Demographics of the United States

Demographics of the United States

As of today's date, the United States has a total resident population of 312,615,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. It is a very urbanized population, with 82% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2008 (the worldwide urban rate is 50.5%[1]). This leaves vast expanses of the country nearly uninhabited.[2] California and Texas are the most populous states,[3] as the mean center of United States population has consistently shifted westward and southward.[4] New York City is the most populous city in the United States.[5]

The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2009 is 2.01 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1.[8] However, U.S. population growth is among the highest in industrialized countries,[9] since the vast majority of these have below-replacement fertility rates and the U.S. has higher levels of immigration.[10][11] The United States Census Bureau shows population increases ranging between 0.85% and 0.89% for the twelve-month periods ending in 2009.[12] Nonetheless, though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.19%.[9]

There were 155.6 million females in the United States in 2009. The number of males was 151.4 million. At age 85 and older, there were more than twice as many women as men. People under 20 years of age made up over a quarter of the U.S. population (27.3%), and people age 65 and over made up one-eighth (12.8%) in 2009.[13] The national median age was 36.8 years.[13] Racially, the U.S. has a White American majority.

Population in the United States increased by 54 million from 1990 to 2008, a growth of 22 %.[14]

The American population more than tripled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1.3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. It reached the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark on October 17, 2006.[15][16] Currently, population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureau's estimation for 2005, 45% of American children under the age of 5 belonged to minority groups.[17]

Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for almost half (1.4 million) of the national population growth of 2.9 million between July 1, 2005, and July 1, 2006.[18] Immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead.[19]

The Census Bureau projects a U.S. population of 439 million in 2050, which is a 46% increase from 2007 (301.3 million).[20] However, the United Nations projects a U.S. population of 402 million in 2050, an increase of 32% from 2007 (the UN projects a gain of 38% for the world at large).[21] In either case, such growth is unlike most European countries, especially Germany, Russia, Italy, and Greece, or Asian countries such as Japan or South Korea, whose populations are slowly declining, and whose fertility rates are below replacement.

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1790 3,929,214
—
1800 5,236,631 33.3%
1810 7,239,881 38.3%
1820 9,638,453 33.1%
1830 12,866,020 33.5%
1840 17,069,453 32.7%
1850 23,191,876 35.9%
1860 31,443,321 35.6%
1870 38,558,371 22.6%
1880 49,371,340 28.0%
1890 62,979,766 27.6%
1900 76,212,168 21.0%
1910 92,228,496 21.0%
1920 106,021,537 15.0%
1930 123,202,624 16.2%
1940 132,164,569 7.3%
1950 151,325,798 14.5%
1960 179,323,175 18.5%
1970 203,211,926 13.3%
1980 226,545,805 11.5%
1990 248,709,873 9.8%
2000 281,421,906 13.2%
2010 308,745,538 9.7%

Contents

History

Main article: Demographic history of the United States

Under the current law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,[22] the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled,[23] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.[24] During the 1950s, 250,000 legal immigrants entered the country annually; by the 1990s, the number was almost one million, and the vast majority of new immigrants have come from Latin America and Asia. In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in the Americas, and 11% in Africa.[25] Almost 97% of residents of the 10 largest American cities in 1900 were non-Hispanic whites.[26] In 2006, non-Hispanic whites were the minority in thirty-five of the fifty largest cities.[27] The Census Bureau reported that minorities accounted for 48.6% of the children born in the U.S. between July 2008 and July 2009.[28]

Cities

See also: United States metropolitan area and List of United States cities by population

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 8 of the 60 "global cities"[29] of all types, with three in the "alpha" group of global cities: New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago.[30][31] As of 2008, the United States had 52 metropolitan areas with a population of over 1,000,000 people each. (See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.)

As of 2011, about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas. That means more than three-quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area.[32]

The following table shows the populations of the top ten cities and their metropolitan areas, as of July 1, 2008.

