accidents per capita.^[45]

According to a 1999 report by the Surface Transportation Policy Project, the Inland Empire lead in fatal crashes caused by road rage.^[46][47] The theft of copper, brass and other metals from highway and road fixtures has also led to decreased public safety on IE roads and freeways.^[48] Gas siphoning has also been noted as a problem for vehicles left unattended in the region.^[49]

Public transportation

Metrolink train at Fontana station.

The Bi-County region, unlike many major metropolitan areas, does not have access to suitable public transportation. Less than 5% of the IE's 1,249,224 working-age residents use public transportation to get to work each day.^[50] Omnitrans is the largest commuter in San Bernardino County, while the Riverside Transit Agency is the largest in Riverside County. Metrolink commuter rail provides service to many points throughout the Inland Empire and into Los Angeles. Riverside and San Bernardino are the two transportation hubs of the Inland Empire.

Airports

See also: List of airports in the Inland Empire

Three major airports serve the Inland Empire: Ontario (owned by the city of Los Angeles World Airports), Palm Springs, and San Bernardino. However there are many general aviation airports across the Bi-County region.

Airport	IATA code	ICAO code	County
Ontario International Airport	ONT	KONT	San Bernardino
Palm Springs International Airport	PSP	KPSP	Riverside
San Bernardino International Airport	SBD	KSBD	San Bernardino

Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1900	45,826		—
1910	91,402		99.5%
1920	123,698		35.3%
1930	214,924		73.7%
1940	266,632		24.1%
1950	451,688		69.4%
1960	809,782		79.3%
1970	1,143,146		41.2%
1980	1,558,182		36.3%
1990	2,588,793		66.1%
2000	3,254,821		25.7%
Est. 2010	4,224,851		29.8%

The Combined Statistical Area population of the Greater Los Angeles area (which includes the Inland Empire) is over 15 million people according to the US Census, and is the second largest metropolitan area in the country. The Metropolitan Statistical Area population of the Inland Empire (Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area) onto itself is 4 million people and is the 14th largest metropolitan area in the United States. In addition, according to the 2000 Census, it is the fastest growing area in the state. Between 1990 and 2000, Riverside and San Bernardino counties added 700,000 to their population totals, an increase of 26%.^[50] Between 2000 and 2008 Inland Empire's population expanded by 861,000 or 26.5%. According to census bureau's 2005-2007 estimates 61.8% of the population was White (40.4% White Non-Hispanic), 7.5% Black, 5.7% Asian and 25.0% of other or mixed race. 43.9% were Hispanic of any race. 21.9% of the population was foreign born.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that in 2006, 33.1% of people in the Greater San Bernardino Area were overweight, and 30.8% were obese. Forbes Magazine ranks the area as the fourth fattest in the country.^[51]

A substantial majority of residents (76.6%), last comparatively surveyed in 2001, rated their respective counties as good places to live. Over 81% of Riverside County residents indicated that their county is a very good or fairly good place to live, while about 72% of residents in San Bernardino County felt the same way. Survey respondents cited "nice living area," "good climate," and "affordable housing" as the top positive factors in assessing their respective communities. Smog was by far the most important negative factor affecting respondents’ ratings in both counties, while traffic was the 2nd highest concern in Riverside County and crime the 2nd highest concern among San Bernardino County residents.^[52]

Politics

While the region as a whole has traditionally leaned more Republican than the rest of California, newer residents are less likely to identify with the Republican party than longer-term residents (36 percent to 42 percent), and the total number of residents identifying with the Democrats (34%) now slightly edges over the number identifying with the Republican party (33%). In fact, in the 2008 presidential election, Democratic candidate Barack Obama carried both Riverside and San Bernardino counties, becoming only the second Democrat to carry both counties since Lyndon Johnson in 1964. However, voting rates are lower than in the rest of the state, and as the population grows there is also a trend away from civic engagement entirely. Among more recent residents, only 19% belong to civic organizations and 9% have served as a volunteer in a community organization. By contrast, 28% of long-term residents belong to community organizations and 15% have volunteered. Whites and African Americans have the highest participation rates for nearly every type of political activity, while Latinos and Asian Americans lag significantly behind other groups in terms of volunteerism and organizational membership. However, the 2006 immigration protests have significantly boosted political participation among Latinos, with nearly one in seven participating in demonstrations and marches that year.^[53]

Religion

The Redlands California Temple is one of four LDS temples in Southern California.

