Florida

This article is about the U.S. state of Florida. For other uses, see Florida (disambiguation).

State of Florida
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Sunshine State
Motto(s): In God We Trust
State anthem: Florida, Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky
Official language(s)	English[1]
Spoken language(s)	English 74.5% Spanish 18.7%[2]
Demonym	Floridian
Capital	Tallahassee
Largest city	Jacksonville
Largest metro area	South Florida metropolitan area
Area	Ranked 22nd in the U.S.
- Total	65,755[3] sq mi (170,304[3] km2)
- Width	361 miles (582 km)
- Length	447 miles (721 km)
- % water	17.9
- Latitude	24° 27′ N to 31° 00' N
- Longitude	80° 02′ W to 87° 38′ W
Population	Ranked 4th in the U.S.
- Total	18,801,310 (2010 Census)[4]
- Density	350.6/sq mi  (135.4/km2) Ranked 10th in the U.S.
- Median income	$47,778 (33rd)
Elevation
- Highest point	Britton Hill[5][6] 345 ft (105 m)
- Mean	100 ft  (30 m)
- Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[5] sea level
Before statehood	Florida Territory
Admission to Union	March 3, 1845 (27th)
Governor	Rick Scott (R)
Lieutenant Governor	Jennifer Carroll (R)
Legislature	Florida Legislature
- Upper house	Senate
- Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Bill Nelson (D) Marco Rubio (R)
U.S. House delegation	19 Republicans, 6 Democrats (list)
Time zones
- Peninsula and "Big Bend" region	Eastern: UTC-5/-4
- Panhandle	Central: UTC-6/-5
Abbreviations	FL Fla. US-FL
Website	myflorida.com

Florida State symbols
The Flag of Florida.
Animate insignia
Bird(s)	Northern Mockingbird
Butterfly	Zebra Longwing
Fish	Florida largemouth bass, Atlantic sailfish
Flower(s)	Orange blossom
Mammal(s)	Florida panther, Manatee, Bottle-nosed dolphin
Reptile	American Alligator
Tree	Sabal Palmetto
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Orange juice
Food	Key lime pie, Orange
Gemstone	Moonstone
Rock	agatized Coral
Shell	Horse conch
Soil	Myakka
Song(s)	"Old Folks at Home" ("Way Down Upon The Swanee River")
Route marker(s)
State Quarter
Released in 2004
Lists of United States state insignia

Florida ⁱ/ˈflɒrɪdə/ is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it is the fourth most populous state in the country.^[7][8] With an area of 65,755 square miles (170,305 km²), Florida ranks 22nd in size among the 50 U.S. states. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.

Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south.^[9] Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.

Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León – who named it La Florida ("Flowery Land") upon landing there during the Easter season, Pascua Florida^[10] – Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845. It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Indians, and racial segregation after the American Civil War. Today, it is distinguished by its large Hispanic community, and high population growth, as well as its rising environmental concerns. Its economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also known for its amusement parks, the production of oranges and the Kennedy Space Center.

Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance; Native American, European American, African American and Hispanic heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine. Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for tennis, golf, auto racing and water sports.

History

Main article: History of Florida

Archaeological research indicates that Florida was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians, the first human inhabitants of the Americas, perhaps as early as 14 thousand years ago. The region was continuously inhabited through the Archaic period (to about 2000 BC). After about 500 BC the previously relatively uniform Archaic culture began to coalesce into distinctive local cultures.^[11] By the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee (of the Florida Panhandle), the Timucua (of northern and central Florida), the Ais (of the central Atlantic coast), the Tocobaga (of the Tampa Bay area), the Calusa (of southwest Florida) and the Tequesta (of the southeastern coast).

Florida was the first part of what is now the continental United States to be visited by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, who spotted the peninsula on April 2, 1513. According to his chroniclers, Ponce de León named the region La Florida ("flowery land") because it was then the Easter Season, known in Spanish as Pascua Florida (roughly "Flowery Easter"), and because the vegetation was in bloom.^[12] It is possible Juan Ponce de León was not the first European to reach Florida, however; reportedly, at least one indigenous tribesman whom he encountered in Florida in 1513 spoke Spanish.^[13] From 1513 onward, the land became known as "La Florida", although after 1630 and throughout the 18th century, Tegesta (after the Tequesta tribe) was an alternate name of choice for the Florida peninsula following publication of a map by the Dutch cartographer Hessel Gerritsz in Joannes de Laet's History of the New World.^[14][15]

The five flags of Florida from the right, Spain (1565–1763), the Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.

Over the following century, both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European attempts at settlement in the continental United States. It was abandoned by 1561 due to hurricanes, famine and warring tribes, and the area was not re-inhabited until the 1690s. French Protestant Huguenots founded Fort Caroline in modern-day Jacksonville in 1564. The following year, the Spanish colony of St. Augustine (San Agustín) was established, and forces from there conquered Fort Caroline that same year. The Spanish maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes, briefly with Jesuits and later with Franciscan friars.

The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English colonies to the north and French colonies to the west. The English weakened Spanish power in the area by supplying their Creek and Yamasee allies with firearms and urging them to raid the Timucuan and Apalachee client-tribes of the Spanish. The English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times, while the citizens hid behind the walls of the Castillo de San Marcos.

Bernard Picart copper plate engraving of Florida Indians, Circa 1721 "Ceremonies and Religious Dress of all the People of the World"^[16]

Florida was attracting a large number of Africans and African Americans from British-occupied North America who sought freedom from slavery. Once in Florida, the Spanish Crown converted them to Roman Catholicism and gave them freedom. Those ex-slaves settled in a community north of St. Augustine, called Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, the first freedom settlement of its kind in what became the United States. Many of those slaves were also welcomed by Creek and Seminole Native Americans who had established settlements there at the invitation of the Spanish government.

Great Britain gained control of Florida and other territory diplomatically in 1763 through the Peace of Paris. The British divided their new acquisitions into East Florida, with its capital at St. Augustine, and West Florida, with its capital at Pensacola. Britain tried to develop the Floridas through the importation of immigrants for labor, but this project ultimately failed. Spain received both Floridas after Britain's defeat by the American colonies and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1783, continuing the division into East and West Florida. They offered land grants to anyone who settled in the colonies, and many Americans moved to them.

After settler attacks on Indian towns, Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. Following the war, the United States effectively controlled East Florida. In 1819, by terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to the United States in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on Texas that they might have from the Louisiana Purchase and $5 million.

In 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from their lands in Florida. To the chagrin of Georgia landowners, the Seminoles harbored and integrated runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the United States government signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing with some of the Seminole chiefs, promising them lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida voluntarily. Many of the Seminoles left at this time, while those who remained prepared to defend their claims to the land. The U.S. Army arrived in 1835 to enforce the treaty under pressure from white settlers, and the Second Seminole War began at the end of the year with the Dade Massacre, when Seminoles ambushed and killed or mortally wounded all but one in a group of 110 Army troops, plus Major Dade and seven officers, marching from Fort Brooke (Tampa) to reinforce Fort King (Ocala).^[17] Between 900 and 1,500 Seminole Indian warriors employed guerrilla tactics against United States Army troops for seven years until 1842. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent between $20 million and $40 million on the war, at the time an astronomical sum.

St. Augustine is the oldest city in the United States, established in 1565 by Spain.

On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America, although initially its population grew slowly. White settlers continued to encroach on lands used by the Seminoles, and the United States government resolved to make another effort to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The Third Seminole War lasted from 1855 to 1858, and resulted in the removal of most of the remaining Seminoles. Even after three bloody wars, the U.S. Army failed to force all of the Seminole Indians in Florida to the West.^[18] Though most of the Seminoles were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi, hundreds, including Seminole leader Aripeka (Sam Jones), remained in the Everglades and refused to leave the native homeland of their ancestors. Their descendants remain there to this day.