Leading U.S. population centers—see full lists of largest cities and largest metro areas
Rank Core city Pop.[33] Metro rank Metropolitan Statistical Area Metro area pop.[34] Region[35]
New York City
New York City

Los Angeles
Los Angeles


Chicago
Chicago
1 New York City, New York 8,363,710 1 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA 19,006,798 Northeast
2 Los Angeles, California 3,833,995 2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA 12,872,808 West
3 Chicago, Illinois 2,853,114 3 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI MSA 9,569,624 Midwest
4 Houston, Texas 2,242,193 6 Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA 5,728,143 South
5 Phoenix, Arizona 1,567,924 12 Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ MSA 4,281,899 West
6 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1,447,395 5 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA 5,838,471 Northeast
7 San Antonio, Texas 1,351,305 28 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA 2,031,445 South
8 Dallas, Texas 1,279,910 4 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA 6,300,006 South
9 San Diego, California 1,279,329 17 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA MSA 3,001,072 West
10 San Jose, California 948,279 31 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA 1,819,198 West
2008 U.S. Census Bureau estimates


Population density

See also: List of United States cities by population density
2000 U.S. population density within each county, in persons per sq. mile (lower 48 states only): Light to dark (yellow to blue): 1-4 (y), 5-9 (lt. green), 10-24 (teal), 25-49 (dk. teal), 50-99 (blue-green), 100-249 (blue), 250-66,995 (dark blue).


The most densely populated state is New Jersey (1,121/mi2 or 433/km2). See List of U.S. states by population density for maps and complete statistics.

The United States Census Bureau publishes a popular "dot" or "nighttime" map showing population distribution at a resolution of 7,500 people,[36] as well as complete listings of population density by place name. [37]

Race and ethnicity

Main articles: People of the United States, Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States, and Hyphenated American

The U.S. population's distribution by race and ethnicity in 2010 was as follows:[38]

Race Number Percentage
White alone
(of which 26.7 million are White Hispanic and Latino Americans, see table below.
Excluding these, this category comprises 63.7% or 196.8 million)		 223,553,265 72.4%
Black or African American alone 38,929,319 12.6%
Some other race alone
 19,107,368 6.2%
Asian alone 14,674,252 4.8%
Two or more races 9,009,073 2.9%
American Indian or Alaska Native alone 2,932,248 0.9%
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander alone 540,013 0.2%
Total 308,745,538 100.0%

Hispanic or Latino origin

Each of the racial categories includes people who identify their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino.[39] U.S. federal law defines Hispanic or Latino as "those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - "Mexican", "Puerto Rican", or "Cuban" - as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.""[40]

The total population of Hispanic and Latino Americans comprised 50.5 million or 16.3% of the national total in 2010, with the following racial distribution:

Hispanic and Latino Americans by race (2010)[38]
Race Population Percentage of all Hispanic and Latino Americans
White 26,735,713 53.0%
Some other race / 18,503,103 36.7%
Two or more races 3,042,592 6.0%
Black 1,243,471 2.5%
American Indian and Alaska Native 685,150 1.4%
Asian 209,128 0.4%
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 58,437 0.1%
Total 50,477,594 100.0%

Breakdown by state

Further information: Race and ethnicity in the United States

This table is incomplete: it is missing the category "Some other race".