78% of Inland residents view themselves as Christians. 39% identify as Roman Catholic, 14% as Protestant, and 25% as some other type of Christian. (36% of total Inland Christians view themselves as "born again".) 1% of the population are Jewish, 6% belong to some other religion, and 14% profess no religion. 27% of Inland residents attend some form of religious service once a week, 14% attend more than once a week, 15% once a month, and 14% only attend services on major religious holidays.^[53][54]

Crime

While the crime index in Riverside and Ontario tends slightly over the state average, San Bernardino has a crime index consistently near or over twice that of the national average.^{[55][56][57][58]} Reflecting nation-wide trends, violent crime in the region overall declined or remained consistent in 2009, despite the recession. In the city of Riverside, 14 homicides occurred in 2009, down from 20 in 2008, its highest total since 2003. All but three cases resulted in arrests. In San Bernardino, by contrast, 32 killings occurred in 2009, a number identical to 2008, but only a third of cases in San Bernardino led to arrests, due to a lack of witness cooperation in that city.^[59]

Latino gangs have been active in the region since the area's citrus days while a continual migration of African American gangs from LA has flowed into the area since the Watts Riots.^[4][60] The increased diversity in the region between 1990 and 2000 is also associated with a 20% increase in hate crime in the same period, mostly ascribed to increased gang activity.^[61][62] According to data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting program, taken together, Riverside and San Bernardino counties showed a total of 51,237 crimes reported to county police/sheriffs (but not to city or other agencies) in 2006; this combined total exceeded the totals for all other California counties—considered individually—except for Sacramento.^[63]

The region has also been noted as a center of methamphetamine production.^[64] The Riverside and San Bernardino county sheriffs' departments busted 635 meth labs in 2000; law enforcement has driven most of the meth production industry to Mexico since 2007, but many of the homes discovered to have been used as meth labs before 2006 have since been sold on the market before California law required rigorous decontamination, leading to a legacy of health hazards for unsuspecting renters and home-buyers in the area.^[65]

Education

California State University, San Bernardino

University of California, Riverside

There is a trend of lower educational attainment in the IE, which starts early. Only 37% of 3- and 4-year olds in the region are enrolled in pre-school, with only one school in the region for every 343 children, as compared to 48% enrollment in San Diego County. 35% of the IE's ninth graders do not graduate from high school, and only 37% of its college age residents enroll in a post-secondary education program of some sort. Only 24% of the IE's adult residents have attained a college degree or better. 25% do not possess a high school diploma.^[50] According to CSUSB President Al Karnig, "We have a very low college attendance rate that is scantly above half of what the average is in other states. We have only have about 20 percent college graduates in the Inland Empire while the average in other states is 38 percent."^[66][67] 21 inland area high schools rank in the top 100 in California for producing dropouts.^[68]

Of Inland residents 25 years and over in 2004, Asians were the best educated. 44.4% had bachelor’s or higher degrees, and nearly 70% had at least attended college. Among Whites, 22.8% had 4-year degrees or higher, and 60.8% at least attended college. In the African American community, the number with bachelor’s or higher degree was 21.3%, and 65.2% had either a community college degree or had attended college. Only 6.9% of Hispanic adults had a 4-year or higher degree, and only 30.2% attended college at all.^[69]

Among students transferring from Inland community colleges to private schools in 2004-05, the most frequent choice was the University of Phoenix.^[70]