The Battle of Olustee during the American Civil War in 1864

White settlers began to establish cotton plantations in Florida, which required numerous laborers. By 1860 Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1000 free African Americans before the Civil War.^[19]

Winter in Florida, 1893

On January 10, 1861, before the start of the American Civil War, Florida declared its secession from the Union; ten days later, the state became a founding member of the Confederate States of America. The war ended in 1865. On June 25, 1868, Florida's congressional representation was restored. After Reconstruction, white Democrats succeeded in regaining power in the state legislature. In 1885 they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites over the next several years. Provisions included poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency requirements. Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation to protect their suffrage.

Soldiers and crowds in Downtown Miami 20 minutes after surrender during World War II

Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least populous Southern state. In 1900 its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American.^[20] The boll weevil devastated cotton crops, and early 20th century lynchings and racial violence caused a record number of African Americans to leave the state in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities. Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population, left for better opportunities.^[21] National economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida. Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the Florida land boom of the 1920s, which brought a brief period of intense land development. Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the stock market crash and Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.

Florida's economy did not fully recover until the buildup for World War II. The climate, tempered by the growing availability of air conditioning, and low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased the population after the war. In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy. With a population of more than 18 million according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the Southeastern United States, the second most populous state in the South behind Texas, and the fourth most populous in the United States.

See also: Seminole Wars and Florida in the American Civil War

Geography

Topographic map of Florida

Main article: Geography of Florida

See also: List of counties in Florida and List of Florida state parks

Much of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, It extends to the northwest into a panhandle, extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near several Caribbean countries, particularly The Bahamas and Cuba. Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River, and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water area.

Everglades National Park in Southern Florida

Crandon Park in Key Biscayne

A map of Florida showing county names and boundaries

The beach at Bahia Honda in the Florida Keys

At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.^[22] Much of the state south of Orlando is low-lying and fairly level; however, some places, such as Clearwater, feature vistas that rise 50 to 100 feet (15 – 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 miles (40 km) or more away from the coastline, features rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 feet (30 – 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida, Sugarloaf Mountain, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County.^[23]

Boundaries

The state line begins in the Atlantic Ocean, traveling west, south, and north up the thalweg of the Saint Mary's River. At the origin of that river, it then follows a straight line nearly due west and slightly north, to the point where the confluence of the Flint River (from Georgia) and the Chattahoochee River (down the Alabama/Georgia line) used to form Florida's Apalachicola River. (Since Woodruff Dam was built, this point has been under Lake Seminole.) The border with Georgia continues north through the lake for a short distance up the former thalweg of the Chattahoochee, then with Alabama runs due west along latitude 31°N to the Perdido River, then south along its thalweg to the Gulf via Perdido Bay. The water boundary is 3 nautical miles (3.5 mi; 5.6 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean^[24] and 9 nautical miles (10 mi; 17 km) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.^[24] Much of the state is at or near sea level.

Climate

Royal Poinciana tree in full bloom in the Florida Keys, an indication of South Florida's tropical climate.

Main article: Climate of Florida

See also: List of Florida hurricanes and List of all-time high and low temperatures by state

The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is very distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while coastal areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw).^[25] Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to the mid-50s (≈13 °C) in southern Florida. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country.^[26]

In the summer, high temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 °F (38 °C). Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s °F (−1 to 4 °C) and record lows have been in the 10s (−12 to −7 °C). These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida. Southern Florida, however, rarely encounters sub-freezing temperatures.

Fall foliage in North Florida.

Typical summer afternoon shower from the Everglades traveling eastward over Downtown Miami.

Snow is very uncommon in Florida, but has occurred in every major Florida city at least once. Snow does fall very occasionally in North Florida.

The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 °F (43 °C), which was set on June 29, 1931 in Monticello. The coldest temperature was −2 °F (−19 °C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee.

The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than 10 °F (−12 °C)) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11 (no colder than 40 °F (4 °C)) in the lower Florida Keys.^[27]

Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. ^[28] Florida has the highest average precipitation of any state,^{[citation needed]} in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in most of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.^[29]

Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per square mile (when including waterspouts)^[30] but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.

Hurricane Andrew bearing down on Florida on August 23, 1992.

Hurricanes pose a severe threat during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November 30, although some storms have been known to form out of season. Florida is the most hurricane-prone US state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. From 1851 to 2006, Florida has been struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.^[31] It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm. For storms, category 4 or higher, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.^[31] August to October is the most likely period for a hurricane in Florida.

In 2004, Florida was hit by a record four hurricanes. Hurricanes Charley (August 13), Frances (September 4–5), Ivan (September 16), and Jeanne (September 25–26) cumulatively cost the state's economy $42 billion. Additionally, the four storms caused an estimated $45 billion in damage. ^[32] In 2005, Hurricane Dennis (July 10) became the fifth storm to strike Florida within eleven months. Later, Hurricane Katrina (August 25) passed through South Florida and Hurricane Rita (September 20) swept through the Florida Keys. Hurricane Wilma (October 24) made landfall near Cape Romano, just south of Marco Island, finishing another very active hurricane season. Wilma is the second most expensive hurricane in Florida history, due in part to a five year window in which to file claims.^[33]

Florida was the site of the second costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than US$25 billion in damage when it struck on August 24, 1992. In a long list of other infamous hurricane strikes are the 1926 Miami hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, Hurricane Donna in 1960, and Hurricane Opal in 1995. Recent research suggests the storms are part of a natural cycle and not a result of global warming.^[34][35]

Average High and Low temperatures for various Florida Cities

City

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jacksonville [36]

65/43

68/45

74/50

80/56

86/64

90/70

92/73

91/73

87/70

80/61

73/51

66/44

Key West[37]

75/65

76/66

79/69

82/72

85/76

88/78

89/80

90/80

88/78

85/76

80/71

76/67

Melbourne[38]

72/51

73/53

77/57

81/61

85/67

88/71

90/73

90/73

88/72

83/67

78/60

73/53

Miami[38]

76/60

77/61

80/64

83/68

86/72

88/75

90/77

90/77

88/76

85/72

81/67

77/62

Pensacola[39]

61/43

64/46

70/51

76/58

84/66

89/72

90/74

90/74

87/70

80/60

70/50

63/45

Tallahassee[40]

64/40

67/42

73/48

80/53

87/62

91/69

91/72

91/72

88/68

81/57

72/47

66/41

Tampa[41]

71/51

72/52

77/57

82/62

88/68

90/73

90/75

90/75

89/73

84/66

77/58

72/52

Fauna

American Alligator in the Florida Everglades

Key Deer in the lower Florida Keys

The Florida Scrub Jay is found only in Florida.

Florida is host to many types of wildlife including:

• Marine Mammals: Bottlenose Dolphin, Short-finned Pilot Whale, North Atlantic Right Whale, West Indian Manatee
• Reptiles: American Alligator and Crocodile, Eastern Diamondback and Pygmy Rattlesnakes, Gopher Tortoise, Green and Leatherback Sea Turtles, Eastern Indigo Snake
• Mammals: Florida panther, Northern River Otter, Mink, Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, Marsh Rabbit, Raccoon, Striped Skunk, Squirrel, White-tailed deer, Key Deer, Bobcats, Gray Fox, Coyote, Wild Boar, Florida Black Bear, Nine-banded Armadillos
• Birds: Bald Eagle, Northern Caracara, Snail Kite, Osprey, White and Brown Pelicans, Sea Gulls, Whooping and Sandhill Cranes, Roseate Spoonbill, Florida Scrub Jay (state endemic), and others. One subspecies of Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, namely subspecies osceola, is found only in the state of Florida.^[42] The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds.
• Invertebrates: carpenter ants, termites, American cockroach, Africanized bees, the Miami blue butterfly, and the grizzled mantis.

The only known calving area for the Northern Right Whale is off the coasts of Florida and Georgia.^[43]

Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s, the Red imported fire ant population has increased its territorial range to include most of the Southern United States, including Florida. They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting.^[44]

A number of non-native snakes and lizards have been released in the wild. In 2010 the state created a hunting season for Burmese and Indian pythons, African rock pythons, green anacondas, and Nile monitor lizards.^[45] Green iguanas have also established a firm population in the southern part of the state.