State Population White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI* Mixed Race
Maine 1,328,361 95.2 1.2 0.6 1.0 0 1.6
New Hampshire 1,316,470 93.9 1.1 0.2 2.2 0 1.6
Vermont 625,741 95.3 1.0 0.4 1.3 0 1.7
Rhode Island 1,052,567 81.4 5.7 0.6 2.9 0.1 3.3
Connecticut 3,574,097 77.6 10.1 0.3 3.8 0 2.6
New York 19,378,102 65.7 15.9 0.6 7.3 0 3.0
New Jersey 8,791,894 68.6 13.7 0.3 8.3 0 2.7
Delaware 897,934 68.9 21.4 0.5 3.2 0 2.7
Maryland 5,773,552 58.2 29.4 0.4 5.5 0.1 2.9
District of Columbia 601,723 38.5 50.7 0.3 3.5 0.1 2.9
Pennsylvania 12,702,379 81.9 10.8 0.2 2.7 0 1.9
West Virginia 1,852,994 93.9 3.4 0.2 0.7 0 1.5
Virginia 8,001,024 68.6 19.4 0.4 5.5 0.1 2.9
North Carolina 9,535,483 68.5 21.5 1.3 2.2 0.1 2.2
Tennessee 6,346,105 77.6 16.7 0.3 1.4 0.1 1.7
South Carolina 4,625,364 66.2 27.9 0.4 1.3 0.1 1.7
Georgia 9,687,653 59.7 30.5 0.3 3.2 0.1 2.1
Alabama 4,779,736 68.5 26.2 0.6 1.1 0 1.5
Florida 18,801,310 75.0 16.0 0.4 2.4 0.1 2.5
Louisiana 4,533,372 62.6 32.0 0.7 1.5 0 1.6
Mississippi 2,967,297 59.1 37.0 0.5 0.9 0 1.1
Arkansas 2,915,918 77.0 15.4 0.8 1.2 0.2 2.0
Kentucky 4,339,367 87.8 7.8 0.2 1.1 0.1 1.7
Missouri 5,988,927 82.8 11.6 0.5 1.6 0.1 2.1
Illinois 12,830,632 71.5 14.5 0.3 4.6 0 2.3
Indiana 6,483,802 84.3 9.1 0.3 1.6 0 2.0
Ohio 11,536,504 82.7 12.2 0.2 1.7 0 2.1
Michigan 9,883,640 78.9 14.2 0.6 2.4 0 2.3
Wisconsin 5,686,986 86.2 6.3 1.0 2.3 0 1.8
Minnesota 5,303,925 85.3 5.2 1.1 4.0 0 2.4
Iowa 3,046,355 91.3 2.9 0.4 1.7 0.1 1.8
North Dakota 672,591 90.0 1.2 5.4 1.0 0 1.8
South Dakota 814,180 85.9 1.3 8.8 0.9 0 2.1
Nebraska 1,826,341 86.1 4.5 1.0 1.8 0.1 2.2
Kansas 2,853,118 83.8 5.9 1.0 2.4 0.1 3.0
Oklahoma 3,751,351 72.2 7.4 8.6 1.7 0.1 5.9
Texas 25,145,561 70.4 11.8 0.7 3.8 0.1 2.7
New Mexico 2,059,179 68.4 2.1 9.4 1.4 0.1 3.7
Massachusetts 6,547,629 80.4 6.6 0.3 5.3 0.0 2.6
Colorado 5,029,196 81.3 4.0 1.1 2.8 0.1 3.4
Wyoming 563,626 90.7 0.8 2.4 0.8 0.1 2.2
Montana 989,415 89.4 0.4 6.3 0.6 0.1 2.5
Idaho 1,567,582 89.1 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.1 2.5
Utah 2,763,885 86.1 1.1 1.2 2.0 0.9 2.7
Arizona 6,392,017 73.0 4.1 4.6 2.8 0.2 3.4
Nevada 2,700,551 66.2 8.1 1.2 7.2 0.2 4.7
Oregon 3,831,074 83.6 1.8 1.4 3.7 0.3 3.8
Washington 6,724,540 77.3 3.6 1.5 7.2 0.6 4.7
California 37,253,956 57.6 6.2 1.0 13.0 0.4 4.9
Alaska 710,231 66.7 3.3 14.8 5.4 1.0 7.3
Hawaii 1,360,301 24.7 1.6 0.3 38.6 10.0 23.6
All Data from 2010 U.S. Census Bureau[41] :
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander :

Projections

U.S. Census Population projections[42]
2010 2050
Whites (includes "Some other race") 79.5% 74.0%
Non-Hispanic Whites 64.7% 46.3%
Hispanics/Latinos (of any race) 16.0% 30.2%
African Americans 12.9% 13.0%
Asian Americans 4.6% 7.8%

A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of Whites between 2010 and 2050, from 79.5% to 74.0%.[42] At the same time, Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up the majority of the population by 2042, but will remain the largest single race. In 2050 they will compose 46.3% of the population. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[43] The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 16% today to 30% by 2050, the African American percentage barely rising from 12.9% to 13.0%, and Asian Americans upping their 4.6% share to 7.8%. The U.S. has 310 million people as of October 2010, and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050.[20][44][45][46] It is further projected that 82% of the increase in population from 2005 to 2050 will be due to immigrants and their children.[47]

Of the nation's children in 2050, 62% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 44% today. Approximately 39% are projected to be Hispanic or Latino (up from 22% in 2008), and 38% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic Whites (down from 56% in 2008).[48]

In 2008, the US Census Bureau projected future censuses as follows:[20]

  • 2010: 310,232,863
  • 2020: 341,386,665
  • 2030: 373,503,674
  • 2040: 405,655,295
  • 2050: 439,010,253

Other groups

There were 22.1 million veterans in 2009.[49]

In 2010, the Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million illegal immigrants in the country.[50]

There were about 2 million people in prison in 2010.[51]

File:US. Map States same-sex r.jpg
Density of same-sex households compared to all households by state.