Employment

While the Inland Empire led the state in job-growth with 275,000 new jobs between 1990 and 2000, most are in comparatively low-tech fields. San Bernardino and Riverside counties are primarily host to service and manufacturing- or warehousing-oriented industries. Food and administrative services employ the most people in the Inland Empire, while for the state of California, the top industries are in administrative services and professional, scientific and hi-tech-oriented fields. 79.8% of the IE's job growth from 1990-2003 was in service-sector jobs.^[71] Low-wage industries are abundant in the IE, and the high-tech and professional industries that are in the area actually pay more in other regions of California. As many as one-third of working adults commute out of the 27,000-square-mile (70,000 km²) region to find work, the highest proportion of any area in the country. Adding to gridlock, less than 5% of the IE's 1,249,224 working-age residents use public transportation to get to work each day. 14.5% carpool, while 79.7% typically drive alone to work in their cars.^[50] In 2007, the region had an unemployment rate of 6.1%, while overall jobless claims in California were at 5.4 percent and 4.4 percent nationally.^[72] In 2008, unemployment in the area increased to 9.5%, "3 percentage points higher than the national rate and 1.3 points higher than the state's rate of 8.2%."^[73] Unemployment reached an all-time high of 15% percent in 2010, second in the nation only to Detroit among metropolitan areas with populations over 1 million.^[74]

Culture

Lamb of God playing at Ozzfest at the San Manuel Amphitheater in Devore, San Bernardino, 2007.

Various locations in the Inland Empire provide venues for cultural performances and entertainment.^[75] The Victoria Gardens Cultural Center, which is owned and operated by the City of Rancho Cucamonga, opened in the Fall of 2006 providing theatre, concerts and family entertainment to the region. The San Manuel Amphitheater in San Bernardino's Devore neighborhood is the nation's largest outdoor amphitheater.^{[citation needed]} Ontario Mills draws more visitors annually than Disneyland, and San Bernardino's "Route 66 Rendezvous (the largest classical carshow in the US)," an annual street fair and classic car show, draws a half-million people from around the world.^[76]

Music

See also: List of bands from Inland Empire

At 330 feet (101 m) high, the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa tower is the tallest building in the Inland Empire. Concerts and events are booked inside.

Established bands from the IE include Alien Ant Farm, The Bellrays, and the Voodoo Glow Skulls, from Riverside, and Cracker from Redlands. House music pioneer DJ Lynnwood got his start at the age of ten spinning records at KUOR-FM in Redlands. Local hip-hop artists such as Saint Dog, Suga Free, 40 Glocc, Raje, and Lighter Shade of Brown have brought about some attention to the growing rap community in and around the area. A number of artists associated with the Palm Desert Scene have forged a new genre, "Desert rock". A Danish record label, Musikministeriet, recently opened up an office in Redlands in hopes of further cultivating the IE music scene.^[77]

Frank Zappa performed in Upland on Foothill Boulevard during the early 1960s where he played shows on a makeshift stage for college crowds. Zappa also purchased Pal Recording Studio on Archibald Avenue in Rancho Cucamonga where the Surfaris had recorded the surf music classic "Wipe Out." He dubbed it Studio Z and began making recordings which eventually led to the founding of Zappa's group, the Mothers of Invention. Singer Ray Collins of the Mothers of Invention still lives in the area. Zappa specifically mentions Inland Empire in the song "Billy the Mountain."

From the late 80s until the late 90s, many up-and-coming musical acts, such as Rage Against the Machine, Blink-182 and No Doubt cut their teeth playing venues in Riverside.^[78] However, these historic venues (Spanky's Cafe, and the De Anza Theatre) have since been closed and converted to other purposes. The Barn at UCR was closed as a music venue for 10 years but beginning in October 2008 KUCR Radio 88.3 FM, ASPB The Associated Student Program Board with funding from UCR Housing began having a free concert series once a week during the school quarter. Emerging music venues in the IE include the Showcase Theatre in Corona (recently closed), Red Planet Records in Riverside, the Vault in Redlands, the Buffalo Inn and The Wire in Upland, the Twins Club in Rancho Cucamonga, the Press Restaurant in Claremont, the Glass House in Pomona, Back To The Grind Coffee Shop in Riverside, Liam's Irish Pub in Colton, and CommonGround Soundstage in Riverside.^[79]

Performing arts

Orchestras in the IE include the Redlands Symphony, which performs at the University of Redlands, the Riverside County Philharmonic, which performs at the Riverside Municipal Auditorium, the San Bernardino Symphony, which performs at the California Theatre, and the Victor Valley Symphony, which performs at Victor Valley College. Theatrical Arts International is housed at the California Theatre as well. With the largest subscriber base in the Inland Empire, Theatrical Arts International presents the largest caliber tours available including such blockbusters as Cats, Hairspray, Mamma Mia, and Miss Saigon. There are many other large theater programs in the community. At Chaffey High School in Ontario, they have a very large theater program that puts on shows in the fall and in the spring on one of the largest High School stages in the Inland Empire.