Environmental issues

Main article: Environment of Florida

Florida ranks 45th out of 50 states in total energy consumption per capita, despite the heavy reliance on air conditioners and pool pumps. This includes coal, natural gas, petroleum, and retail electricity sales.^[46] It is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.^[47] Florida's energy production is 6% of the nation's total energy output, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 5.6% for nitrogen oxide, 5.1% for carbon dioxide, and 3.5% for sulfur dioxide.^[47]

It is believed that significant petroleum resources are located off Florida's western coast in the Gulf of Mexico, but that region has been closed to exploration since 1981.^[48]

Red tide has been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida, as well as other areas. While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom, there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides.^[49]

The Florida panther is close to extinction. A record 23 were killed in 2009 predominately by automobile collisions, leaving only about 100 individuals in the wild. The Center for Biological Diversity and others have therefore called for a special protected area for the panther to be established.^[50] Manatees are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction.

Prior to instituting controlled burns, the state forests and pastures burned for months during the dry season. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the state and federal government assumed control of burning that largely prevented uncontrolled fires.^[51] In 2010, the state burned a record 2,600,000 acres (11,000 km²).^[52]

Recycling

The recycling rate in Florida is estimated at 28% in 2000.^[53] In 2008, The Energy, Climate Change, and Economic Security Act of 2008 set a goal of progressively improving recycling to reach a 75 percent rate by the year 2020.

It directs public entities (schools, state and local public agencies) to report the amount they recycle annually to their counties. Private businesses are encouraged (but not mandated) to report the amount they recycle to their counties. Finally, the section directs DEP to create the Recycling Business Assistance Center.^[54] Under the new law, each county must implement a recyclable materials recycling program that shall have a goal of recycling recyclable solid waste by 40 percent by December 31, 2012, 50 percent by 2014, 60 percent by 2016, 70 percent by 2018, and 75 percent by 2020.^[55] The county with the highest recycling rate is Lee County with a 43% recycling rate as of 2008.^[56]

Geology

The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform. The emergent portion of the platform was created during the Eocene to Oligocene as the Gulf Trough filled with silts, clays, and sands. Flora and fauna began appearing during the Miocene. No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene.

The largest deposits of potash in the United States are found in Florida.^[57]

Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.^[58] The Everglades, an enormously wide, very slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.^[59]

Florida is tied for last place^[60] as having the fewest earthquakes of any US state.^[61] Because Florida is not located near any tectonic plate boundaries, earthquakes are very rare, but not totally unknown.

In January, 1879, a shock of Mercalli intensity scale VI occurred near St. Augustine. There were reports of heavy shaking that knocked plaster from walls and articles from shelves. Similar effects were noted at Daytona Beach 50 miles (80 km) south. The tremor was felt as far south as Tampa and as far north as Savannah, Georgia.

In January 1880, Cuba was the center of two strong earthquakes that sent severe shock waves through the city of Key West, Florida.^[62]

The shock from the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake was felt throughout northern Florida, ringing church bells at St. Augustine and severely jolting other towns along that section of Florida's east coast. Jacksonville residents felt many of the strong aftershocks that occurred in September, October, and November 1886.^[63]

In 2006, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake centered about 260 miles (420 km) southwest of Tampa in the Gulf of Mexico sent shock waves through southwest and central Florida. The earthquake was too small to trigger a tsunami and no damage was reported.^[64]|

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake triggered a tsunami that would have struck Central Florida with an estimated 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) wave.^[65]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Florida

Population

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1830	34,730		—
1840	54,477		56.9%
1850	87,445		60.5%
1860	140,424		60.6%
1870	187,748		33.7%
1880	269,493		43.5%
1890	391,422		45.2%
1900	528,542		35.0%
1910	752,619		42.4%
1920	968,470		28.7%
1930	1,468,211		51.6%
1940	1,897,414		29.2%
1950	2,771,305		46.1%
1960	4,951,560		78.7%
1970	6,789,443		37.1%
1980	9,746,324		43.6%
1990	12,937,926		32.7%
2000	15,982,378		23.5%
2010	18,801,310		17.6%
Sources: 1910–2010[66]

Florida has the 4th highest state population in the United States. The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County, in the town of Lake Wales.^[67] As of 2009, Florida's population was estimated to be 18,537,969. The state grew 128,814, or 0.7% from 2007. Using the latest population estimates, Florida is the nation's thirtieth-fastest-growing state. During Florida's peak growth year of 2005, it was the nation's fifth fastest growing state and grew at an annual rate of 2.2%.^[68]

About two-thirds of the population was born in another state, the second highest in the country.^[69]

The state had the third largest illegal immigrant population in the country in 2009.^[70] In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7% of the population. This was the sixth highest percentage of any state in the country.^[71][72] There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.^[73]

There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008.^[74]

Racial makeup

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Florida had a population of 18,801,310. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was:

• 75.0% White (57.9% Non-Hispanic White alone)
• 16.0% Black or African American
• 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native
• 2.4% Asian
• 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• 3.6% from Some Other Race
• 2.5% from Two or More Races
• Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 22.5% of the population.^[75]

Ancestry groups

The largest reported ancestries in the 2000 Census were German (11.8%), Irish (10.3%), English (9.2%), American (8%), Italian (6.3%), Cuban (5.2%), Puerto Rican (3.0%) French (2.8%), Polish (2.7%) and Scottish (1.8%).^[76]

In the 2000 Census, 1,278,586 people in Florida self-identified as having "American" ancestry, most of these people are of English descent and some are of Scots-Irish descent however have families that have been in the state so long, in many cases since the colonial period, that they choose to identify simply as having "American" ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry.^{[76][77][78][79][80][81]} In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians citing that they were of English or mostly English ancestry.^[82] Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim "American" ancestry, though they are of predominately English stock. They were followed by Irish at 1,617,433.

Before the American Civil War, when slavery was legal, and during the Reconstruction era that followed, blacks made up nearly half of the state's population.^[83] Their proportion declined over the next century, as many moved north in the Great Migration while large numbers of northern whites moved to the state. Recently, the state's proportion of black residents has begun to grow again. Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern Florida (notably in Jacksonville, Gainesville, Tallahassee, and Pensacola), the Tampa Bay area, the Orlando area, especially in Orlando and Sanford.

Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Central American migrant workers in inland West-Central and South Florida. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile.

White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, affectionately refer to themselves as "Florida crackers". Like whites in most of the other Southern states, they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British settlers.^[84]

Metropolitan areas

Largest cities in Florida

See also: List of urbanized areas in Florida (by population), Florida census statistical areas, List of cities in Florida, and Florida locations by per capita income

Largest cities in Florida[85]
City population > 500,000
City	Population	Metropolitan area
Jacksonville	821,784	Greater Jacksonville
City population > 200,000
City	Population	Metropolitan area
Miami Tampa St. Petersburg Orlando Hialeah	399,457 335,709 244,769 238,300 224,669	South Florida Tampa Bay Tampa Bay Greater Orlando South Florida
City population > 150,000
City	Population	Metropolitan area
Tallahassee Fort Lauderdale Port Saint Lucie Pembroke Pines Cape Coral	181,376 165,521 164,603 154,750 154,305	Tallahassee South Florida Port St. Lucie South Florida Cape Coral-Fort Myers
City population > 100,000
City	Population	Metropolitan area
Hollywood Gainesville Miramar Coral Springs Clearwater Miami Gardens Palm Bay	140,768 124,354 122,041 121,096 107,685 107,167 103,190	South Florida Gainesville South Florida South Florida Tampa Bay South Florida Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville

Largest metropolitan areas in Florida
Rank	Metropolitan Area	Population
1	South Florida	5,564,635
2	Tampa Bay	2,783,243
3	Greater Orlando	2,134,411
4	Greater Jacksonville	1,345,596
5	Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice	702,281

The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the South Florida metropolitan area, with about 5.5 million people. The Tampa Bay area, with over 2.7 million people, is the second largest metro area and Greater Orlando, with over 2.1 million people, is the third.