The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. One organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 0.99% and 1.13% of U.S. couples in 2000.[52] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005. 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual[53] A 2011 report by the Institute estimated that 4 million adults identify as gay or lesbian, representing 1.7% of the population over 18. A spokesperson said that, until recently, few studies have tried to eliminate people who had occasionally had behaved or had homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay.[54] (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.) The American Community Survey from the 2000 U.S. Census estimated 776,943 same-sex couple households in the country as a whole, representing about 0.5% of the population.[53]

Less than 1% of Americans serve in the Armed Forces.[55]

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States
Major religions by overall percentage

The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body.[56] As of 2004, the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify itself as a member of any religion.[57]

Religious body Year reported Places of worship reported Membership
(thousands)		 Number of clergy
!a 0000 -9999 -9999 -9999
African Methodist Episcopal Church 1999 - 2500 7741
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 2002 3226 1431 3252
American Baptist Association 1998 1760 275 1740
Amish, Old Order 1993 898 227 3592
American Baptist Churches USA 1998 3800 1507 4145
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 1998 220 65 263
Armenian Apostolic Church 2010 153 1000 200
Assemblies of God 2009 12371 2914 34504
Baptist Bible Fellowship International 1997 4500 1200 -
Baptist General Conference 1998 876 141 -
Baptist Missionary Association of America 1999 1334 235 1525
Buddhism 2001 - 1082 -
Christian and Missionary Alliance, The 1998 1964 346 1629
Christian Brethren (Plymouth Brethren) 1997 1150 100 -
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 1997 3818 879 3419
Christian churches and churches of Christ 1998 5579 1072 5525
Christian Congregation, Inc., The 1998 1438 117 1436
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 1983 2340 719 -
Christian Reformed Church in North America 1998 733 199 655
Church of God in Christ 1991 15300 5500 28988
Church of God of Prophecy 1997 1908 77 2000
Church of God (Anderson, IN) 1998 2353 234 3034
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 1995 6060 753 3121
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2005 12753 5691 38259
Church of the Brethren 1997 1095 141 827
Church of the Nazarene 1998 5101 627 4598
Churches of Christ 1999 15000 1500 14500
Conservative Baptist Association of America 1998 1200 200 -
Community of Christ 1998 1236 140 19319
Coptic Orthodox Church 2003 200 1000 200
Cumberland Presbyterian Church 1998 774 87 634
Episcopal Church 1996 7390 2365 8131
Evangelical Covenant Church, The 1998 628 97 607
Evangelical Free Church of America, The 1995 1224 243 1936
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 1998 10862 5178 9646
Evangelical Presbyterian Church 1998 187 61 262
Free Methodist Church of North America 1998 990 73 -
Full Gospel Fellowship 1999 896 275 2070
General Association of General Baptists 1997 790 72 1085
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 1998 1415 102 -
U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1996 368 82 590
Grace Gospel Fellowship 1992 128 60 160
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 1998 523 1955 596
Hinduism 2001 - 766 -
Independent Fundamental Churches of America 1999 659 62 -
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel 1998 1851 238 4900
International Council of Community Churches 1998 150 250 182
International Pentecostal Holiness Church 1998 1716 177 1507
Islam 2001 - 1104 -
Jainism - - 50 -
Jehovah's Witnesses 2011 11876 1178 -
Judaism 2006 3727 6452 -
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod, The 1998 6218 2594 5227
Mennonite Church USA 2005 943 114 -
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches 1998 416 67 534
National Association of Free Will Baptists 1998 2297 210 2800
National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. 1987 2500 3500 8000
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. 1992 33000 8200 32832
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 1992 - 2500 -
Orthodox Church in America 1998 625 1000 700
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc. 1998 1750 1500 4500
Pentecostal Church of God 1998 1237 104 -
Pentecostal Church International, United 2008 28351 4037 22881
Presbyterian Church in America 1997 1340 280 1642
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) 1998 11260 3575 9390
Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. 1995 2000 2500 -
Reformed Church in America 1998 902 296 915
Religious Society of Friends (Conservative) 1994 1200 104 -
Roman Catholic Church 2002 19484 66404 50,017 (1997)[58]
Romanian Orthodox Episcopate 1996 37 65 37
Salvation Army, The 1998 1388 471 2920
Scientology 2005 1300 55[59] 1
Serbian Orthodox Church 1986 68 67 60
Seventh-day Adventist Church 1998 4405 840 2454
Sikhism 1999 244 80 -
Southern Baptist Convention 1998 40870 16500 71520
Unitarian Universalism 2001 - 629 -
United Church of Christ 1998 6017 1421 4317
United House of Prayer For All People - 100 2500 -
United Methodist Church, The 1998 36170 8400 -
Wesleyan Church, The 1998 1590 120 1806
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 1997 1240 411 1222
~z 9999 99999999 99999999 99999999
Religions of the United States
Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.  
Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001.  
Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2001.  

