Prohibitionism

Prohibitionism is a legal philosophy and political theory often used in lobbying which holds that citizens will abstain from actions if the actions are typed as unlawful (i.e. prohibited) and the prohibitions are enforced by law enforcement.C Canty, A Sutton. "Strategies for community-based drug law enforcement: From prohibition to harm reduction"; in T Stockwell, PJ Gruenewald, JW Toumbourou, WLoxley W, eds. "Preventing Harmful Substance Use: The Evidence Base for Policy and Practice." New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005. pp. 225-236.] This philosophy has been the basis for many acts of statutory law throughout history, most notably when a large group of a given population disapproves of and/or feels threatened by an activity in which a smaller group of that population engages, and seeks to render that activity legally prohibited.

Examples

Acts of prohibition have included prohibitions on types of clothing, prohibitions on gambling and exotic dancing, drug prohibition, the prohibition of alcohol (notably prohibition in the United States between 1919 and 1934 due to the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act), and tobacco use prohibitions.

Criticism

The success of a measure of prohibitionism has been criticized as often depending too much upon effective enforcement of the relevant legislation. This is said to be problematic, because the majority of the targets of prohibitionism are in the category of victimless crime, where the harm that comes from the crime is non-existent, questionable, or only to the person who performs the act. Enforcement becomes a conflict between violation of statue and violation of free will. Since the acts prohibited often are enjoyable, enforcement is often the most harmful choice to the individual. This sometimes results in laws which rarely are enforced by anybody who does not have a financial or personal motivation to do so.

The difficulty of enforcing prohibitionist laws also criticized as resulting in selective enforcement, wherein the enforcers select the people they wish to prosecute based on other criteria, resulting in discrimination based on races, culture, nationality, or financial status. For example, American philosopher Noam Chomsky has criticized drug prohibition as being a technique of social control of the "so-called dangerous classes." [ [http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20020208.htm Noam Chomsky, "On the War on Drugs", "Week Online", DRCNet, February 8, 2002] ]

Prohibitionism based laws have the added problem of calling attention to the behavior that they are attempting to prohibit. This can make the behavior interesting and exciting, and cause its popularity to increase.

See also

*Drug prohibition
*Gambling
*Gambling in the United States
*Lobbying
*Prohibition
*Prohibition in the United States
*Smokeasy
*Smoking ban
*Speakeasy
*Sumptuary law
*Temperance movement

Notes

External links

* [http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/cohen.rethinking.html Peter Cohen, "Re-thinking drug control policy - Historical perspectives and conceptual tools", United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1993]
* [http://www.co-psychiatry.com/pt/re/copsych/abstract.00001504-200305000-00002.htm;jsessionid=FWlXKXQcXtckn82dHCxvYnpwyL0BWM265CPn2d6Br07mpdC4hByC!641301743!-949856144!8091!-1 Simon Lenton, "Policy from a harm reduction perspective", "Current Opinion in Psychiatry" 16(3):271-277, May 2003]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJX-4834NV6-1&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2003&_alid=515922818&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6106&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dc2e357fd02e909e7ebeb54f3d867221 Harry G. Levine, "Global drug prohibition: its uses and crises", "International Journal of Drug Policy", 14(2): 145-153, April 2003] (journal article)
* [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v3/n11/full/nn1100_1073.html Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys] (journal article)
* [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(4p2ehk55t0yeb1avgc1zk5ve)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,1,14;journal,16,73;linkingpublicationresults,1:102207,1 Should cannabis be taxed and regulated?] (journal article)
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJX-497HGRX-4&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_alid=515930874&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6106&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=28cea442de84c7ed24f79eec3fe8fbe1#m4.1 Learning from history: a review of David Bewley-Taylor's The United States and International Drug Control, 1909–1997] (journal article)
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJX-3WV9N0M-6&_coverDate=06%2F01%2F1999&_alid=515930889&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6106&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=50eb60d3e2572dc5349790fc42c0d7ac Shifting the main purposes of drug control: from suppression to regulation of use]
* [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1997.929114312.x/abs/ Setting goals for drug policy: harm or use reduction?]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJX-4834NV6-3&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2003&_alid=515930956&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6106&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=10a00293bbea846a04ceae5de3df159a Prohibition, pragmatism and drug policy repatriation]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJX-4834NV6-2&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2003&_alid=515930973&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6106&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5e3c3ce3a938992e56b558c58b5958c5 Challenging the UN drug control conventions: problems and possibilities]
* [http://scholar.google.com/url?sa=U&q=http://www.delta.ens.fr/clark/ecleg.pdf The Economics of Drug Legalization]