Florida has twenty Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Thirty-nine of Florida's sixty-seven counties are in an MSA. Reflecting the distribution of population in Florida, Metropolitan areas in the state are concentrated around the coast of the peninsula. They form a continuous band on the east coast of Florida, stretching from the Jacksonville MSA to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA, including every county on the east coast, with the exception of Monroe County. There is also a continuous band of MSAs on the west coast of the peninsula from the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA to the Naples-Marco Island MSA, including all of the coastal counties from Hernando County to Collier County. The interior of the northern half of the peninsula also has several MSAs, connecting the east and west coast MSAs. A few MSAs are scattered across the Florida panhandle.

• 

  Jacksonville
• 

  Miami
• 

  Tampa
• 

  St. Petersburg
• 

  Orlando
• 

  Tallahassee
• 

  Fort Lauderdale
• 

  Coral Springs

Languages

As of 2005, 74.54% of Florida residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 18.65% spoke Spanish, and French Creole (predominantly Haitian Creole) was spoken by 1.73% of the population. In all, 25.45% of Florida's population age 5 and older spoke a language other than English.^[86]

Florida's climate makes it a popular state for immigrants.^{[citation needed]} Florida's public education system identified over 150 first languages other than English spoken in the homes of students.^{[citation needed]} In 1990, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) won a class action lawsuit against the state Florida Department of Education that required educators to be trained in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).^{[citation needed]}

Article II, Section 9, of the Florida Constitution provides that "English is the official language of the State of Florida." This provision was adopted in 1988 by a vote following an Initiative Petition.

Religion

As of the year 2000, the three largest denominational groups in Florida are Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant.^[87]

Florida is mostly Protestant, but Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in the state. There is also a sizable Jewish community, located mainly in South Florida; no other Southern state has such a large Jewish population. Florida's current religious affiliations are shown in the table below:^[88]

• Roman Catholic, 26%
• Protestant, 48%
  • Baptist, 9%
  • Methodist, 6%
  • Pentecostal, 3%
• Jewish, 3%
• Jehovah's Witness, 1%
• Muslim, 1%
• Orthodox, 1%
• other religions, 1%
• non-religious, 16%

Governance

Main article: Government of Florida

See also: List of Florida Governors, United States Congressional Delegations from Florida, and Florida Cabinet

Florida Capitol buildings.

The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the state of Florida are defined and established by the Florida Constitution, which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. The state government consists of three separate branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the governor, become Florida Statutes.

The Florida Legislature comprises the Florida Senate, which has 40 members, and the Florida House of Representatives, which has 120 members. The current Governor of Florida is Rick Scott. The Florida Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Justices.

There are 67 Counties in Florida, but some reports show only 66 because of Duval County, which is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville. There are 379 cities in Florida (out of 411) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue, but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not. The primary source of revenue for the state government is sales tax, but the primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax.

Political history

From 1885 to 1889, the state legislature passed statutes with provisions to reduce voting by blacks and poor whites, which had threatened white Democratic power with a populist coalition. As these groups were stripped from voter rolls, white Democrats established power in a one-party state, as happened across the South. In 1900 African Americans comprised 44% of the state's population,^[89] the same proportion as before the Civil War, but they were effectively disfranchised. From 1877 to 1948, Florida voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except for the 1928 election.

The Florida Supreme Court

In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910–1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. Given migration of other groups into Florida (as noted in other sections of this article), by 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%.^[90]

Further information: Political party strength in Florida

Since 1952, despite having a majority of registered Democrats, the state has voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for the 1964, 1976, and 1996 elections, when the Democrat was from the South, and the 2008 election, which was the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt that Florida had voted for a Northern Democrat. The first post-reconstruction Republican congressional representative was elected in 1954.^[91] The state's first post-reconstruction Republican senator was elected in 1968,^[92] two years after the first post-reconstruction Republican governor.^[93]

Presidential elections results

Year	Republican	Democratic
2008	48.22% 4,045,624	50.96% 4,282,074
2004	52.10% 3,964,522	47.09% 3,583,544
2000	48.85% 2,912,790	48.84% 2,912,253
1996	42.32% 2,244,536	48.02% 2,546,870
1992	40.89% 2,173,310	39.00% 2,072,698
1988	60.87% 2,618,885	38.51% 1,656,701
1984	65.32% 2,730,350	34.66% 1,448,816
1980	55.52% 2,046,951	38.50% 1,419,475
1976	46.64% 1,469,531	51.93% 1,636,000
1972	71.91% 1,857,759	27.80% 718,117
1968	40.53% 886,804	30.93% 676,794
1964	48.85% 905,941	51.15% 948,540
1960	51.51% 795,476	48.49% 748,700

In 1998, Democrats were described as most dominant in areas of the state with high percentages of racial minorities, as well as transplanted white liberals coming primarily from the Northeastern United States.^[94] The South Florida metropolitan area was a good example of this as it had a particularly high level of both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has been one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area has been, to a lesser extent, somewhat similar to South Florida demographically and the city of Orlando had a large Hispanic population, which often favored Democrats. Republicans remain dominant throughout much of the rest of Florida particularly in the more rural and suburban areas, as is the case throughout the Deep South.^[94]

The fast growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, had a fairly similar number of both Republican and Democratic voters. The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion making it the biggest swing area in the state. In recent times, whichever way the I-4 corridor area, containing 40% of Florida voters, votes has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.^[95]

The Democratic Party has maintained an edge in voter registration, both statewide and in 40 of the 67 counties, including Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County, the state's three most populous counties.^[96]

There were 800 federal corruption convictions from 1988 to 2007, more than any other state.^[97]

Recent elections

Main article: United States presidential election in Florida, 2000

In 2000, George W. Bush won the U.S. Presidential election by a margin of 271–266 in the Electoral College.^[98] Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by electors from Florida.^[99] Reapportionment following the 2000 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives.^[100]

Despite the Democratic advantage in registration, as of 2008, Republicans controlled the governorship and most other statewide elective offices; both houses of the state legislature; and 15 of the state's 25 seats in the House of Representatives. Florida has been listed as a swing state in Presidential elections since 1950, voting for the losing candidate once in that period of time.^[101] In the closely contested 2000 election the state played a pivotal role.^{[98][99][102][103][104][105]}

In 2008, delegates of both the Republican Florida primary election and Democratic Florida primary election were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties' national rules.

In the 2010 elections, Republicans solidified their dominance state-wide, by winning the governor's mansion, maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature. They won four previously Democratic-held seats to create a 19–6 Republican majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives. As a result of the 2010 United States Census, Florida will gain two House of Representative seats in 2012.^[100]

Statutes

All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.^[106]

The state repealed mandatory auto inspection in 1981.^[107]

Law enforcement

Further information: List of law enforcement agencies in Florida and Crime in Florida

Florida was ranked the fifth most dangerous state in 2009. Ranking was based on the record of serious felonies committed in 2008.^[108]

The state was the sixth highest scammed state in 2010. It ranked first in mortgage fraud in 2009.^[109]

In 2009, 44% of highway fatalities involved alcohol.^[110]

Florida is one of four states that prohibit the open carry of handguns. This law was passed in 1987.^[111]

Health

There were 2.7 million Medicaid patients in Florida in 2009. The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011.^[112] The cost of caring for 2.3 million clients in 2010 was $18.8 billion.^[113] This is nearly 30% of Florida's budget.^[114]

Medicaid paid for 60% of all births in Florida in 2009.^[33]

The state has a program for those not covered by Medicaid.

Some people suffer from various allergies from plants at varying seasons including pollen from oak trees and juniper shrubs.^[115]

Architecture

While many houses and commercial buildings look similar to those elsewhere in the country, the state has appropriated some unique styles in some section of the state including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style.^[116][117]

Economy

Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia from the Kennedy Space Center

The Port of Miami is the world's largest cruise ship port, and is the headquarters of many of the world's largest cruise companies.

The Brickell Financial District in Miami contains the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S.^[118][119]

South Florida's climate is ideal for growing sugarcane.

The economy is largely driven by tourism and senior citizens who reside in Florida, either permanently or as "snowbirds" during winter months. While the increase in older residents has been considered a economic liability in other states, they are an asset in Florida.^[120] Notable retirement communities in Florida include The Villages (the Central Florida community notable for its "Free Golf for Life" television advertising, with nearly 100,000 residents) and Nalcrest (operated by the National Association of Letter Carriers on behalf of its retired members).

