Moscow

This article is about the capital of Russia. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation).

Moscow
Москва (Russian)
—  Federal city  —
Top: St. Basil's Cathedral, Spasskaya Clocktower Center: Kotelnicheskaya Embankment building, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculpture Bottom: Moscow International Business Center
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: My Moscow
Coordinates: 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.75°N 37.617°E / 55.75; 37.617Coordinates: 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.75°N 37.617°E / 55.75; 37.617
Political status
Country	Russia
Federal district	Central[1]
Economic region	Central[2]
Established	Before 1147[3]
Federal city Day	The first Saturday and Sunday of September[4]
Government (as of March 2010)
- Mayor[5]	Sergey Sobyanin[5]
- Legislature	City Duma[6]
Statistics
Area [7]
- Total	1,091 km2 (421.2 sq mi)
Area rank	83rd
Population (2010 Census)[8]
- Total	11,514,330
- Rank	1st
- Density	10,553.92 /km2 (27,334.5 /sq mi)
Population (2002 Census)
- Total	10,382,754
- Rank	1st
- Density	9,516.73 /km2 (24,648.2 /sq mi)
Time zone(s)	MSD (UTC+04:00)[9]
ISO 3166-2	RU-MOW
License plates	77, 99, 97, 177, 199, 197
Official languages	Russian[10]
http://www.mos.ru

Moscow (English pronunciation: /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva, IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost city on Earth to have a population above 10,000,000, the most populous city in Europe, and the sixth largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 census, is 11,514,330.^[11] Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow had 79 billionaires, displacing New York as the city with the greatest number of billionaires.^[12]

Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.

The city is served by an extensive transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railroad terminals, and the Moscow Metro, second only to Tokyo in terms of ridership and recognised as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich and varied architecture of its 182 stations.

Over time, Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (Третий Рим), The Whitestone One (Белокаменная), The First Throne (Первопрестольная), The Forty Forties (Сорок Сороков). In old Russian the word "Сорок" (forty) also meant a church administrative district, which consisted of about forty churches.The demonym for a Moscow resident is Moskvitch, rendered in English as Muscovite.^[13]

History

See also: History of Moscow

Moscow (Russian Empire) in 1908

The city is named after the river (old Russian: гра́д Моско́в, literally "the city by the Moskva River"). The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Yuri Dolgorukiy called upon the prince of the Novgorod-Severski to "come to me, brother, to Moscow."^[3]

Nine years later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy of Rostov ordered the construction of a wooden wall, the Kremlin, which had to be rebuilt multiple times, to surround the emerging city.^[14] After the sacking of 1237–1238, when the Mongols burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and became the capital of the independent Vladimir-Suzdal principality in 1327.^[15] Its favorable position on the headwaters of the Volga River contributed to steady expansion. Moscow developed into a stable and prosperous principality, known as Grand Duchy of Moscow, for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia.

Under Ivan I of Moscow the city replaced Tver as a political center of Vladimir-Suzdal and became the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol-Tatar rulers. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan. Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed intact to his eldest. Moscow's opposition against foreign domination grew. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo. The battle, however, was not decisive and only two years later Moscow was sacked by khan Tokhtamysh. Ivan III, in 1480, finally broke the Russians free from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the center of power in Russia.^[16] Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia and other lands.

In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin.^[17]

Kremlevskaya Naberezhnaya and Moscow skyline

In 1609, the Swedish army led by Count Jacob De la Gardie and Evert Horn started their march from Great Novgorod toward Moscow to help Tsar Vasili Shuiski, entered Moscow in 1610 and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but left it early in 1611, following which the Polish–Lithuanian army invaded. During the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski entered Moscow after defeating the Russians in the Battle of Klushino. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.^[18] The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in 1712, after the founding of Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great near the Baltic coast in 1703. The Plague of 1771 was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming up to 100,000 lives in Moscow alone. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Muscovites burned the city and evacuated, as Napoleon’s forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon’s Grande Armée, plagued by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 died in the adventure and only a few tens of thousands of ravaged troops returned.^[19]

French invasion of Russia in 1812, Fire of Moscow, painting of Smirnov A.F., 1813

In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first official mayor. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, on 12 March 1918^[20] Moscow became the capital of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and of the Soviet Union less than five years later.^[21] During World War II (the period from June 22, 1941, to May 9, 1945 known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War), after the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviet State Defense Committee and the General Staff of the Red Army was located in Moscow.

Red Square, painting of Fedor Alekseev, 1802

In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. That November, the German Army Group Center was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be under siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. Joseph Stalin refused to leave the city, meaning the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well. Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of Moscow's metro system continued through the war, and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened.

Map of Moscow, 1784

Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Therefore, total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.^[22][23][24]

On 1 May 1944, a medal For the defense of Moscow and in 1947 another medal In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow were instituted. In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, on May 8, 1965, Moscow became one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the title of Hero City.

In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which was boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991, Moscow was the scene of the failed coup attempt by the government members opposed to the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev. When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital of Russia.

Since then, the emergence of a market economy in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. In 1998, it hosted the first World Youth Games.

A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867. Image with notes.

Geography and climate

Location

Satellite image of Moscow and suburbs

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km through the East European Plain in central Russia. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. Elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre (VVC), where the head Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 m (512 ft). The highest point is Teplostanskaya highland at 255 m (837 ft).^[25] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.7 km (32.1 mi).

Moscow's road system is centered roughly around the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally radiate outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th century city wall around that used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town).^[15] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that goes from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior to the Yauza River. In addition, the Boulevard Ring changes street names numerous times throughout its journey across the city.

The second primary ring, located outside the bell end Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th century wall that used to encompass part of the city.^[15] The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.

The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction to further reduce traffic congestion. The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Automobile Ring Road (often called the MKAD from the Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the approximate boundary of the city. Outside the city, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits.

Time

Main article: Moscow Time

Time zones of Europe

Moscow serves as the reference point for the timezone used in most of Central Russia, including Saint Petersburg. The areas operate in what is referred to as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК), which is 4 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+4. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.

  Moscow Time (UTC+4)

Climate

Main article: Climate of Moscow

Moscow has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around 23 °C (73 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often top 30 °C (86 °F)—sometimes for a week or a two at a time. In the winter, temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though there can be periods of warmth with temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)^[26] at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on 29 July 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave. At the new averages 1981–2010 mean temperature of July is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). The lowest ever recorded was −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) in January 1940. Snow cover (present for 3–5 months a year) typically begins at the end of November and melts by mid-March.

