TLR 3

TLR 3

TLR 3 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. Discovered in 2001,cite journal | author = Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA | title = Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3 | journal = Nature | volume = 413 | issue = 6857 | pages = 732–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11607032 | doi = 10.1038/35099560 | issn = ] TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a form of genetic information carried by some viruses such as reoviruses. Upon recognition, TLR 3 induces the activation of NF-kB to increase production of type I interferons which signal other cells to increase their antiviral defenses. Double-stranded RNA is also recognised by the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I and MDA-5. TLR3 has also been designated as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283).

tructure

The structure of TLR3 was reported in June 2005 by researchers at The Scripps Research Institute.cite journal | author = Choe J, Kelker MS, Wilson IA | title = Crystal structure of human toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain | journal = Science | volume = 309 | issue = 5734 | pages = 581–5 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15961631 | doi = 10.1126/science.1115253 | issn = ] TLR3 forms a large horseshoe shape that contacts with a neighboring horseshoe, forming a "dimer" of two horseshoes. Much of the TLR3 protein surface is covered with sugar molecules, making it a glycoprotein, but on one face (including the proposed interface between the two horseshoes), there is a large sugar-free surface. This surface also contains two distinct patches rich in positively-charged amino acids, which may be a binding site for negatively-charged double-stranded RNA.

Despite being a glycoprotein, TLR3 crystallises readily - a prerequisite for structural analysis by x-ray crystallography.

References

Further reading

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*cite journal | author=Lien E, Ingalls RR |title=Toll-like receptors. |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=30 |issue= 1 Suppl |pages= S1–11 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11782555 |doi=10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001

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