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion.^[121] Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States.^[122] In 2010, it became the fourth largest exporter of trade goods.^[123] The major contributors to the state's gross output in 2007 were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2010–11, the state budget was $70.5 billion, having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006–07.^[124] Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third "Best State for Business" in 2011.^[125]

The economy is driven almost entirely by its nineteen metropolitan areas. In 2004, they had a combined total of 95.7% of the state's domestic product.^[126]

Personal income

In 2009, per capita personal income was $37,780, ranking 24th in the nation.^[127]

The state was one of the few states to not have a state minimum wage law of its own and was therefore obliged to follow federal minimum wage law. This changed in 2004, when voters passed a constitutional amendment establishing a state minimum wage and (unique among minimum wage laws) mandating that it be adjusted for inflation annually. For 2010, the calculated Florida minimum wage was lower than the federal rate of $7.25, so the federal rate controlled.^[128]

Florida is one of the seven states that do not impose a personal income tax.

According to a study by Experian, Florida has 4 cities in the top 25 cities in the country with the most credit card debt.^[129]

There were 2.4 million Floridians living in poverty in 2008. 18.4% of children 18 and younger were living in poverty.^[130] Miami is the sixth poorest big city in the United States.^[131]

The state also had the second-highest credit card delinquency rate, with 1.45% of cardholders in the state more than 90 days delinquent on one or more credit cards.^[132]

In 2010, over 2.5 million Floridians were on food stamps, up from 1.2 million in 2007. To qualify, Floridians must make less than 133% of the federal poverty level, which would be under $29,000 for a family of four.^[133]

Real estate

In the early 20th century, land speculators discovered Florida, and businessmen such as Henry Plant and Henry Flagler developed railroad systems, which led people to move in, drawn by the weather and local economies. From then on, tourism boomed, fueling a cycle of development that overwhelmed a great deal of farmland.

Because of the collective effect on the insurance industry of the hurricane claims of 2004, homeowners insurance has risen 40% to 60% and deductibles have risen.^[32]

At the end of the third quarter in 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days.^[132] A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida.^[134] The early 21st century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009, according to state figures.^[135] In 2009, the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs, the third highest percentage in the country.^[136]

In the third quarter of 2009, there were 278,189 delinquent loans, 80,327 foreclosures.^[137] Sales of existing homes for February 2010 was 11,890, up 21% from the same month in 2009. Only two metropolitan areas showed a decrease in homes sold: Panama City and Brevard County. The average sales price for an existing house was $131,000, 7% decrease from the prior year.^{[138][dubious – discuss]}

Labor

As of February 2011, the state's unemployment rate was 11.5%.^[139]

In 2009, there were 89,706 federal workers employed within the state.^[140]

Tourism

Tourism makes up the largest sector of the state economy. Warm weather and hundreds of miles of beaches attract about 60 million visitors to the state every year. Florida was the top destination state in 2011. 42% of all residents in the Northeast United States planned on visiting Florida over spring break.^[141]

Amusement parks, especially in the Orlando area, make up a significant portion of tourism. The Walt Disney World Resort is the largest vacation resort in the world, consisting of four theme parks and more than 20 hotels in Lake Buena Vista, Florida; it, and Universal Orlando Resort, Busch Gardens, SeaWorld, and other major parks drive state tourism. Many beach towns are also popular tourist destinations, particularly in the winter months. 23.2 million tourists visited Florida beaches in 2000, spending $21.9 billion.^[142]

The public has a right to beach access under the public trust doctrine. However, some areas have access effectively blocked by private owners for a long distance.^[143]

Agriculture and Fishing

Historically, Florida's economy was based upon cattle farming and agriculture (especially sugarcane, citrus, tomatoes, and strawberries).

The second largest industry is agriculture. Citrus fruit, especially oranges, are a major part of the economy, and Florida produces the majority of citrus fruit grown in the U.S.—in 2006 67% of all citrus, 74% of oranges, 58% of tangerines, and 54% of grapefruit. About 95% of commercial orange production in the state is destined for processing (mostly as orange juice, the official state beverage).^[144] Citrus canker continues to be an issue of concern. Other products include sugarcane, strawberries, tomatoes and celery.^[145] The state is the largest producer of sweet corn and green beans for the country.^[146]

The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture—especially water pollution—is a major issue in Florida today.

In 2009, fishing was a $6 billion industry, employing 60,000 jobs for sports and commercial purposes.^[147]

Industry

Phosphate mining, concentrated in the Bone Valley, is the state's third-largest industry. The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.^[148]

Since the arrival of the NASA Merritt Island launch sites on Cape Canaveral (most notably Kennedy Space Center) in 1962, Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry.

Another major economic engine in Florida is the United States Military. There are currently 24 military bases in the state, housing three Unified Combatant Commands; United States Central Command in Tampa, United States Southern Command in Doral, and United States Special Operations Command in Tampa. There are 109,390 U.S. military personnel currently stationed in Florida,^[149] contributing, directly and indirectly, $52 billion a year to the state's economy.^[150]

Education

Main article: Education in Florida

Florida's public primary and secondary schools are administered by the Florida Department of Education.

State University System

The State University System of Florida was founded in 1905, and is governed by the Florida Board of Governors. During the 2008 academic year 301,570 students attended one of these member institutions.

• 

  Florida A&M University

• 

  Florida Atlantic University

• 

  Florida Gulf Coast University

• 

  Florida International University

• 

  Florida State University

• 

  New College of Florida

• 

  University of Central Florida

• 

  University of Florida

• 

  University of North Florida

• 

  University of South Florida

• 

  University of West Florida

Private universities

Florida's first private university, Stetson University, was founded in 1883. The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of 28 private, educational institutions in the state.^[151] This Association reported that their member institutions served over 121,000 students in the fall of 2006.^[152]

University of Miami in Coral Gables

University of Tampa

Jacksonville University

Infrastructure

Communication

27% of Floridians exclusively own cell phones for communication; no landline. Nationally, figures vary from 13–35%, with the higher percentages an indication of lower income.^[153]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Florida

Highways

Further information: State Roads in Florida

Map of Florida with major roads and cities

Florida's interstates, state highways and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation. Florida's interstate highway system contains 1,473 miles (2,371 km) of highway, and there are 9,934 miles (15,987 km) of non-interstate highway in the state, such as Florida state highways and U.S. Highways.

In 2011, there were about 9,000 retail gas stations in the state.On an average day, Floridians consume 21 million gallons of gasoline, ranking it third in national use.^[154][155]

Motorists have the 45th worst rate of car insurance in the country. 24% are uninsured.^[156] Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010. Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame. A spokesperson for the non-profit Insurance Institute said that "Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves."^[157]

State highways are numbered according to convention. The first digits of state highways^[158] are numbered with the first digit indicating what area of the state the road is in, from 1 in the north and east to 9 in the south and west. Major north-south state roads generally have one- or two-digit odd route numbers that increase from east to west, while major east-west state roads generally have one- or two-digit even route numbers that increase from north to south. Roads of secondary importance usually have three-digit route numbers. The first digit x of their route number is the same as the first digit of the road with two-digit number x0 to the immediate north. The three-digit route numbers also increase from north to south for even numbers and east to west for odd numbers.

Following this convention, State Road 907, or Alton Rd. on Miami Beach, is farther east than State Road 997, which is Krome Ave, or the farthest west north-south road in Miami-Dade County. One notable exception to the convention is State Road 826, or the Palmetto Expressway (pictured at the right heading north) which, although even numbered, is signed north-south. State roads can have anywhere from one to four digits depending on the importance and location of the road.^[159] County roads often follow this same system.

Prior to the construction of routes under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Florida began construction of a long cross-state toll road, Florida's Turnpike. The first section, from Fort Pierce south to the Golden Glades Interchange was completed in 1957. After a second section north through Orlando to Wildwood (near present-day The Villages), and a southward extension around Miami to Homestead, it was finished in 1974.