Monthly rainfall totals vary minimally throughout the year, although the precipitation levels tend to be higher during the summer than during the winter. Due to the significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer months as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels during the summer, Moscow is considered to be within a continental climate zone.

The average annual temperature in Moscow is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) (1981–2010), but for the last two years (2007–2008) the annual temperature has averaged above 7 °C (45 °F).^[27] In contrast, during the first half of the 20th century, Moscow experienced light frost during the late summer months.^[28]

On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying between a low of 8% in December to 52% in May–August.^[29] In 2004–2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with tends to more sunshine in summer months^[30]

Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1971–2000, records 1879 – the present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	8.6 (47.5)	8.3 (46.9)	17.5 (63.5)	28.0 (82.4)	33.2 (91.8)	34.9 (94.8)	38.2 (100.8)	37.3 (99.1)	32.3 (90.1)	24.0 (75.2)	14.5 (58.1)	9.6 (49.3)	38.2 (100.8)
Average high °C (°F)	−4.9 (23.2)	−3.5 (25.7)	2.2 (36.0)	10.8 (51.4)	18.2 (64.8)	22.1 (71.8)	23.2 (73.8)	21.3 (70.3)	15.1 (59.2)	8.1 (46.6)	0.6 (33.1)	−3.1 (26.4)	9.2
Daily mean °C (°F)	−7.5 (18.5)	−6.7 (19.9)	−1.4 (29.5)	6.3 (43.3)	12.8 (55.0)	17.1 (62.8)	18.4 (65.1)	16.4 (61.5)	10.8 (51.4)	5.0 (41.0)	−1.6 (29.1)	−5.6 (21.9)	5.4
Average low °C (°F)	−10.3 (13.5)	−9.9 (14.2)	−4.7 (23.5)	2.1 (35.8)	7.4 (45.3)	12.0 (53.6)	13.8 (56.8)	12.0 (53.6)	7.0 (44.6)	2.0 (35.6)	−3.7 (25.3)	−7.9 (17.8)	1.7
Record low °C (°F)	−42.2 (−44)	−38.2 (−37)	−32.4 (−26)	−21 (−6)	−7.5 (18.5)	−2.3 (27.9)	1.3 (34.3)	−1.2 (29.8)	−8.5 (16.7)	−16.1 (3.0)	−32.8 (−27)	−38.8 (−38)	−42.2 (−44)
Precipitation mm (inches)	52 (2.05)	41 (1.61)	35 (1.38)	37 (1.46)	51 (2.01)	80 (3.15)	85 (3.35)	82 (3.23)	68 (2.68)	71 (2.8)	54 (2.13)	51 (2.01)	707 (27.83)
% humidity	83	80	74	67	64	70	74	77	81	81	84	85	76.7
Avg. rainy days	0.8	0.7	3	9	13	14	15	15	15	12	6	2	105.5
Avg. snowy days	18	15	9	1	0.1	0	0	0	0.1	2	10	17	72.2
Sunshine hours	33	72	128	170	265	279	271	238	147	78	32	18	1,731
Source: [31] [32] [33][34]

Moscow, being in northern hemisphere middle latitudes, is one of places of a planet with the most expressed signs of global warming. Thus the climate becomes less stable, but the mid-annual temperature is growing. So, the period July - beginning of August has considerably become warmer, during this period in a city the periods of an extreme heat are often observed (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2011), thus in the end of January-February is observed colder (2006, 2010, 2011). Last decade was the warmest in history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Climate changes of Moscow are designated now on the table more low:

Climate data for Moscow (period 2001-2011, Vnukovo airport)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	−4.8 (23.4)	−5.1 (22.8)	2.7 (36.9)	11.4 (52.5)	18.9 (66.0)	21.6 (70.9)	26.0 (78.8)	23.0 (73.4)	16.7 (62.1)	8.6 (47.5)	2.1 (35.8)	−3.4 (25.9)	9.81 (49.65)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−6.4 (20.5)	−7.6 (18.3)	−0.8 (30.6)	6.8 (44.2)	13.6 (56.5)	16.7 (62.1)	20.8 (69.4)	18.2 (64.8)	12.5 (54.5)	6.1 (43.0)	0.5 (32.9)	−4.9 (23.2)	6.29 (43.33)
Average low °C (°F)	−8.2 (17.2)	−10.1 (13.8)	−4.1 (24.6)	2.2 (36.0)	8.2 (46.8)	11.8 (53.2)	15.6 (60.1)	13.4 (56.1)	8.4 (47.1)	3.6 (38.5)	−0.9 (30.4)	−6.5 (20.3)	2.78 (37.01)
Sunshine hours	37	65	142	213	274	299	323	242	171	89	33	14	1,902
Source: www.weatheronline.co.uk "www.weatheronline.co.uk". http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0004&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=7&LYY=2011&NOREGION=1. Retrieved 2011.

Demographics

Population

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	±%
1897	1,038,625	—
1926	2,019,500	+94.4%
1939	4,137,000	+104.9%
1959	5,032,000	+21.6%
1970	6,941,961	+38.0%
1979	7,830,509	+12.8%
1989	8,769,117	+12.0%
2002	10,382,754	+18.4%
2010	11,514,330	+10.9%
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.

Population of Moscow (1350–2009)^{[citation needed]}

Red Square has long been one of the city's most important meeting places

According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, the population of Moscow was 11,514,330;^[11] up from 10,382,754 recorded in the 2002 Census.^[8]

At the time of the official 2002 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city was:

• East Slavic: 9,121,573 (87.853%)
  • Russian: 8,808,009 (84.833%)
  • Ukrainian: 253,644 (2.401%)
  • Belarusian: 59,353 (0.572%)
• Caucasus ethnicities (not to be confused with Caucasians as a race): 326,385 (3.144%)
  • Armenian: 124,425 (1.198%)
  • Azeri: 95,563 (0.920%)
  • Georgian: 54,551 (0.525%)
  • Chechen: 14,481 (0.139%)
  • Ossetians: 10,581 (0.102%)
• Volga Turk and Finnic peoples: 217,467 (2.095%)
  • Tatar: 166,177 (1.600%)
  • Mordvin: 23,970 (0.231%)
  • Chuvash: 16,011 (0.154%)
• Central Asian: 87,656 (0.844%)
  • Tajik: 35,385 (0.381%)
  • Uzbek: 24,321 (0.234%)
• Jewish (i.e. Ashkenazi): 79,359 (0.764%)
• Asian: 0.84%
• Did not state an ethnicity: 417,126 (4.018%)

The official population of Moscow is taken from those holding "permanent residency." According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow also contains 1,800,000 official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation. The number of unofficial guests, those without proper documentation, is estimated to be an additional 1,000,000 people.^[35]

Religion

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, demolished during the Soviet period, was reconstructed during 1990–2000.