Sports

Inland Empire 66ers playing a game at Arrowhead Credit Union Park

The Inland Empire is home to numerous minor league baseball, basketball teams and one ice hockey team based in Ontario. The Inland Empire team with most championships is the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino.^[80] The Auto Club Speedway, located in Fontana, opened in 1997. It contains an oval, a road course and a dragstrip for auto racing. The Speedway is located approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) from the former Ontario Motor Speedway site. The Riverside International Raceway, another defunct motorsport venue, was located about 7 miles (11 km) east of Riverside.

Club	League	Venue	Established	Championships
Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino	CaL, Baseball	Arrowhead Credit Union Park	1941	5
High Desert Mavericks	CaL, Baseball	Stater Bros. Stadium	1993	3
Lake Elsinore Storm	CaL, Baseball	Lake Elsinore Diamond	1994	2
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes	CaL, Baseball	The Epicenter	1993	1
Palm Springs Power	SoCal CBA, Baseball	Palm Springs Stadium	2003	2
Ontario Reign	ECHL, Ice hockey	Citizens Business Bank Arena	2008	0

Media

Newspapers

The Inland Empire is served by three major local newspapers. The San Bernardino County Sun, which serves primarily the San Bernardino Valley region, and the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, both owned by MediaNews Group. The Riverside-based Press-Enterprise also has a few editions over the area. For the High Desert, The Daily Press is the local newspaper. Palm Springs and the greater Coachella Valley are served by The Desert Sun. There is also an Inland Empire edition of the Los Angeles Times.Yes We Can Newspaper provides local news related content for the Inland Empire with concentration on Fontana, Riverside, Moreno Valley, Ontario, Montclair, and Rancho Cucamonga. The Westside Story Newspaper is a local San Bernardino paper published by Wallace Allen for and about the African-American community. The Bulldog Weekly is the student-run weekly newspaper from the University of Redlands, of Redlands in the southwestern portion of San Bernardino County. The paper was resurrected in the fall of 2008, and is currently distributed all over the Inland Empire.

Radio

The Inland Empire is ranked 26th (June 2008) in the national radio market.^[81] San Bernardino classic hits station KOLA 99.9 has the biggest reach of all Inland Empire stations, the strength of its signal carrying it as far south as San Diego, as far north as Kern County, to the northwest to Ventura County, and east to Indio and Salton Sea. KFRG, more commonly referred to as K-Frog is a country music station. KCAL-FM is known as 96-7 KCAL Rocks and plays rock music. X103.9 KCXX represents the alternative rock radio format in the area. KVCR (FM) 91.9 is one of the Inland Empire's public radio stations, broadcasting NPR, BBC World Service and other public radio programming. KCAA 1050 AM Radio provides locally produced news/talk/music programming and is the NBC News Radio station for the area with top broadcasters Don Imus, Jim "Poorman" Trenton, Paul Lane, Ed Schultz, Lou Dobbs, Barb Stanton, Roseanne Barr. KCAA features radio veteran Fred Plimley, DJ Freddie G & West Coast Lil V - Your Music Team every Sunday from 7-10:00 PM PST. KUCR Radio 88.3 FM in Riverside is the radio voice of The University of California at Riverside & is a non-commercial student operated & funded media organization located on the campus of UCR. KUCR FM has been broadcasting intelligent, diverse & eclectic music, news & public affairs programming since 1966. KSPC 88.7 FM in Claremont is a non-commercial media organization funded by Pomona College & operated by Clarement College students & local community members since 1956. During the first dedicatory broadcast of KSPC it was stated that the purpose of the station was to provide “a desirable type of programming not readily available in this area." KTIE AM 590 is known as "the talk of the Inland Empire". The station's on-air personalities include Glenn Beck, Hugh Hewitt, Dennis Miller, and Mike Gallagher.