Florida's primary interstate routes include:

• I-4, which bisects the state, connecting Tampa, Lakeland, Orlando, and Daytona Beach, connecting with I-95 in Daytona Beach and I-75 in Tampa.
• I-10, which traverses the panhandle, connecting Jacksonville, Lake City, Tallahassee and Pensacola, with junctions with I-95 in Jacksonville and I-75 in Lake City.
• I-75, which enters the state near Lake City (45 miles west of Jacksonville) and continues southward through Gainesville, Ocala, Tampa's eastern suburbs, Bradenton, Sarasota, Fort Myers and Naples, where it crosses the "Alligator Alley" as a toll road to Fort Lauderdale before turning southward and terminating in Hialeah/Miami Lakes having junctions with I-10 in Lake City and I-4 in Tampa.
• I-95, which enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach Melbourne/Titusville, Palm Bay, Vero Beach, Fort Pierce, Port Saint Lucie, Stuart, West Palm Beach, and Fort Lauderdale before terminating in Downtown Miami, with junctions with I-10 in Jacksonville and I-4 in Daytona Beach.

Miami's Palmetto Expressway is one of Florida's busiest roads

Intercity rail

Miami International Airport is the world's 10th-largest cargo airport

Florida is served by Amtrak: Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Amtrak Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C.. Orlando is also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami.

The Florida Department of Transportation was preparing to build a high speed rail between Tampa, Lakeland and Orlando.^[160] This is the first phase of the Florida High Speed Rail system.^[161] Soil work began in July 2010^[162][163] and construction of the line is slated to begin in 2011, with the initial Tampa-Orlando phase completed by 2014.^[164] The second phase, would extend the line to Miami. Governor Scott, however, refused federal funds and the project has been canceled.

Airports

See also: List of airports in Florida

Florida's extensive coastline made it a perceived target during World War II, so the government built airstrips throughout the state; today, approximately 400 airports are still in service. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private airports, airstrips, heliports, and seaplane bases.^[165] Major international airports in Florida which processed more than 15 million passengers each in 2006 are Orlando International Airport (34,128,048), Miami International Airport (32,533,974), Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (21,369,577) and Tampa International Airport (18,867,541). Secondary airports, with annual passenger traffic exceeding 5 million each in 2006, include Southwest Florida International Airport (Fort Myers) (7,643,217), Palm Beach International Airport (West Palm Beach) (7,014,237),^[166] and Jacksonville International Airport (5,946,188). Regional Airports which processed over one million passengers each in 2006 are Pensacola (1,620,198) and Sarasota-Bradenton (1,423,113). Sanford, which is primarily served by international charter airlines processed 1,649,565 passengers in 2006.^[167]

Sports

The American Airlines Arena in Miami, homecourt of the Miami Heat

The Amway Center in Orlando, homecourt of the Orlando Magic

EverBank Field in Jacksonville, home of the Jacksonville Jaguars

Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, home of the Miami Dolphins and the Miami Hurricanes

The Donald L. Tucker Center in Tallahassee, home of the Florida State Seminoles

The St. Pete Times Forum in Tampa, home of the Tampa Bay Lightning and the Tampa Bay Storm.

Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, home of the Tampa Bay Rays.

See also: Florida Sports Hall of Fame and List of sports teams in Florida

Most Major League Baseball's spring training, and nearly 2/3 of all MLB teams have a spring training presence in the state. Yet Florida did not have a permanent major-league-level professional sports team until the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins in 1966. The state now has three NFL teams, two MLB teams, two NBA teams, and two NHL teams.

The state of Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991.^[168]

Three of the Arena Football League's teams are in Florida.

Golf, tennis, and auto racing are popular.

Minor league baseball, football, basketball, ice hockey, soccer and indoor football teams are based in Florida. Florida's universities have a number of collegiate sport teams.

Club	League	Venue	Championships
Miami Dolphins	National Football League	Sun Life Stadium (Miami)	2 (1972, 1973)
Miami Heat	National Basketball Association	American Airlines Arena (Miami)	1 (2006)
Miami Marlins	Major League Baseball	Marlins Ballpark (Miami)	2 (1997, 2003)
Florida Panthers	National Hockey League	BankAtlantic Center (Sunrise)	0
Tampa Bay Buccaneers	National Football League	Raymond James Stadium (Tampa)	1 (2003)
Tampa Bay Rays	Major League Baseball	Tropicana Field (St. Petersburg)	0
Tampa Bay Lightning	National Hockey League	St. Pete Times Forum (Tampa)	1 (2004)
Orlando Magic	National Basketball Association	Amway Center (Orlando)	0
Jacksonville Jaguars	National Football League	EverBank Field (Jacksonville)	0

Spring training

Further information: Spring training

Florida is the traditional home for Major League Baseball spring training, with teams informally organized into the "Grapefruit League". For 2010, Florida will host the following major league teams for spring training:

Club	Location
Atlanta Braves	Walt Disney World
Baltimore Orioles	Sarasota
Boston Red Sox	Fort Myers
Detroit Tigers	Lakeland
Miami Marlins	Jupiter
Houston Astros	Kissimmee
Minnesota Twins	Fort Myers
New York Mets	Port St. Lucie
New York Yankees	Tampa
Philadelphia Phillies	Clearwater
Pittsburgh Pirates	Bradenton
St. Louis Cardinals	Jupiter
Tampa Bay Rays	Port Charlotte
Toronto Blue Jays	Dunedin
Washington Nationals	Viera

Auto-racing tracks

• Daytona International Speedway
• Homestead-Miami Speedway
• Sebring International Raceway
• Streets of St. Petersburg
• Walt Disney World Speedway

Sister states

Sister jurisdiction	Country	Year[169]
Languedoc-Roussillon	France	1989
Taiwan Province	Taiwan, R.O.C.	1992
Wakayama Prefecture	Japan	1995
Western Cape	South Africa	1995
Nueva Esparta	Venezuela	1999
Kyonggi	South Korea	2000

See also

Geography portal North America portal United States portal Florida portal Miami portal New Spain portal

• Outline of Florida
  
• Index of Florida-related articles
  
• List of National Register of Historic Places in Florida
• List of people from Florida
• List of places in Florida
• U.S. state