Main article: Religion in Russia

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular. Moscow is Russia's capital of Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country’s traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.^[36] Other religions practiced in Moscow include Islam, Protestantism, Old-believers, Single-believers and Judaism.^[37]

The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 1600 churches"—"город сорока сороков церквей"—prior to 1917. In 1918 Russia became a secular state and religion lost its position in society. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored and traditional religions are gaining popularity.

While Muslim population is estimated at 1.2–1.5 million^[38] (out of a total of 10.5 million), there were only four mosques in the city as of 2010. Though one additional mosque has been approved in the southeast, anti-mosque activists have blocked construction.^[39] Some nationalists have called for a "clean" Moscow, without Muslims and foreigners.^[38]

Cityscape

View as seen from Sparrow Hills: Moscow-City, Moskva River, Luzhniki Stadium, Luzhnetsky Metro Bridge, Building of Russian Academy of Sciences

View from the former factory building of the "Red October"

Architecture

New Arbat Avenue on Victory day

The Shukhov Tower in Moscow. Currently under threat of demolition, the tower is at the top of UNESCO's Endangered Buildings list and there is an international campaign to save it.^[40]

Moscow high-rise buildings

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well known as the site of Saint Basil’s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters.

For most of its history, Moscow was dominated by its numerous Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during the Soviet period, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin's large-scale effort to modernize the city. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's reforms was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as numerous mansions and commercial buildings lining the major streets. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular, totalitarian nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in many cases were some of Moscow's oldest buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. While the 1990s, both the latter were rebuilt (amid criticism due to the high costs and lack of historical perspective), many smaller churches were permanently lost.^[41]

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Also prominent was Vladimir Shukhov, responsible for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov, was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.^[42] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square,^[42] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

Triumphal arch on Kutuzov Avenue

Shchusev State Museum of Architecture

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so called Seven Sisters, comprising seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most elevations in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the tallest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world’s fourth-tallest after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Canton Tower in Guangzhou and the CN Tower in Toronto.^[43]

The Soviet policy of providing mandatory housing for every citizen and his or her family, and the rapid growth of the Muscovite population in Soviet times, also led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks, which can often be differentiated by age, sturdiness of construction, or ‘style’ according to the neighborhood and the materials used. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.) and they are usually ill-maintained.

The Stalinist-era constructions, usually in the central city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches–almost always Eastern Orthodox–found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street, a popular tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These revamped structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for their disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced.^[44] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as “false teeth of Moscow” and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "house-museums" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction.

In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years^[45] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.^[46] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics also blame the government for not applying the conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.^[47] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov^[48] and Mayakovskaya metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society and Save Europe's Heritage, are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.^[49]

Parks and landmarks

See also: List of Moscow tourist attractions

Tsaritsyno Park and palace.

Novodevichy Convent is one of the World Heritage Sites.

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including 4 botanical gardens. There are also 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests.^[50] Moscow is a very green city if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and America. There are on average 27 square metres (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.^[51]

The Central Park of Culture and Rest, named after Maxim Gorky, was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres / 170 acres)^[51] along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchniy Garden (408,000 square metres / 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former Emperor's residence, created as a result of integration of three estates of 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theatre, one of the largest open amphitheatres in Europe and able to hold up to 15 thousand people.^[52]

Ascension church in Kolomenskoye, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Izmaylovsky Park created in 1931 is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York.^[51]

Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). From a central circle with a large fountain radiate birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's deer ponds.

Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is also known as the "city taiga", where elk can be seen.

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.^[53] It covers territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand of different species of plants from different parts of the world as well as scientific research laboratory. It also contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest with average age of trees exceeding 100 years as well as a greenhouse on more than 5000 square meters.^[51]

Ostankino Palace.

All-Russian Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is in fact one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of recreational park areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or one of USSR's republics. Even though, during 1990s, it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping centre (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema.

Lilac Park, founded in 1958, is known for its permanent sculpture exposition and a large rosarium.

Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the better known attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,^[54] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.^[55] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.^[56]

"Friendship of Nations" fountain in All-Russia Exhibition Center.

Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden called "the graveyard of fallen monuments" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other popular attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden of nearly a thousands species and more than 6,500 specimens.^[57] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.^[57]

Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

Moscow Rings

During the time of Stalin, decided to create a form of circular roads around the walls of the Kremlin. In the 1950s the MKAD was established as the city limits until the fall of the Soviet Union.

Life and culture

Overview

The Bolshoi Theatre during an April 2005 performance

Moscow International House of Music

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.^[58] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses the works of the classic Russian tradition.^[59] The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found in the Old Tretyakov Gallery. Visitors can even see rare originals by early-15th century iconographer Andrei Rublev.^[59] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary artists, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, Marina Tsvetaeva's father. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of world civilisations, with many plaster casts of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts famous paintings from every major Western era of art; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are all sampled there.

Moscow State Historical Museum

The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers in the millions. The Polytechnical Museum,^[60] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata of the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.^[61] The Borodino Panorama^[62] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon’s army, that includes also the Triumphal arch erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum not to be missed, it includes statues, military hardware, along with powerful tales of that time.

The Red Army Theatre was built in the shape of a star

Moscow is also the heart of Russian performing arts, including ballet and film. There are ninety-three theatres, 132 cinemas and twenty-four concert-halls in Moscow. Among Moscow’s many theatres and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre. The repertories in a typical Moscow season are exhaustive and modern interpretations of classic works, whether operatic or theatrical, are quite common. State Central Concert Hall Rossia,^[63] famous for ballet and estrade performances, is the place of frequent concerts of pop and rock stars and is situated in the soon to be demolished building of Hotel Rossiya, the largest hotel in Europe.