Religions of American adults

Main article: Religion in the United States

The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281

Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[60]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.

Source:ARIS 2008[60]
Group
 1990
adults
x 1,000
 2001
adults
x 1,000
 2008
adults
x 1,000
Numerical
Change
1990-
2008
as %
of 1990
 1990
% of
adults
 2001
% of
adults
 2008
% of
adults
 change
in % of
total
adults
1990-
2008
Adult population, total 175,440 207,983 228,182 30.1%
Adult population, Responded 171,409 196,683 216,367 26.2% 97.7% 94.6% 94.8% -2.9%
Total Christian 151,225 159,514 173,402 14.7% 86.2% 76.7% 76.0% -10.2%
Catholic 46,004 50,873 57,199 24.3% 26.2% 24.5% 25.1% -1.2%
non-Catholic Christian 105,221 108,641 116,203 10.4% 60.0% 52.2% 50.9% -9.0%
Baptist 33,964 33,820 36,148 6.4% 19.4% 16.3% 15.8% -3.5%
Mainline Christian 32,784 35,788 29,375 -10.4% 18.7% 17.2% 12.9% -5.8%
Methodist 14,174 14,039 11,366 -19.8% 8.1% 6.8% 5.0% -3.1%
Lutheran 9,110 9,580 8,674 -4.8% 5.2% 4.6% 3.8% -1.4%
Presbyterian 4,985 5,596 4,723 -5.3% 2.8% 2.7% 2.1% -0.8%
Episcopalian/Anglican 3,043 3,451 2,405 -21.0% 1.7% 1.7% 1.1% -0.7%
United Church of Christ 438 1,378 736 68.0% 0.2% 0.7% 0.3% 0.1%
Christian Generic 25,980 22,546 32,441 24.9% 14.8% 10.8% 14.2% -0.6%
Jehovah's Witness 1,381 1,331 1,914 38.6% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.1%
Christian Unspecified 8,073 14,190 16,384 102.9% 4.6% 6.8% 7.2% 2.6%
Non-denominational Christian 194 2,489 8,032 4040.2% 0.1% 1.2% 3.5% 3.4%
Protestant - Unspecified 17,214 4,647 5,187 -69.9% 9.8% 2.2% 2.3% -7.5%
Evangelical/Born Again 546 1,088 2,154 294.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6%
Pentecostal/Charismatic 5,647 7,831 7,948 40.7% 3.2% 3.8% 3.5% 0.3%
Pentecostal - Unspecified 3,116 4,407 5,416 73.8% 1.8% 2.1% 2.4% 0.6%
Assemblies of God 617 1,105 810 31.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.0%
Church of God 590 943 663 12.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0%
Other Protestant Denominations 4,630 5,949 7,131 54.0% 2.6% 2.9% 3.1% 0.5%
Churches of Christ 1,769 2,593 1,921 8.6% 1.0% 1.2% 0.8% -0.2%
Seventh-Day Adventist 668 724 938 40.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.0%
Mormon/Latter-Day Saints 2,487 2,697 3,158 27.0% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 0.0%
Total non-Christian religions 5,853 7,740 8,796 50.3% 3.3% 3.7% 3.9% 0.5%
Jewish 3,137 2,837 2,680 -14.6% 1.8% 1.4% 1.2% -0.6%
Eastern Religions 687 2,020 1,961 185.4% 0.4% 1.0% 0.9% 0.5%
Buddhist 404 1,082 1,189 194.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3%
Muslim 527 1,104 1,349 156.0% 0.3% 0.5% 0.6% 0.3%
New Religious Movements & Others 1,296 1,770 2,804 116.4% 0.7% 0.9% 1.2% 0.5%
None/ No religion, total 14,331 29,481 34,169 138.4% 8.2% 14.2% 15.0% 6.8%
Agnostic+Atheist 1,186 1,893 3,606 204.0% 0.7% 0.9% 1.6% 0.9%
Did Not Know/ Refused to reply 4,031 11,300 11,815 193.1% 2.3% 5.4% 5.2% 2.9%

Marriage

In 2010, the median age for marriage for men was 27; for women, 26.[61]

Income

Main articles: Household income in the United States, Personal income in the United States, Affluence in the United States, and Income inequality in the United States

In 2006, the median household income in the United States was around $46,000. Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.