References

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2. ^ Florida — Languages. MLA. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http://http%3A//www.mla.org/map_data. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "2000 Census" (ZIP). US Census Bureau. ftp://ftp.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/Summary_File_4/Florida/flgeo_uf4.zip. Retrieved 2007-07-18. 
4. ^ "Population Density". 2010 Census: Resident Population Data. United States Census Bureau. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011. 
6. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
7. ^ behind California, Texas, and New York
8. ^ United States population by states, United States Census Bureau.
9. ^ "Köppen Climate Classification Map". John Abbott College, Geosciences Department. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www2.johnabbott.qc.ca/webpages/departments/geoscience/intro/Koppen/KoppenMap.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-18. 
10. ^ "Historic Feature: Juan Ponce de Leon Landing – Brevard County Parks and Recreation Department on Florida's Beautiful Space Coast". Brevard County Parks & Recreation. BrevardParks.com. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
11. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida's Indians From Ancient Time to the Present, pp. 12–37. University Press of Florida.
12. ^ From the 1601 publication by the pre-eminent historian of 16th century Spanish exploration in America, Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, in Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-59017-273-5. 
13. ^ Smith, Hale G., and Gottlob, Marc (1978). "Spanish-Indian Relationships: Synoptic History and Archaeological Evidence, 1500–1763". In Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period. Edited by Jerald Milanich and Samuel Proctor. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0535-5
14. ^ Ehrenberg, Ralph E. "'Marvellous countries and lands' Notable Maps of Florida, 1507–1846", Archived August 3, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ The name Florida, sometimes expanded to cover more of the present-day southeastern U.S., remained the most commonly used Spanish term, however, throughout the entire period. De Bow, J.D.B. (1857). De Bow's Review, Vol. XXII Third Series Vol. II. Washington, D.C. and New Orleans. pp. 303–305. 
16. ^ "Cérémonies et Coutumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde"
17. ^ "From Florida", Daily National Intelligencer, January 27, 1836 (Library of Congress)
18. ^ Tindall, George Brown, and David Emory Shi. (edition unknown) America: A Narrative History. W. W. Norton & Company. 412. ISBN 978-0-393-96874-3
19. ^ Historical Census Browser, accessed October 31, 2007^{[dead link]}
20. ^ Historical Census Browser, 1900 Federal Census, University of Virginia [1]^{[dead link]}. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
21. ^ Rogers, Maxine D.; Rivers, Larry E.; Colburn, David R.; Dye, R. Tom & Rogers, William W. (December 1993), "Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923", p.5. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
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23. ^ "Green Mountain Scenic Byway". Florida Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.state.fl.us/EMO/ScenicHWY/designated/greenmountain.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-23. ^{[dead link]}
24. ^ ^{a b} Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (July 1, 2011). "State Costal Zone Boundaries". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/docs/StateCZBoundaries.pdf. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
25. ^ Ritter, Michael. "Wet/Dry Tropical Climate". University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/climate_classification.html. Retrieved 2007-07-18. 
26. ^ "Average Annual Temperature for Each US State". Current Results Nexus. http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-temperatures.php. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 
27. ^ United States National Arboretum. "Florida Hardiness Zones". St Johns River Water Management District. http://publicserver2.sjrwmd.com/waterwise/hardiness_zones.html. Retrieved 25 March 2011. 
28. ^ "Lightning Information Center". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/ltgcenter/ltgmain.html. Retrieved 2008-01-23. 
29. ^ "united states annual sunshine map". HowStuffWorks, Inc. http://maps.howstuffworks.com/united-states-annual-sunshine-map.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-14. 
30. ^ Aten, Tim (July 1, 2007). "Waterspouts common off coastal Florida in summer". Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/jul/01/waterspouts_common_coastal_florida_summer/?breaking_news. Retrieved 2008-01-23. 
31. ^ ^{a b} Doe (March 28, 2009). "Florida is US lightning capital". Florida Today Factbook (Melbourne, Florida): 34. 
32. ^ ^{a b} "Weather, politics shook things up". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. December 31, 2009. 
33. ^ ^{a b} Read, Matt (February 2, 2010). "Watchdog:Discounts may boost price for insurance". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1B. 
34. ^ Than, Ker (August 31, 2005). "Many More Hurricanes To Come". Live Science. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.livescience.com/environment/050831_hurricane_freq.html. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
35. ^ "NOAA Attributes Recent Increase In Hurricane Activity To Naturally Occurring Multi-Decadal Climate Variability". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/mag184.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
36. ^ "JACKSONVILLE WSO AP, FLORIDA—Climate Summary". Southeast Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl4358. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
37. ^ "KEY WEST WSO AIRPORT, FLORIDA—Climate Summary". Southeast Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl4570. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
38. ^ ^{a b} "MELBOURNE WSO, FLORIDA—Climate Summary". Southeast Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl5612. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
39. ^ "PENSACOLA FAA ARPT, FLORIDA—Climate Summary". Southeast Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl6997. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
40. ^ "TALLAHASSEE WSO AP, FLORIDA—Climate Summary". Southeast Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl8758. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
41. ^ "TAMPA WSCMO ARPT, FLORIDA—Climate Summary". Southeast Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl8788. Retrieved 2008-01-26. 
42. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
43. ^ Waymer, Jim (December 28, 2009). "Whale habitat could grow". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20091228/NEWS01/912280303/1086/Whale+habitat+could+grow. ^{[dead link]}
44. ^ "Not all alien invaders are from outer space". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/invasive/4fireant.html. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
45. ^ "State creates season for hunting pythons". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 6B. February 23, 2010. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100222/BREAKINGNEWS/100222008/Officials-set-new-python-hunting-season. ^{[dead link]}
46. ^ "Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2004" (PDF). US Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2010-02-22. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-27. 
47. ^ ^{a b} "State Energy Profiles: Florida". US Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=FL. Retrieved 2008-01-27. 
48. ^ Mouawad, Jad (13 October 2005). "Gulf of Mexico's depths beckon". International Herald-Tribune. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/13/business/oil.php?page=1. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 
49. ^ Daley, Beth (28 March 2005). "Tide's toxins trouble lungs ashore". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/03/28/tides_toxins_trouble_lungs_ashore/. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
50. ^ Williams Hale, Leslie (29 December 2009). "Record number of panthers killed by vehicles in 2009". Naples News. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2009/dec/29/16-record-number-panthers-killed-vehicles-2009/. Retrieved 2010-01-01. 
51. ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (February 2011), "DoF: Florida’s Fire Fulcrum", A Fire History of America (1960–2010), Arizona State University, http://firehistory.asu.edu/dof-floridas-fire-fulcrum/, retrieved March 19, 2011 
52. ^ Waymer, Jim (March 14, 2011). "Despite burns, fire threat still high". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110314/NEWS01/103140320/Despite-prescribed-burns-Brevard-s-fire-threat-still-high. Retrieved March 19, 2011. ^{[dead link]}
53. ^ Cummings, Larry (2007-04-27). "Recycling In The State of Florida". Earth911.com. http://earth911.com/news/2007/04/27/recycling-in-the-state-of-florida/. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
54. ^ "Recycling Program Statutes and Rules Page | Solid & Hazardous Waste | Waste Mgmt | Florida DEP". Dep.state.fl.us. 2011-06-02. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/recycling/pages/laws.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
55. ^ "WTE features in Florida recycling law". Wte.org. 2010-05-28. http://www.wte.org/wte-features-florida-recycling-law-a3034. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
56. ^ http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/rbac/documents/Florida-County-Recycling-Rate.pdf
57. ^ "Industry overview". First research. www.hoovers.com. 2010-03-25. http://www.hoovers.com/chemical-manufacturing---agricultural-/--ID__161--/free-ind-fr-profile-basic.xhtml. 
58. ^ Allen, Ginger M.; Main, Martin B (May 2005). "Florida's Geological History". Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW208. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 
59. ^ "State Farm seeks 28% rate hike". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 8B. February 16, 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-16/state-farm-seeks-rate-hikes-in-property-insurance.html. ^{[dead link]}
60. ^ with North Dakota
61. ^ Presler, Margaret Webb (April 14, 2010). "More earthquakes than usual? Not really.". Washington Post (Washington D.C.): p. C10. 
62. ^ See List of earthquakes in Cuba
63. ^ "Florida:Earthquake History". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/florida/history.php. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
64. ^ "6.0 quake in Gulf shakes Southeast". CNN. September 11, 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/09/10/gulf.quake/index.html. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
65. ^ [2]^{[dead link]}
66. ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data - 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
67. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
68. ^ "Annual Population Estimates 2000 to 2008". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2007-07-31. http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html. Retrieved 2008-12-25. 
69. ^ Amy Goodman (2009-04-06). ""A Ponzi State"–Univ. of South Florida Professor Examines the Economic Crisis in Florida". Democracy Now!. http://www.democracynow.org/2009/4/6/a_ponzi_state_univ_of_south. 
70. ^ "Illegals on rise in Southeast". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 6A. February 24, 2010. http://www.star-telegram.com/2010/02/23/1991912/illegal-immigrant-numbers-rise.html. ^{[dead link]}
71. ^ Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). "New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot". Washington Post (Washington, D.C.): p. A4. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904970.html?sid=ST2010042905051. 
72. ^ behind Nevada, Arizona, New Jersey, California and Texas