Tretyakov Gallery

Moscow International Performance Arts Center,^[64] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It also has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

Bolshoi Theatre.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard^[65] named after Yuri Nikulin.

Memorial Museum of Astronautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

Soviet films are integral to film history and the Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many Soviet classic films as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.^[66] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema^[67] collection are shown regularly.

the Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the kremlin area.

Sport

Moscow possesses a large number of various sport facilities and over 500 Olympic champions lived in the city by 2005.^[68] Moscow is home to sixty-three stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, and the 1980 Summer Olympics). Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including twenty-four with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's 1st indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championships twice.^[69] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010.^[70] There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow,^[50] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome,^[71] founded in 1834, is the largest.

Lokomotiv Stadium

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, although the yachting events were held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large athletic facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had also made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were finally awarded to London.

The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the Basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Another strong Basketball club from Moscow is MBC Dynamo Moscow.

Central Moscow Hippodrome façade.

Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city. Some of them were the best players in the world.

The most titled Volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.

In football, FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team, and were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Union. PFC CSKA Moscow was the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title. FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are the other professional football teams based in Moscow.

Moscow houses several equally prominent and award-winning football, ice hockey, basketball and many other sports teams, which is rather unusual for Russia as well as the world. Because sports organisations in Soviet Union were highly centralized in the first place, two of the best-manned Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo) and a Union-wide selection (there were "army" and "police" teams in most major cities) and Moscow being the centre of both the sports organisations, DoD and police headquarters, Spartak, CSKA and Dinamo were equally most prestigious, well-manned and funded teams in USSR.

The Khodynka Arena ice palace, built in 2006.

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a large following as well. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiers and frozen ponds for skaters.

Moscow also hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is regarded as a very prestigious tournament and is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011. The Luzhniki Stadium will host the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.

In bandy one of the most successful clubs in the world is Dynamo Moscow.^{[citation needed]}

One of the best^{[weasel words]} Futsal clubs in Europe, is the club MFK Dinamo Moskva.

Fountain in Moscow's Square of Europe, lit at night

Russia was given the right to host the 2018 World Cup, and in Moscow, the Luzhniki Stadium will have an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that will be built; the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium, along with another stadium built in the Moscow region, will together have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats.

Night life

There is a vibrant night life in Moscow.

The city is full different kind of clubs, restaurants and bars. There is an opening every two weeks and the night life scene changes all the time. There are different levels of venues but certainly is worthy to check out the VIP nightlife. Moscow city center and Rublevka (richest area of the city) is full of luxury places where Russians new riches, oligarchs and many foreigners spend their night out until the morning.

Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upscale boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley.^[72] Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today has many of the world's largest nightclubs.

Administrative divisions and government

View from the Seven Sisters in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's highrise office (the former Comecon headquarters) is to the left, the Russian government building to the right

Government

Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the center of the city, in Central Administrative Okrug, is the Moscow Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of Russia as well as many of the facilities for the national government. This includes numerous military headquarters and the headquarters of the Moscow Military District. Moscow, like with any national capital, is also the host of all the foreign embassies and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia. Moscow is designated as one of only two Federal cities of Russia (the other one being Saint Petersburg). Among the 83 federal subjects of Russia, Moscow represents the most populated one and the smallest one in terms of area. Lastly, Moscow is located within the central economic region, one of twelve regions within Russia with similar economic goals.

Administrative divisions

Administrative okrugs of Moscow: 1. City of Zelenograd 2. Northern 3. North-Eastern 4. North-Western 5. Central 6. Eastern 7. Southern 8. South-Eastern 9. South-Western 10. Western

Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow

Northern part of Moscow with Ostankino Tower, Monument to the Conquerors of Space and Prospekt Mira

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into 10 administrative okrugs and 123 districts.

The Russian capital's specific town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century, when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with the medieval principles of urban development, when strong fortress walls would gradually gird along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defense walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for future town-planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (earthwork town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Automobile Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd.

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as the head officials.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations, such as the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Center, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.^[73]

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is administratively separate from the oblast.^[74]

Economy

See also: Economy of Russia

Overview

GUM department store exterior facing Red Square.

Moscow is one of largest city economies in Europe and it comprises approximately 22% of Russian GDP.^[75] As of 2009 Moscow economy reached 7.16 trl roubles ^[76] ($225 bln ^[77]).

Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all federal subjects of Russia, standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average of 7%. The average monthly wage in the city is 41,600 roubles (€1,070), which is almost twice the national average of 21,800 rubles (€560), and the fourth highest among the federal subjects of Russia.^[78]

Moscow is the undisputed financial centre of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as Russia's largest company Gazprom. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity.^[78][79] Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, various business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use.

The upper trading rows at GUM near Red Square

However, while the overall stability has improved in the recent years, crime and corruption continue to remain a problem hindering business development.

The Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe with daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand sellers^[80] from different countries (including China, Turkey, Azerbaijan and India). It was administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city.It is closed from 1 July 2009.

In 2008, Moscow had 74 billionaires with average wealth of $5.9 billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However, in 2009, there are only 27 billionaires in Moscow compared with New York's 55 billionaires. Overall, Russia lost 52 billionaires during the recession List of Russian billionaires by net worth.^[81] Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in 2nd place. Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" (ONÈKSIM) group, owns huge assets in hidrogenium energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 45-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st of this list in 2008 with $28 billion, in 2009 is only 10th with $3.5 billion. Based on Forbes' 2011 list of the world's billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world with 79 from 115 of all in Russia.^[82]

The nouveau riche, also called the "New Russians", often pejoratively, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the avenues for doing so, and subtly, have also increased in recent times—a sense of fashion and self-consciousness has instilled itself through the many haute couture and haute cuisine spots in Moscow.

Industry

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces reliable military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie", produced by this factory.

The OKB Sukhoi aircraft design bureau is based in Moscow

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery^[83] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing various vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while a wide assortment of wines are produced at several Moscow wine plants, including Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.^[84] The Moscow Jewelry Factory^[85] and the Jewellerprom^[86] are important producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the famous and exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. There are also many other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as many microelectronic industries in Zelenograd.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company, has head office also in Moscow, as well as many other oil, gas and electricity companies.