Median income levels
Households Persons, age 25 or older with earnings Household income by race
All households Dual earner
households		 Per household
member		 Males Females Both sexes Asian White,
non-hispanic		 Hispanic Black
$46,326 $67,348 $23,535 $39,403 $26,507 $32,140 $57,518 $48,977 $34,241 $30,134
Median personal income by educational attainment
Measure Some High School High school graduate Some college Associate's degree Bachelor's degree or higher Bachelor's degree Master's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree
Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings $20,321 $26,505 $31,054 $35,009 $49,303 $43,143 $52,390 $82,473 $70,853
Male, age 25+ w/ earnings $24,192 $32,085 $39,150 $42,382 $60,493 $52,265 $67,123 $100,000 $78,324
Female, age 25+ w/ earnings $15,073 $21,117 $25,185 $29,510 $40,483 $36,532 $45,730 $66,055 $54,666
Persons, age 25+, employed full-time $25,039 $31,539 $37,135 $40,588 $56,078 $50,944 $61,273 $100,000 $79,401
Household $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $73,446 $68,728 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830
Household income distribution
Bottom 10% Bottom 20% Bottom 25% Middle 33% Middle 20% Top 25% Top 20% Top 5% Top 1.5% Top 1%
$0 to $10,500 $0 to $18,500 $0 to $22,500 $30,000 to $62,500 $35,000 to $55,000 $77,500 and up $92,000 and up $167,000 and up $250,000 and up $350,000 and up
Source: US Census Bureau, 2006; income statistics for the year 2005

Social class

Main article: Social class in the United States

Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. Even their existence (when distinguished from economic strata) is controversial. The following table provides a summary of some currently prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:

Academic Class Models
Dennis Gilbert, 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 Leonard Beeghley, 2004
Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics
Capitalist class (1%) Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common. Upper class (1%) Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. The super-rich (0.9%) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.
Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy. Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000. The Rich (5%) Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.
Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%)		 College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar. Lower middle class (32%) Semi-professionals and craftsman with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.
Working class (30%) Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.
Working class (32%) Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. Working class
(ca. 40% - 45%)		 Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%) Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.
Lower class (ca. 14% - 20%) Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. The poor (ca. 12%) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.
References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Colins.


Health

In 2010, the average man weighed 194.7 pounds (88.3 kg); the average woman 164.7 pounds (74.7 kg).[62][dead link]

A nationwide study in 2010 indicated that 19.5% of teens, aged 12–19, have developed "slight" hearing loss. "Slight" was defined as an inability to hear at 16 to 24 decibels.[63]

Cohorts in the United States

A study by William Strauss and Neil Howe, in their books Generations and Fourth Turning, looked at generational similarities and differences going back to the 15th century and concluded that over 80 year spans, generations proceed through 4 stages of about 20 years each. The first phase consists of times of relative crisis and the people born during this period were called "artists". The next phase was a "high" period and those born in this period were called "prophets". The next phase was an "awakening period" and people born in this period were called "nomads". The final stage was the "unraveling period" and people born in this period were called "heroes". The most recent "high period" occurred in the 50s and 60s (hence baby boomers are the most recent crop of "prophets").

The most definitive recent study of the US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott (1989) in 1985 in which a broad sample of adults of all ages were asked, "What world events are especially important to you?"[64] They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency. When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings, seven (some put 8 or 9) distinct cohorts became evident. Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts (currently mainly alive in 2000-10):

