CD31

Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule
Identifiers
Symbols	PECAM1; CD31; FLJ34100; FLJ58394; PECAM-1
External IDs	OMIM: 173445 MGI: 97537 HomoloGene: 47925 GeneCards: PECAM1 Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • protein binding Cellular component • extracellular space • plasma membrane • plasma membrane • integral to membrane • cell junction • platelet alpha granule membrane Biological process • platelet degranulation • phagocytosis • cell adhesion • signal transduction • blood coagulation • cell recognition • platelet activation • leukocyte migration • diapedesis Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5175	18613
Ensembl	ENSG00000256277	ENSMUSG00000020717
UniProt	P16284	Q8CAW4
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000442.4	NM_001032378
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000433.4	NP_001027550
Location (UCSC)	Chr HG183_PATCH: 62.4 – 62.47 Mb	Chr 11: 106.52 – 106.61 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in human is encoded by the PECAM1 gene found on chromosome 17.^[1][2][3][4] PECAM-1 plays a key role in removing aged neutrophils from the body.

Function

PECAM-1 is found on the surface of platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and some types of T-cells, and makes up a large portion of endothelial cell intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is likely involved in leukocyte migration, angiogenesis, and integrin activation.^[1]

Tissue distribution

CD-31 is normally found on endothelial cells, platelets, macrophages and Kupffer cells, granulocytes, T / NK cells, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes, osteoclasts, neutrophils.

CD-31 is also expressed in certain tumors, including epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendothelioma, other vascular tumors, histiocytic malignancies, and plasmacytomas. It is rarely found in some sarcomas and carcinomas.

Immunohistochemistry

Micrograph of an angiosarcoma stained with a CD31 immunostain.

In immunohistochemistry, CD31 is used primarily to demonstrate the presence of endothelial cells in histological tissue sections. This can help to evaluate the degree of tumour angiogenesis, which can imply a rapidly growing tumour. Malignant endothelial cells also commonly retain the antigen, so that CD31 immunohistochemistry can also be used to demonstrate both angiomas and angiosarcomas. It can also be demonstrated in small lymphocytic and lymphoblastic lymphomas, although more specific markers are available for these conditions.^[5]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Entrez Gene: platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5175. 
2. ^ Newman PJ, Berndt MC, Gorski J, White GC, Lyman S, Paddock C, Muller WA (March 1990). "PECAM-1 (CD31) cloning and relation to adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily". Science 247 (4947): 1219–22. doi:10.1126/science.1690453. PMID 1690453. 
3. ^ Gumina RJ, Kirschbaum NE, Rao PN, vanTuinen P, Newman PJ (June 1996). "The human PECAM1 gene maps to 17q23". Genomics 34 (2): 229–32. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0272. PMID 8661055. 
4. ^ Xie Y, Muller WA (October 1996). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the mouse platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1) to mouse chromosome 6, region F3-G1". Genomics 37 (2): 226–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0546. PMID 8921400. 
5. ^ Leong, Anthony S-Y; Cooper, Kumarason; Leong, F Joel W-M (2003). Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2 ed.). Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd.. p. 103. ISBN 1-84110-100-1. 

Further reading

• Jackson DE (2003). "The unfolding tale of PECAM-1.". FEBS Lett. 540 (1-3): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00224-2. PMID 12681475. 
• Newman PJ, Newman DK (2004). "Signal transduction pathways mediated by PECAM-1: new roles for an old molecule in platelet and vascular cell biology.". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23 (6): 953–64. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000071347.69358.D9. PMID 12689916. 
• Ilan N, Madri JA (2004). "PECAM-1: old friend, new partners.". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15 (5): 515–24. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(03)00100-5. PMID 14519385. 
• Wong MX, Jackson DE (2004). "Regulation of B cell activation by PECAM-1: implications for the development of autoimmune disorders.". Curr. Pharm. Des. 10 (2): 155–61. doi:10.2174/1381612043453504. PMID 14754395. 
• Kalinowska A, Losy J (2007). "PECAM-1, a key player in neuroinflammation.". Eur. J. Neurol. 13 (12): 1284–90. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01640.x. PMID 17116209. 
• Stockinger H, Gadd SJ, Eher R, et al. (1991). "Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the leukocyte surface protein CD31.". J. Immunol. 145 (11): 3889–97. PMID 1700999. 
• Albelda SM, Muller WA, Buck CA, Newman PJ (1991). "Molecular and cellular properties of PECAM-1 (endoCAM/CD31): a novel vascular cell-cell adhesion molecule.". J. Cell Biol. 114 (5): 1059–68. doi:10.1083/jcb.114.5.1059. PMC 2289123. PMID 1874786. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2289123. 
• Simmons DL, Walker C, Power C, Pigott R (1990). "Molecular cloning of CD31, a putative intercellular adhesion molecule closely related to carcinoembryonic antigen.". J. Exp. Med. 171 (6): 2147–52. doi:10.1084/jem.171.6.2147. PMC 2187965. PMID 2351935. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2187965. 
• Kirschbaum NE, Gumina RJ, Newman PJ (1995). "Organization of the gene for human platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 shows alternatively spliced isoforms and a functionally complex cytoplasmic domain.". Blood 84 (12): 4028–37. PMID 7994021. 
• Tang DG, Chen YQ, Newman PJ, et al. (1993). "Identification of PECAM-1 in solid tumor cells and its potential involvement in tumor cell adhesion to endothelium.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (30): 22883–94. PMID 8226797. 
• Behar E, Chao NJ, Hiraki DD, et al. (1996). "Polymorphism of adhesion molecule CD31 and its role in acute graft-versus-host disease.". N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (5): 286–91. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602013340502. PMID 8532023. 
• Lu TT, Yan LG, Madri JA (1996). "Integrin engagement mediates tyrosine dephosphorylation on platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (21): 11808–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11808. PMC 38140. PMID 8876219. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=38140. 
• Almendro N, Bellón T, Rius C, et al. (1997). "Cloning of the human platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 promoter and its tissue-specific expression. Structural and functional characterization.". J. Immunol. 157 (12): 5411–21. PMID 8955189. 
• Jackson DE, Ward CM, Wang R, Newman PJ (1997). "The protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 binds platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and forms a distinct signaling complex during platelet aggregation. Evidence for a mechanistic link between PECAM-1- and integrin-mediated cellular signaling.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 6986–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.11.6986. PMID 9054388. 
• Famiglietti J, Sun J, DeLisser HM, Albelda SM (1997). "Tyrosine residue in exon 14 of the cytoplasmic domain of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) regulates ligand binding specificity.". J. Cell Biol. 138 (6): 1425–35. doi:10.1083/jcb.138.6.1425. PMC 2132561. PMID 9298995. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2132561. 
• Deaglio S, Morra M, Mallone R, et al. (1998). "Human CD38 (ADP-ribosyl cyclase) is a counter-receptor of CD31, an Ig superfamily member.". J. Immunol. 160 (1): 395–402. PMID 9551996. http://www.jimmunol.org/content/160/1/395.full. 
• Coukos G, Makrigiannakis A, Amin K, et al. (1999). "Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed by a subpopulation of human trophoblasts: a possible mechanism for trophoblast-endothelial interaction during haemochorial placentation.". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 4 (4): 357–67. doi:10.1093/molehr/4.4.357. PMID 9620836. 
• Cao MY, Huber M, Beauchemin N, et al. (1998). "Regulation of mouse PECAM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation by the Src and Csk families of protein-tyrosine kinases.". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (25): 15765–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15765. PMID 9624175. 

External links

• Mouse CD Antigen Chart
• Human CD Antigen Chart