ZiL street sprinkler in Moscow

Moscow also hosts headquarters of various software development companies, including such as:

• 1C Company—business software and games producer
• ABBYY software house—developer of text recognition and translation software,
• Akella—game developer company
• Kaspersky Lab—worldwide-known producer of anti-virus software,

Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of Moscow to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, the city of Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centers.

Living costs

Patriarshiye ponds, one of Moscow's most prestigious residential areas

During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

Due to the current economic situation, the price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay US$4000 in average per square meter (11 sq ft) in the outskirts of the city^[87] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.^[88][89][90] It costs about US$2500 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and about US$1500 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square meters (323 sq ft), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square meters (485 sq ft), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square meters (753 sq ft). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city.^[91] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third and behind Osaka at second.^[92] Critics of their methodology argue that this survey replicates the lifestyle that a senior executive would have in Washington DC, counting certain very expensive brand name foreign goods, but disregarding the many lines that are far cheaper in Russia, e.g. household staff, drivers, nannies, etc.^{[citation needed]}

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.^[93]

Science and Education

See also: Education in Russia

There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.^[50] Besides these, there are 222 institutions offering higher education in Moscow, including 60 state universities^[50] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755.^[94] The university main building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building outside the United States.^[95] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the Russian language.

Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov or formerly known as Russian State Medical University (RSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development.The university was awarded a National Research University status by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia^[96] in July 2011 due to its excellence in academic and research. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. Currently, more than 9200 people are enrolling in 115 different academic departments in this university. It also offers courses for post-graduate studies.

Moscow is one of the main financial centres of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is well known for its business schools, among the best are Finance Academy under the Government of RF; Plekhanov Russian Economic University; New Economic School; All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade; The State University of Management, and the State University - Higher School of Economics. They offer undegraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate and economic theory as well Masters programs and MBA with varied concentrations. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

Entrance to the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides more than 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering offering a wide range of technical degrees.^[97] Since it opened enrolment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its international enrolment to up to two hundred.^[98]

The Moscow Conservatory,^[99] founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates included Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke.

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov, Andrei Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Sokurov, Yuriy Norshteyn, Aleksandr Petrov, Vasily Shukshin, Konrad Wolf among graduates.

Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography.

Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six different schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.^[100]

Among other prominent institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics.^[101] The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental science, in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and increased their student enrolments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with different (especially, European) countries also have become widespread in Moscow's universities, while many schools within the Russian capital will also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

Moscow is known as one of the most important science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as numerous research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.^[50] The Russian State Library,^[102] founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia. The Russian State Library is home to over 275 kilometres of shelves and forty-two million items, including over seventeen million books and serial volumes, thirteen million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 different languages comprise approximately twenty-nine percent of the collection.^[103][104]

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library, specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.^[105]

View from to Moskva River. Left: Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Bridge, center: Square of Europe and Kiyevsky Rail Terminal, behind: Moskva-city under construction, right: Borodinsky Bridge, behind: House of the Government of the Russian Federation

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Moscow

Air

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Domodedovo International Airport, Bykovo Airport, Ostafyevo International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport. Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign passengers, handling sixty percent of all international flights.^[106] Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo's. The three other airports particularly offer flights within Russia and to and from states from the former Soviet Union.^[107] Moscow's airports vary in distances from MKAD beltway: Bykovo is the farthest, at 35 kilometres (21 mi); Domodedovo is next at 22 kilometres (13.7 mi); Vnukovo is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 kilometres (6.25 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.^[106]

There are also several smaller airports near Moscow, such as Myachkovo Airport, intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.^[108]

Water

North River Terminal

Moscow also has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is also the main hub for long-range river routes. There are also three freight ports serving Moscow.

Railway

The high-speed Sapsan train links Moscow with Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod

Moscow employs several train stations to serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or vokzals)  are:

• Belorussky Rail Terminal
• Kazansky Rail Terminal
• Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
• Kursky Rail Terminal
• Leningradsky Rail Terminal
• Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Rizhsky Rail Terminal
• Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
• Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal

They are located close to the city center, but each handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.^[109] There are also many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are relatively cheap, they are the mode of preference for travelling Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is also the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are also connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 kilometres (87 mi)) large railway stations.

Metro

Main article: Moscow Metro

Moscow Metro, June 2010

Local transport includes the Moscow Metro, a metro system famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. When it first opened in 1935, the system had just two lines. Today, the Moscow Metro contains twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 182 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving more than nine million passengers daily.^[110] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has extensive plans for expanding the Moscow Metro.

Bus and trolleybus

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), an extensive bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow also has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.^[111]

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus routes and have trolley wires over them.

Monorail

Main article: Moscow Monorail

Moscow Monorail

There is also a short monorail line, operated by the Moscow Metro company. The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Sergeya Eisensteina Street, passing close to VVTs. The line opened in 2004.

Tram

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, approximately 5% of trips, because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between University station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino.

There are three separate tram networks in the city:

• Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometer of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now is neither normal transfer point nor repair terminal).
• Apakov depot services south-western part from Varshavsky lane-Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to metro University in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by 4-way Dubininskaya and Kogevnicheskaaya street. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to fire at Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
• Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the current problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

Taxi

In Russia and Moscow, the difference between hailing a cab and simply hitchhiking is blurry. It's an old Russian tradition for drivers to offer rides to strangers for a fee. Generally, wherever you are, at any time of day or night, you can get a 'cab' in a matter of minutes or seconds by holding out your hand. Commercial taxi services are also available. In addition, route taxis are also in widespread use.

Roads

There are over 2.6 million cars in the city on a daily basis.^[50] Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and the lack of parking space to become major problems.

The MKAD, along with the Third Transport Ring and the future Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. However, as one can easily observe from a map of Moscow area, there are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.

Future development

Moscow International Business Center.

The "Moscow International Business Center" (Moscow-City) is a projected new part of central Moscow. Geographically situated in Presnensky District, located at the Third Ring, the Moscow-City area is under intense development. The goal of MIBC "Moscow-City" is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,^[112] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. It will be a city within a city. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992.

The construction of MIBC "Moscow-City" takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up 1 square kilometer (247 acres). This area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The Federation Tower, now being built is to be completed in 2016, will become the tallest building in Europe when completed.