  • Depression cohort (born from 1910/12 to 1919/21).
    • Distinction: Currently, they represent the largest number of senior citizens alive in any time of US history.
    • Memorable events: The Great Depression, high levels of unemployment, poverty, lack of creature comforts, financial uncertainty, peak of European immigration (though started from 1840 to ended by 1920), grew up during World War I, prohibitionism, radical politics, religious fundamentalism, shorter life spans, and stressed Americanization or acculturation into a common mainstream U.S. culture.
    • Key characteristics: strive for financial security, risk averse, waste-not-want-not attitude, strive for comfort, social cooperative, can be reactionary or hostile towards change, but are idealistic or progressive in improvements of quality of life.
  • Pre 'World War II cohort' (born from 1920/22 to 1927/28).
    • Distinction: Established American culture in the 20th century.
    • Memorable events: men left to go to war and some did not return, the personal experience of the war, women working in factories, focus on defeating a common enemy, unity of peoples in a country, sacrifice (i.e. food rations and donated material), devoted to the war effort, and placed white ethnics or those of Irish, Italian, Jewish and Southern or Eastern Europeans in prominence.
    • Key characteristics: the nobility of sacrifice for the common good, patriotism, socialism to a certain degree, team player, soldier, volunteerism, high work ethic, and experimental in social liberal attitudes but are generally more socially conservative.
  • World War II cohort (born from 1928/29 to 1943/45) - others subdivide them to Crash and New Deal cohorts.
    • Distinction: Second smallest generation born in US history, the birth rate peaked low due to the Depression.
    • Memorable events: sustained economic growth, social tranquility, The Cold War, McCarthyism, anti-communism, drug culture, conformity, the rise and peak of jazz music, fear of a nuclear war, and avoidance of discomfort with high emphasis of optimism.
    • Key characteristics: conformity, conservatism, patriotism, comparably religious or emphasized traditional values (i.e. manners or taboos) than younger cohorts (whom disagreed with them), traditional family values, but had the nuclear family replaced the multi-generational kind, known as the "Silent" majority/generation, and had the appearance of sameness or "cookie cutter" type of sameness.
  • Baby Boomer cohort #1[citation needed] (born from 1944/46 to 1953/55).
    • Distinction: One of two largest generations in size in US history.
    • Memorable events: assassinations of JFK, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Liberalism, political unrest, walk on the moon, Vietnam War, anti-war protests, social experimentation, sexual freedom, civil rights movement, environmental movement, women's movement, protests and riots, rise and peak of rock and roll, and experimentation with various intoxicating recreational substances.
    • Key characteristics: experimental, progressive, individualism, free spirited, social cause oriented, activism, social change, "Live and let live", "Do your own thing", Pacifism, Spiritualism, alternative lifestyles, deeply against racism as well sexism and ethnic prejudice, and first generation thought to demand an eradication of poverty by government programs (War on Poverty).
  • Boomer cohort #2 - "Generation Jones," born 1954/56-1965/67.
    • Distinction: The Peak years due to being children or teenagers when American power peaked in the global scene.
    • Memorable events: Watergate, Nixon resigns, the cold war, the oil embargo, raging inflation, Disco, gasoline shortages, the American hostage crisis of Iran (1979–81), the U.S. Bicentennial celebrations in the 1970s, and cultural shift from conservative to liberal to back into social conservative or social liberal phases.
    • Key characteristics: less optimistic, fatalistic, pragmatic, general cynicism, somewhat reactionary, an urge for things must change, born again Christian movement, yuppie social trends, challenged gender roles and racial stereotypes, and used drugs illegal since the early 1900s[65][66][67] thereby precipitating the modern War on Drugs in the 1970s and 80s.
  • Generation X cohort (born from 1965/66 to 1979/80).
    • Distinction: Dubbed Baby Bust they are the smallest generation born in US history.
    • Memorable events: Challenger explosion, Iran-Contra, Reaganomics, AIDS, Star Wars, MTV, home computers, video games, safe sex, divorce, single-parent families, end of Cold War-fall of Berlin Wall, Gulf War, 1992 L.A. Riots, 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing, the 1998 Bill Clinton-Monica Lewinski sex scandal, and the arrival of the year 2000: new century/ new millennium.
    • Key characteristics: quest for emotional security, independent, informality, entrepreneurial, paleoliberal or left-wing attitudes, fatalistic worldview, somewhat pessimist, many grew up in single-parent households and thought to be the first generation to live worse than their parents' cohorts.
  • Generation Y Cohort or Millennials (born from 1981/82 to 1998/99) - esp. anyone born before 1993/94 (currently over ages 16–18).
    • Distinction: Echo Boom they are second highest birth rate generation in US history.
    • Memorable events: The Death of Osama Bin laden, rise of the Internet, September 11 attacks, iPods, social network services, war on crime (reduced crime rates), cultural diversity, Afghanistan War and Iraq War, and affected by the 2008-09 global financial crisis or "Great Recession".
    • Key characteristics: acceptance of change, technically savvy, environmental issues, globally minded, neo-conservative comeback, ideal of a nanny state, stricter laws on minors, high tech surveillance of public places, political correctness, no expectation of military service, and increased local volunteerism or community service.
  • Generation Z also called Millennials or Y2K babies are the generation born after 1994/95 to the years 2000/01 are currently teenagers, but they may share some Generation Y characteristics. They happen to be more tolerant of social groups (i.e. homosexuality, gay rights and same-sex marriage), but have some right-wing traits when it comes to politics, religion and economics, due to their upbringing and parents' fiscal conservative values; And more likely not to move out on their own.