Television

While the Inland Empire has television channels licensed to their cities, only PBS member station KVCR-TV broadcasts directly to the Inland Empire. The other channels broadcast to the greater Southern California market. The Inland Empire's source for most of its television is Los Angeles. The southern section of the Inland Empire may have San Diego television as their main source. In some areas just east of Yucaipa, primary television coverage is from the Palm Springs market.

Film

While there are no large film production companies or studios based in the Inland Empire, on-location shoots accounted for a total economic impact of $65.2 million in the two-county region in 2006.^[82] From 1994 to 2005, filming accounted for over a billion dollars ($1,228,977,456) in total revenues spent in the area. Some famous films shot in the Inland Empire include Executive Decision, U Turn, Erin Brockovich, and The Fast and the Furious.^[83]

While the David Lynch film Inland Empire is named after the region, no scenes were actually shot in the Inland Empire.^[14]

Incorporated cities

See also: List of unincorporated communities in the Inland Empire

Riverside County cities	Year incorporated	Population, 2007[40]	Median income, 2009[40]
Banning	1913	28,272	$40,073
Beaumont	1912	28,250	$46,703
Blythe	1916	22,178	$36,883
Calimesa	1990	7,415	$56,531
Canyon Lake	1990	10,939	$84,324
Cathedral City	1981	51,081	$43,792
Corona	1896	144,661	$145,497
Coachella	1946	35,207	$35,797
Desert Hot Springs	1963	22,011	$36,397
Eastvale	2010	N/A	N/A
Hemet	1910	69,544	$33,924
Jurupa Valley	2011	N/A	N/A
Indian Wells	1967	5,115	$116,718
Indio	1930	71,654	$47,708
Lake Elsinore	1888	40,985	$55,179
La Quinta	1982	38,340	$74,452
Menifee	2008	77,984	N/A
Moreno Valley	1984	174,565	$55,604
Murrieta	1991	92,933	$74,775
Norco	1964	27,262	$81,182
Palm Desert	1973	49,539	$51,999
Palm Springs	1938	46,437	$43,615
Perris	1911	47,139	$49,675
Rancho Mirage	1973	16,672	$76,642
Riverside	1883	287,820	$54,099
San Jacinto	1888	31,066	$42,772
Temecula	1989	93,923	$75,335
Wildomar	2008	N/A	N/A

San Bernardino County cities	Year incorporated	Population, 2007[40]	Median income, 2006[40]
Adelanto	1970	27,139	$42,210
Apple Valley	1988	70,297	$48,946
Barstow	1947	23,943	$39,564
Big Bear Lake	1981	6,207	$42,512
Chino	1910	81,224	$70,283
Chino Hills	1991	78,668	$103,404
Colton	1887	51,797	$42,665
Fontana	1952	181,640	$61,752
Grand Terrace	1978	12,380	$68,098
Hesperia	1988	85,876	$48,244
Highland	1987	52,186	$54,153
Loma Linda	1970	22,451	$52,272
Montclair	1956	36,622	$56,147
Needles	1913	5,759	$32,431
Ontario	1891	172,701	$55,781
Rancho Cucamonga	1977	172,331	$78,452
Redlands	1888	71,375	$63,463
Rialto	1911	99,064	$40,659
San Bernardino	1854	205,010	$31,405
Twentynine Palms	1987	24,830	$36,471
Upland	1906	75,169	$61,044
Victorville	1962	102,538	$50,531
Yucaipa	1989	51,784	$50,529
Yucca Valley	1991	21,044	$38,092

See also

	Southern California portal
	Inland Empire portal

• Mountain Empire
• List of California urban areas

References

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80. ^ History | Inland Empire 66ers Stadium Info
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External links

• Inland Empire at the Open Directory Project