Third Ring near MIBC

Also to be included in the project are a waterpark and other recreational facilities; trade and entertainment complexes, numerous prestigious office and residential buildings, the transport node and the new site of the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has already been completed, of which two have already opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned. Major thoroughfares through Moscow-City are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005, and was later renamed "Vystavochnaya" in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. It was recently announced that there are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.

A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to Moscow Automobile Ring Road, Garden Ring and the Third Ring) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be completed by 2012 and will have total length of 61 kilometres (38 mi).^{[113][114][115]}

A rail connection linking the international airports at Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo with downtown terminals is also planned.

In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper "Kommersant"^{[116][117][118][119]} reported that because of the Worldwide Economic Crisis, which started in 2008 and spread globally, many of the construction projects in Moscow (especially in the "Moscow International Business Center") are frozen and may be cancelled altogether—like the ambitious "Russia Tower" in "Moscow-city". Many of yesterday's monstrous development groups are now in a near-bankrupt state like—Mirax-group or AFI Development.

View as seen from Sparrow Hills: Moskva River, Luzhniki Stadium, Luzhnetsky Metro Bridge, Building of Russian Academy of Sciences

Media

TV-center in Ostankino

Moscow is the headquarters of nearly all Russian nationwide television networks, radio stations, newspapers and magazines.

Newspapers

Further information: List of Moscow newspapers

English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News, which are, respectively, the largest^[120] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant, Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

TV and radio

Other notable media of Moscow include the Echo of Moscow (Эхо Москвы), the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations.

Ostankino TV Tower on Victory Day

Moscow television networks (Russian-language):

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Channel One (Russia) Russia 1 TV Channel TV Centr Channel 3 NTV Petersburg - Channel 5 Russia 2 (Sport)

TV3 Russia REN STS DTV Euronews 7TV Domashny

Russia Kultura TNT (Russia) Zvezda 2x2 TV VKT Stolitsa Doverie

Muz-TV MTV Russia RBC TV MIR Russia 24 (former Vesti) RTR Planeta VKT-2

Moscow radio stations:

"Russian(Russkoye) Radio" "Europa Plus" "DFM" "NRJ (Russia)" "Radio Maximum" "Voice of Russia (in English)" "Radio Freedom(Svoboda)" "Megapolis FM" "Radio Kultura(Culture)" "Pioneer FM" "Zvezda" "Komsomolskaya Pravda" "Orpheus" "Monte Carlo" "Love Radio"

"Govorit Moskva" "Radio Dacha" "Nashe Radio" "Radio 7" "Humor FM" "Retro FM" "Ultra" "Keks FM" "Carnival" "Dobrye Pesni(Good Songs)" "Voyage FM" "Kino FM" "Finam FM" "First Popular" "Militseyskaya Volna(Militia Wave)"

"Radio Sport" "Radio Rossiya" "Radio Podmoskovye" "Radiocompany Moscow" "UFM" "Mayak" "Business FM" "Autoradio" "Moya Semia(My Family)" "XFM" "Fresh Radio" "Silver Rain" "Chanson" "M-Radio"

"Orphey" "Echo of Moscow" "Radio Jazz" "Classic Radio" "Vesti FM" "City FM" "Relax FM" "Kommersant FM" "Rock FM" "Children's Radio" "Radio Alla" "Best FM" "Next FM" "Hit FM"

The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50. M

Famous people

Further information: Category:People from Moscow

Moscow is the native land for many historical and modern known people who have become famous in various branches of culture, a science, sports, etc. Also for many known people not born directly in Moscow, the city is a place of realization of their ideas, developments of business, political career. Many present heads of the states and the persons occupying key positions in the international political and economic structures, have got the Moscow education.

Famous people originally from Moscow:

• 

  Alexander Pushkin

• 

  Fyodor Dostoyevsky

• 

  Sergey Lavrov

• 

  Yury Luzhkov

• 

  Alexander Ovechkin

• 

  Sergey Brin

• 

  Irina Slutskaya

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns – Sister cities

Moscow is twinned with the following cities:

Baku, Azerbaijan Berlin, Germany Brest, Belarus

Brussels, Belgium Bucharest, Romania Chicago, USA Donetsk, Ukraine Düsseldorf, Germany[121] Ganja, Azerbaijan Ingolstadt, Germany Jakarta, Indonesia

Jelgava, Latvia Kharkov, Ukraine Kolomna, Russia Kraków, Poland Limoges, France Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Madrid, Spain Manila, Philippines[122] Naryan-Mar, Russia Nicosia, Cyprus Paris, France Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prague, Czech Republic[123]

Rasht, Iran Reykjavík, Iceland[124] Riga, Latvia Sao Paulo, Brazil Tallinn, Estonia Tel Aviv, Israel Tehran, Iran Tirana, Albania[125][126] Tokyo, Japan Tunis, Tunisia[127] Ulan Bator, Mongolia Valenciennes, France Vienna, Austria Warsaw, Poland[128] Yerevan, Armenia

See also

Russia portal

• 1904 Moscow tornado
• 1998 World Youth Games the first world youth games
• Moscow International Business Center
• Moscow metropolitan area
• Moscow Millionaire Fair
• Moya Moskva ("My Moscow"), Moscow's anthem
• Pokrovsky Hills

Lists:

• List of cities proper by population
• List of churches in Moscow
• List of heads of Moscow government
• List of Moscow tourist attractions

References

Bibliography

• Caroline Brooke. Moscow: A Cultural History. 2006 (Oxford University Press)
• William Craft Brumfield. A History of Russian Architecture (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2004) ISBN 9780295983943
• Karel Neubert. "Portrait of Moscow". 1964
• Albert J. Schmidt. The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow: A Cultural History. 1989
• Kathleen Berton. Moscow: An Architectural History. St. Martin's, 1991
• Marcel Girard. "Splendours of Moscow and Its Surroundings", trans. from French. 1967
• John Bushnell. "Moscow Graffiti: Language and Subculture". Unwin Hyman, 1990
• S.S. Hromov et al. (eds.). "History of Moscow: An Outline", trans. from Russian. 1981
• Galina Dutkina. "Moscow Days: Life and Hard Times in the New Russia". Trans. Catherine Fitzpatrick. Kodansha America, 1995.
• "Mosca 1990–1993" by Giuseppe D'Amato in Il Diario del Cambiamento. Urss 1990 – Russia 1993. Greco&Greco editori, Milano, 1998. ISBN 88-7980-187-2 (The Diary of the Change. USSR 1990 – Russia 1993) Book in Italian.