U.S. Demographic birth cohorts

Main article: Demographics of the United States
BR curve.GIF

The US Census Bureau generally[weasel words]considers the following demographic birth cohorts[citation needed] based on birth rate, which is statistically measurable:

  • Classics (born from 1900 to 1920)
    • (the last American cohort in which the population pyramid takes on the standard "step" form for males and females).
    • The Centenarian, Diamond, Golden Years or Silver Dollar are nicknames for these generational cohorts born in the late 19th century, but virtually died out.
  • Baby Bust (I) (born from 1921 to 1945)
    • early cohort (born from 1921 to 1933)
    • late cohort (born from 1934 to 1946)
  • Baby Boomers (born from 1946 to 1964)
    • Boomer Cohort #1 (born from 1946 to 1957)
    • Boomer Cohort #2 (born from 1957 to 1964)
  • GenX/Baby Bust (II) (born from 1964 to 1976)
  • GenY/Echo Boomers (born from 1976 to 1994)
    • Leading Edge (born from 1977 to 1990)
    • Trailing Edge (born from 1990 to 1994, or 1996)
  • Millennials (born from 1995 to 1999, or since 2000)

Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present, and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell-shaped curve (rather than a straight curve). The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as "pre-peak" (including peak year) and "post-peak". The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate. Although post-peak births (such as trailing edge boomers) are in decline, and sometimes referred to as a "bust", there are still a relative large number of births. The dearth-in-birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year, and those including and beyond, leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate. The Baby boom began around 1943 to 1946.

From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed. The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969, thus returning to pre-WWII levels, with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates. Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber's, Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn.[68] From 1962 to 1964, trend analysis points to 1965 as being the first year to return to baseline birth rates, possibly referring to this cohort as "Generation X". Then came "Generation Y" sometimes a second cohort of the Baby Bust era, and finally "Generation Z" are children of Generation X, although Z shares similar characteristics of Generation Y whom are akin to X-ers. But all of them are post-Boomers.

Demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[69]

Median age

36.8 years (male: 35.5 years, female: 38.1 years, 2010 est.)

Age structure

Further information: Children and adolescents in the United States
A population pyramid that shows the age of the population by sex in 2000.
0-14 years: 20.2% (male 31,639,127/female 30,305,704)
15–64 years: 67% (male 102,665,043/female 103,129,321)
65 years and over: 12.8% (male 16,901,232/female 22,571,696) (2010 est.)

Population growth rate

0.963% (2011 est.)

Birth rate

13.5 births/1,000 population (2010 est.). This is the lowest in a century. There were 4,136,000 births in 2009.[70]
13.9 births/1,000 population/year (Provisional Data for 2008)
14.3 births/1,000 population/year (Provisional Data for 2007)[71]

In 2009, Time magazine reported that 40% of births were to unmarried women.[72] The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births: 17% Asian mothers, 29% white, 53% Hispanics, 66% Native Americans, and 72% black.[73]

The drop in the birth rate from 2007 to 2009 is believed to be associated with the Late-2000s recession[74]

Death rate

8.38 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Immigration

13% of the population was foreign-born in 2009.[75]

Net migration rate

4.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)

Sex ratios

at birth: 1.048 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 6.22 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.11 years
male: 75.65 years
female: 80.69 years (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.06 children born/woman (2011 est.)

Unemployment rate

As of October 2011 the U6 unemployment rate is 16.2 percent. [76] The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full-time employment (the more familiar U-3 rate), but also counts "marginally attached workers and those working part-time for economic reasons." Note that some of these part-time workers counted as employed by U-3 could be working as little as an hour a week. And the "marginally attached workers" include those who have gotten discouraged and stopped looking, but still want to work. The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over.[77]


As of July 2011 the U.S. unemployment rate was 9.1 (U3 Rate) percent.[78]

Nationality

  • noun: American(s)
  • adjective: American

See also

Flag of the United States.svg United States portal
Income in the United States
Affluence in the United States
Household income in the United States
Income inequality in the United States
Personal income in the United States
Social class in the United States

Income by:

State (localities by state)
County (highest | lowest)
Metropolitan statistical area
Place (highest | lowest)
Urban areas
ZIP Code Tabulation Area

Lists:

Income:


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