73. ^ Reed, Matt (January 18, 2011). "E-Verify best way to find illegals". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1B. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110118/COLUMNISTS0207/101180318/1086/Matt+Reed++Fearmongering+on+E-Verify+shields+illegals. ^{[dead link]}
74. ^ "Retired Military Personnel". The Intercom (Patrick Air Force Base, Florida: Military Officers Association of Cape Canaveral): p. 4. June 2009. 
75. ^ "Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010". 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
76. ^ ^{a b} "Florida Factstreet". US Census Bureau. [ttp://www.webcitation.org/5uNhLPtXf Archived] from the original on 2010-11-20. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
77. ^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
78. ^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
79. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
80. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
81. ^ Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
82. ^ "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 - Table 3" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
83. ^ "Compendium of the Ninth Census:Population, with race." (PDF). US Census Bureau. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-02.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
84. ^ David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.633–639
85. ^ "Population Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2009.html. Retrieved 2010-08-02. 
86. ^ "Most spoken languages in Florida". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http%3A//www.mla.org/map_data. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
87. ^ "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/12_2000.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
88. ^ Religion and Politics 2008:Florida – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life^{[dead link]} Archived March 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine^{[dead link]}
89. ^ "Historical Census Browser: 1900 US Census". University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. University of Virginia Library. 2004. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/start.php?year=V1900. Retrieved 2008-08-29. ^{[dead link]}
90. ^ "Historical Census Browser: 1960 US Census". University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. University of Virginia Library. 2004. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/start.php?year=V1960. Retrieved 2008-08-29. ^{[dead link]}
91. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (October 27, 2003). "William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader Of G.O.P. Resurgence in South". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03EFDF1131F934A15753C1A9659C8B63. Retrieved 2008-02-26. 
92. ^ Thomas, Jr, Robert McG (May 23, 1996). "E. J. Gurney, 82, Senator Who Backed Nixon". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DD1E39F930A15756C0A960958260. Retrieved 2008-02-26. 
93. ^ "Claude Roy Kirk, Jr.". Office of Cultural and Historic Programs, State of Florida. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20070818093043/http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/museum/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=43. Retrieved 2008-02-26. 
94. ^ ^{a b} Navarro, Mireya (1998-09-21). "Florida's Split: Will It Play in the Panhandle?". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D81330F932A1575AC0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 
95. ^ Lengell, Sean. "As I-4 corridor goes, so goes Florida". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080128/NATION/3421225/1001. 
96. ^ "Voter Registration by Party Affiliation and County". Florida Department of State. January 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://election.dos.state.fl.us/voterreg/registration.asp. Retrieved 2008-02-26. 
97. ^ "Editorial:Culture of corruption". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. January 7, 2011. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110107/OPINION/110106021/Our-Views-Culture-of-corruption-Jan-7-. ^{[dead link]}
98. ^ ^{a b} "U. S. Electoral College". Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/2000.html. 
99. ^ ^{a b} "Florida Certificate of Vote". Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2000_certificates/vote_florida.html. 
100. ^ ^{a b} Leary, Alex: "Florida gains two U.S. House seats in Census" St. Petersburg Times, December 21, 2010
101. ^ "Florida". 270towin.com. 2010-01-02. http://www.270towin.com/states/Florida. 
102. ^ See Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000)
103. ^ See also Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, 531 U.S. 70 (2000).
104. ^ Fessenden, Ford; Broder, John M. (2001-11-12). "Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/12VOTE.html?pagewanted=all. 
105. ^ Cf. Fla. Stat. § 103.011 (web version) ("Votes cast for the actual candidates for President and Vice President shall be counted as votes cast for the presidential electors supporting such candidates. The Department of State shall certify as elected the presidential electors of the candidates for President and Vice President who receive the highest number of votes.")
106. ^ "Florida Statutes". Leg.state.fl.us. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0373/SEC503.HTM&Title=-. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
107. ^ "New laws include auto inspection repeal". Ocala Star-Banner. 1981-09-27. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJoTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SgYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6830,6180921&dq=state+auto+inspection+florida+history&hl=en. 
108. ^ "20 Most Dangerous States for 2009"^{[dead link]}. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
109. ^ "Don't get scammed". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 13A. January 22, 2011. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/floridatoday/access/2245280991.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+22%2C+2011&author=&pub=Florida+Today&edition=&startpage=A.13&desc=Don%27t+get+scammed. Retrieved March 17, 2011. 
110. ^ Basu, Kaustuv (February 7, 2010). "Officials cite safer cars, seat belts". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. 
111. ^ Basu, Kaustuv (January 7, 2011). "Change would relax handgun law". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1B. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/floridatoday/access/2231943421.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+7%2C+2011&author=KAUSTUV+BASU&pub=Florida+Today&edition=&startpage=B.1&desc=Change+would+relax+handgun+law. Retrieved March 17, 2011. 
112. ^ Hobson, Will (January 16, 2010). "County Medicaid tab rises, could get worse". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.newsherald.com/articles/tab-80645-city-worse.html. 
113. ^ Ryan, MacKenzie (December 26, 2010). "Qualifying for care a minefield". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 3A. http://www.fdhc.state.fl.us/Medicaid/deputy_secretary/recent_presentations/florida_medicaid_020410.pdf. 
114. ^ Marshal, James (December 26, 2010). "Sunday debate: No: Longtime official lost touch with voters". =Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 19A. http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=369240&rc=op. 
115. ^ Torres, John A. (March 2, 2010). "Rough week ahead for allergy sufferers". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/floridatoday/access/1974750171.html?FMT=CITE&date=Mar+02%2C+2010. 
116. ^ [3]^{[dead link]}
117. ^ "Official: Design rules haven't cost Palm Bay new businesses". Florida Today. 2009-04-23. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=201475. Retrieved 2010-08-02. 
118. ^ "Brickell Neighborhood Guide". Nestseekers.com. http://www.nestseekers.com/Guides/Neighborhood/3059. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
119. ^ "Brickell Real Estate – Millionaires Row". Miamisignaturehomes.com. http://www.miamisignaturehomes.com/brickell-real-estate-n26555.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
120. ^ Michael B. Sauter; Douglas A. McIntyre (2011-05-10). "The States With The Oldest And Youngest Residents". wallst.com. http://247wallst.com/2011/05/10/the-states-with-the-oldest-and-youngest-residents/3/. 
121. ^ "GDP by State". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved 14 September 2011. 
122. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by state Table 8:Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars, 2003–2006" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce. July 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2007/07%20July/0707_gdp_state.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-02. 
123. ^ Szakonyi, Mark (March 7, 2011). "Florida is No. 4 in US exports". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 14A. http://assets.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/blog/trade_trucks_trains/2011/02/florida-jumps-to-no-4-in-exports.html. 
124. ^ Flemming, Paul (March 6, 2011). "Budget battle set to begin". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 1A. http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2011103060312. Retrieved March 21, 2011. ^{[dead link]}
125. ^ "Site Selection Rankings". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
126. ^ "The Role of Metro Areas In The US Economy" (PDF). http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/Top100_2006.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
127. ^ "STATE PERSONAL INCOME 2009". Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
128. ^ "Florida's Minimum Wage". State of Florida, Agency for Workforce Innovation. October 15, 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.floridajobs.org/minimumwage/index.htm. Retrieved July 16, 2010. 
129. ^ Ellis, Blake (2011-03-04). "Cities with the most credit card debt". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/04/pf/cities_credit_card_debt/index.htm. 
130. ^ Flemming, Paul (November 29, 2009). "Poverty estimates pain sad picture". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 8B. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. http://www.flapolitics.com/diary/4285/florida-political-news-november-28-2009. 
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139. ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
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142. ^ Waymer, Jim (February 15, 2010). "Beaches get pumped up". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida): p. 13A. http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100215/NEWS01/2150312/Beaches-get-pumped-up. ^{[dead link]}
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External links

• State website
• Florida at the Open Directory Project
• Florida State Guide, from the Library of Congress
• Florida travel guide from Wikitravel
• Florida Memory Project Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida
• Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants.
• Florida stone quarry information on Stone Quarries and Beyond
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Florida
• Florida Rivers and Watersheds – Florida DEP
• U.S. Census Bureau
• Economic and farm demographics fact sheet from the USDA
• Energy & Environmental Data For Florida
• List of searchable databases produced by Florida state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable
• Heliconius charitonia, zebra longwing Florida state butterfly, on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• "Scenes in Florida", in Picturesque America, with Illustrations, by Harry Fenn, 1872, on Stone Quarries and Beyond.

Coordinates: 28°06′N 81°36′W / 28.1°N 81.6°W / 28.1; -81.6

Related information

Preceded by Michigan

List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on March 3, 1845 (27th)

Succeeded by Texas