Notes

1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000).
2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
3. ^ ^{a b} Comins-Richmond, Walter. "The History of Moscow". Occidental College. http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
4. ^ "Holidays and significant dates of Moscow". Moscow City Government. http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?documentId=119125. Retrieved 29 September 2010. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "The Moscow City Mayor". Government of Moscow. http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107. Retrieved 18 March 2010. 
6. ^ "The Moscow Statute". Moscow City Duma. Moscow City Government. 28 June 1995. http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572. Retrieved 29 September 2010. "The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma." 
7. ^ Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&Cartograhy Service. Russia Landuse National Report 2008, p.187-188 (Russian)
8. ^ ^{a b} Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved 2010-03-23. 
9. ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication).
10. ^ Official the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
11. ^ ^{a b} Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2010). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved 2011-04-25. 
12. ^ Ody, Elizabeth (2011-03-10). "Carlos Slim Tops Forbes List of Billionaires for Second Year". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-09/carlos-slim-tops-forbes-list-of-billionaires-for-second-year.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01. 
13. ^ "Muscovite" (in Russian). dic.academic.ru. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/eng_rus/391243/Muscovite. Retrieved 2009-05-23. 
14. ^ "Russia Engages the World: The Building of the Kremlin, 1156–1516". The New York Public Library. http://russia.nypl.org/events/Kremlin.html. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
15. ^ ^{a b c} "Along the Moscow Golden Ring" (PDF). Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center. http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf. Retrieved 2006-07-05. 
16. ^ Vogel, Michael. "The Mongol Connection: Mongol Influences on the Development of Moscow". Indiana University South Bend. Archived from the original on 2006-01-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20060107213535/http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/vogel_2/vogel.html. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
17. ^ "The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press. p.260. ISBN 0520246780
18. ^ "Bubonic plague in early modern Russia: public health and urban disaster". John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US. p.17. ISBN 0195158180
19. ^ "The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars". Albert Seaton, Michael Youens (1979). p.29. ISBN 0882541676
20. ^ LENINE’S MIGRATION A QUEER SCENE, The New York Times, March 16, 1918
21. ^ "Geographi". The Russian Embassy. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080511023524/http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/GEOGRAF.HTM. Retrieved 2009-03-08. 
22. ^ Moscow Encyclopedia, ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"
23. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"
24. ^ John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, table 12.4
25. ^ "Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)"" (in Russian). www.darwin.museum.ru. http://www.darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40. Retrieved 2009-04-29. 
26. ^ "Climate monitoring". http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010. Retrieved 2006-07-27. 
27. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net (data), see article "Средняя (average)"" (in Russian). http://www.pogoda.ru.net/data/27612.zip. Retrieved January 8, 2009. 
28. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net (data), see article "Минимум (minimum)"" (in Russian). http://www.pogoda.ru.net/data/27612.zip. Retrieved January 8, 2009. 
29. ^ "2008 was the warmest year in Moscow history (in Russian)". http://pogoda.ru.net/weathernews.php?id=3284. Retrieved 2009-02-05. ^{[dead link]}
30. ^ "Sunshine hours in 2007 (in russian)". http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-4.php. Retrieved 2009-02-21. 
31. ^ "Thermograph.ru averages". http://thermograph.ru/mon/st_27612.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-12. 
32. ^ "Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)" (in Russian). http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-12. 
33. ^ "Climate monitor 2005-2011" (in Russian). http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612. Retrieved 2011-01-12. 
34. ^ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php. Retrieved 2011-01-12. 
35. ^ ""Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве". Rg.ru. http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
36. ^ Bell, Imogen (2003). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781857431377. http://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=respecting+christianity+islam+buddhism+judaism+and+other&source=web&ots=pppIldMuS1&sig=KikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o. Retrieved 2007-12-27. 
37. ^ "Moscow Today". 02 2009. http://www.shitoryu.org/events/Moscow_2003/moscow.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-21. 
38. ^ ^{a b} Maxim Kireev. "Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html. 
39. ^ "Moscow Muslims pray on sidewalks for want of mosques". 2010-10-28. http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=42228. 
40. ^ Lord Foster fires up campaign to save Shukhov Tower: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/15/radio-tower-campaign-russia-foster
41. ^ "blackwell-synergy.com". blackwell-synergy.com. 2008-06-28. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ciso. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
42. ^ ^{a b} "Memorial". Melnikov Institute. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20080527154019/http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
43. ^ Shukshin, Andrei (2000-08-30). "Moscow TV Broadcasts Set to Resume After Fire". Reuters via The Moscow Times. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20071011094539/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2000/08/30/170-print.html. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
44. ^ "Moscow Architecture Preservation Society". Maps-moscow.com. 2006-04-17. http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
45. ^ "Appetite for destruction". New Statesman. 2007-11-29. http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
46. ^ "Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery оf the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade". Zagraevsky.com. http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
47. ^ "– Art of Russia>>The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)". Gif.ru. 2004-07-13. http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
48. ^ Close (2005-09-29). "Eastern blocks". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
49. ^ "[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008]". Rferl.org. 2007-05-22. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
50. ^ ^{a b c d e f} (Russian) "СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ". Moscow government. http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9SP0o83hXN1e3QHMPIwMDl1BLAyM_y5AAEy8zQwMnI_3InNT0xORK_Qj9KDMkdaauxiB1JkD1fkYG_ob6BTmuigB2wqj-?nID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&cID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&rubricId=1716&documentId=42215. Retrieved 2010-04-28. ^{[dead link]}
51. ^ ^{a b c d} (Russian) Green dress of Moscow
52. ^ (Russian) Neskuchniy Garden
53. ^ (Russian) The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
54. ^ UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also UNESCO's profile on this site.
55. ^ "Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow". World Heritage List. UNESCO. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
56. ^ "Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye". World Heritage List. UNESCO. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
57. ^ ^{a b} "General Information". Moscow Zoo. http://www.moscowzoo.ru. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
58. ^ See also: The Official Site of the Tretyakov Gallery Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
59. ^ ^{a b} "About The State Tretyakov Gallery". The State Tretyakov Gallery. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml. Retrieved 2006-07-10. 
60. ^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum Retrieved on 2006-07-23. ((English) English version)
61. ^ "The Museum Collections". Polytechnical Museum. http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1. Retrieved 2006-08-04. 
62. ^ See also: The official site of Borodino Panorama museum
63. ^ See also: The Official Site of the State Central Concert Hall "Rossia". Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
64. ^ See also: The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
65. ^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
66. ^ "History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation". MosFilm. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng. Retrieved 2006-07-10. 
67. ^ See also: The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema. Retrieved on 2006-07-22.
68. ^ "The mood in Moscow". BBC News. 2005-07-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
69. ^ "Russia grabs World Bandy Championship". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
70. ^ "Federation of International Bandy-Latest-News-World Championship for Men i Moscow, 24–31 January 2010!!!". Internationalbandy.com. http://www.internationalbandy.com/viewNews.do?NewsID=0030. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
71. ^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome
72. ^ "Go Magazine". The Moscow Times. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497. Retrieved 2007-02-20. 
73. ^ "Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро" (in Russian). Metrinfo.ru. http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/. Retrieved 27 September 2010. 
74. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.
75. ^ Arkhipov, Ilya (2010-09-28). "Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
76. ^ "Moscow Gross Regional Product". RosStat. 2010-03-03. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/vvp/vrp98-09.xls. Retrieved 2011-08-21. 
77. ^ "Russia GDP and PPP conversion rate". IMF Russia Economy. 2010-03-11. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=52&pr1.y=12&c=922&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2010-03-11. 
78. ^ ^{a b} "BOFIT Weekly 42/2010". Bank of Finland’s Institute for Economies in Transition. 2010-10-22. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. http://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM. 
79. ^ "Average monthly salaries". Federal Service on State Statistics. http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07. 
80. ^ (Russian) Aleksandrov, Yuri (2005-12-11). "Новые лимитчики". New Times. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20071106080038/http://www.newtimes.ru/artical.asp?n=3111&art_id=6991. Retrieved 2006-07-07. 
81. ^ "Russia’s billionaires hit by financial crisis". www.financemarkets.co.uk. http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/02/16/russia’s-billionaires-hit-by-financial-crisis/. Retrieved 2009-05-22. 
82. ^ "Mexico’s Carlos Slim still tops Forbes’ richest list". March 9, 2011. http://news.rickey.org/mexicos-carlos-slim-still-tops-forbes-richest-list/2638. 
83. ^ See also: The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
84. ^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.
85. ^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.
86. ^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom. Retrieved on 2006-07-07
87. ^ US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times
88. ^ (Russian) The absolute record of realty cost is broken
89. ^ Humphries, Conor (2006-06-20). "Dividing the Spoils of the Boom". The Moscow Times. http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13. Retrieved 2006-07-14. 
90. ^ (Russian) Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)
91. ^ Sahadi, Jeanne (2006-06-23). "World's most expensive cities". CNNMoney. http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-04. 
92. ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer.com. 2009-07-07. http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
93. ^ World's most expensive cities – Buy a House: MLS Listings & Home Buying Tips – MSN Real Estate^{[dead link]}
94. ^ "MSU History". Moscow State University. http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
95. ^ Templeton, John Marks (1997-10-01). Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings. p. 99. ISBN 1-890151-02-5. 
96. ^ "The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation". Eng.mon.gov.ru. http://eng.mon.gov.ru/pro/ved/niu/. Retrieved 2011-09-15. 
97. ^ Fedorov, I.B.. "General (English)". МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
98. ^ "International Relations". международная деятельность МГТУ (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). http://195.19.32.10/megdun/eng/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
99. ^ See also: The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
100. ^ " "Facts and Figures". MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations). http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41}". Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
101. ^ "Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI)". International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics. http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-04. 
102. ^ See also: The official homepage of the Russian State Library
103. ^ (Russian) "Краткая статистическая справка". Russian State Library. 2006-01-01. http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950. Retrieved 2006-08-04. 
104. ^ "Stacks". The Russian State Library. http://rsl.ru/index.php?f=2. Retrieved 2006-08-04. 
105. ^ (Russian) Official site of the State Public Historical Library
106. ^ ^{a b} "Moscow Airports". Go-Russia. 2007-10-07. http://www.go-russia.com/angela.php. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
107. ^ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Plane". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2006-07-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20060708154208/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/byplane.html. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
108. ^ (Russian) Airport Myachkovo changed the owners
109. ^ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2006-07-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20060708154220/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
110. ^ (Russian) "Московский метрополитен". http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99. Retrieved 2006-07-04. 
111. ^ See also: (Russian) [1] Realty news. Retrieved on 2006-07-22.
112. ^ ""Москва-Сити" начинается строительство "Города столиц"" (in Russian). Lenta.ru. December 23, 2005. http://lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/. Retrieved May 24, 2009. 
113. ^ (Russian) http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2006/02/27_a_551381.shtml
114. ^ (Russian)http://www.prime-realty.ru/cmi/c5/5.146..htm
115. ^ "Plan of the Fourth Transport Road". Roads.ru. http://www.roads.ru/4tk/4tk_rbk.php. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
116. ^ "Издательский дом "Коммерсантъ"". Kommersant.ru. http://kommersant.ru/. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
117. ^ "Ъ-Санкт-Петербург – Девелопер на перепутье". Kommersant.ru. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1087182. Retrieved 2009-05-05. 
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121. ^ "Twin Towns". www.amazingdusseldorf.com. http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html. Retrieved 2009-10-29. 
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124. ^ Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. . Retrieved on 2008-03-11
125. ^ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF). Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
126. ^ Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
127. ^ "Cooperation Internationale" (in French). © 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-31. 
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External links

• Moscow travel guide from Wikitravel
• Moscow Railway Museum Rizhsky Rail Terminal / Rizhskaya
• Lenin's Funeral Train Museum at Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Moscow Russia Insider's Guide

Official sites

• Moscow.ru – Official Moscow Site (Russian), (English), (Spanish), (German), (French), (Chinese)
• Committee for Tourism of Moscow City Government
• Official Moscow Administration Site (Russian)
• Official Site of Moscow Subway (English), (Russian)
• Main Moscow Russian Forum