Naples

For other places of the same name, see Naples (disambiguation).

"Napoli" redirects here. For other uses, see Napoli (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 40°50′42″N 14°15′30″E / 40.845°N 14.25833°E / 40.845; 14.25833

Naples Napoli
—  Comune  —
Comune di Napoli
Clockwise from top left: the interior of Naples Cathedral, the Castello Nuovo, the Teatro San Carlo, the Royal Palace and a view of the city harbour.
Coat of arms
Naples Location of Naples in Italy
Coordinates: 40°50′N 14°15′E / 40.833°N 14.25°E / 40.833; 14.25
Country	Italy
Region	Campania
Province	Naples (NA)
Government
– Mayor	Luigi de Magistris
Area
– Total	117.27 km2 (45.3 sq mi)
Elevation	17 m (56 ft)
Population (30 September 2009)[1]
– Total	963,357
– Density	8,214.9/km2 (21,276.4/sq mi)
Demonym	Napoletani
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
– Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	80100, 80121-80147
Dialing code	081
Patron saint	Januarius
Saint day	September 19
Website	Official website

Naples (Italian: Napoli [ˈnaːpoli] ( listen), Neapolitan: Napule) is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Naples is known internationally for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music, and gastronomy, and has played an important political and cultural role both within and beyond the Italian peninsula^[2] throughout its 2,800-year existence.

Founded in the 9th-8th century BC^[3][4] as a Greek colony, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Originally named Parthenope (Παρθενόπη) and later Neápolis (Νεάπολις – English: New City), it was among the foremost cities of Magna Graecia, playing a key role in the merging of Greek culture into Roman society. Naples eventually became part of the Roman Republic as a major cultural center; the prominent Latin poet, Virgil, received part of his education in the city and later resided in its environs.^[5] As a microcosm of European history, the city has witnessed the rise and fall of numerous civilizations, each leaving traces in its art and architecture. Although many Greek and Roman ruins are in evidence in Naples and its surroundings, the most prominent forms of architecture now visible derive from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods.

Between 1282 and 1816, Naples was the capital city of a kingdom that bore its name – the Kingdom of Naples. Then, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. During the Neapolitan War of 1815, Naples strongly promoted Italian unification.

Naples' historic city centre is the largest in Europe,^[6] covering 1,700 hectares (4,200 acres),^[7] and is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Over the course of its long history, Naples has been the capital of duchies, kingdoms, and one Empire, and has consistently been a major cultural center with a global sphere of influence, particularly during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras.^[8] In the immediate vicinity of Naples are numerous sites of great cultural and historical significance, including the Palace of Caserta and the Roman ruins of Pompeii, and Herculaneum.

As of 2011, Naples has a population of around 1 million people within its administrative limits. According to different sources, its metropolitan area is either the second most populated metropolitan area in Italy after Milan (with 4,434,136 inhabitants according to Svimez Data^[9] or 4,996,084 according to Censis, the Italian census institute)^[10] or the third (with 3.1 million inhabitants according to OECD).^[11] In addition, Naples is Italy's most densely populated major city, with over 8,000 people per square kilometre.

Naples is the fourth-richest city in Italy, after Milan, Rome and Turin. It is the world's 91st richest city by purchasing power, with a GDP of $43 billion, surpassing the economies of Budapest and Zurich.^[12] The port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe, and has the world's second-highest level of passenger flow, after the port of Hong Kong.^[13] Although the city has experienced remarkable economic growth in recent decades, and unemployment levels in the city and surrounding Campania have decreased since 1999,^[14] Naples is still characterized by political and economic corruption^[15] and a thriving black market empire. Numerous major Italian companies, such as MSC Cruises, are headquartered in the city, while the Bagnoli district hosts a major NATO military base. The city also hosts the SRM Institution for Economic Research and the OPE Company and Study Centre.^[16][17][18] Naples is a full member of the Eurocities network of European cities.^[19] The city was selected to become the headquarters of the European institution Acp/Ue ^[20] and as a City of Literature by UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.^[21] The Villa Rosebery, one of three official residences of the President of Italy, can be found in the city's Posillipo district.

Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II.^[22] Much of the city's 20th-century periphery was constructed under Benito Mussolini's fascist government, and during reconstruction efforts after World War II. In recent decades, Naples has constructed a large business district, the Centro Direzionale, and has developed an advanced infrastructure, including an Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome, and an expanded subway network, which is planned to eventually cover half of the region. The city will host the 63rd International Astronautical Congress in October 2012,^[23] and will also be the host of the 2013 Universal Forum of Cultures.

Culinarily, the city is synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. Neapolitan music has furthermore been highly influential, credited with the invention of the romantic guitar and the mandolin, as well as notable contributions to opera and folk standards. Popular characters and historical figures who have come to symbolise the city include Januarius, the patron saint of Naples, the comic figure Pulcinella, and the Sirens from the Greek epic poem the Odyssey.

History

Main article: History of Naples

Greek birth, Roman acquisition

Main articles: Magna Graecia and Ancient Rome

A scene featuring the siren Parthenope, the mythological founder of Naples.^[24]

Founded in the 6th century BC, somewhat late in the scheme of Magna Graecia,^[3][4] Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Originally named Parthenope (Παρθενόπη) and later Neápolis (Νεάπολις – Greek for "New City"), it was among the foremost cities of Magna Graecia, playing a key role in the transmission of Greek culture to Roman society. Naples eventually became part of the Roman Republic as a major cultural centre; the premiere Latin poet, Virgil, received part of his education there and later resided in its environs.^[5]

The new city grew thanks to the influence of the powerful Greek city-state of Siracusa, and at some point the new and old cities on the Gulf of Naples merged into one.^[25] The city became an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage; the strong walls surrounding Neápolis stopped the invading forces of the Carthaginian general Hannibal from entering.^[26] During the Samnite Wars, the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was captured by the Samnites;^[27] however, the Romans soon captured the city from them and made it a Roman colony.^[26]

The city was greatly respected by the Romans as a paragon of Hellenistic culture: the people maintained their Greek language and customs; elegant villas, aqueducts, public baths, an odeon, a theatre and the Temple of Dioscures were built, and many powerful emperors chose to holiday in the city, including Claudius and Tiberius.^[26]

It was during this period that Christianity came to Naples; apostles St. Peter and St. Paul are said to have preached in the city. Also, St. Januarius, who would become Naples' patron saint, was martyred there.^[28] The last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, was exiled to Naples by the Germanic king Odoacer in the 5th century AD.

Duchy of Naples

Main articles: Duchy of Naples and List of Dukes of Naples

The Gothic Battle of Mons Lactarius on Vesuvius, painted by Alexander Zick.

Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Naples was captured by the Ostrogoths, a Germanic people, and incorporated into the Ostrogothic Kingdom.^[29] However, Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire recaptured Naples in 536, after entering the city via the aqueduct.^[30]

As the Gothic Wars of the mid-6th century wore on, Totila briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths in 543, before, finally, the Battle of Mons Lactarius on the slopes of Vesuvius left the Byzantines in control of the area.^[29] Naples was expected to keep in contact with the Exarchate of Ravenna, which was the centre of Byzantine power on the Italian peninsula.^[31]

After the exarchate fell, a Duchy of Naples was created. Although Naples' Greco-Roman culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from Constantinople to Rome under Duke Stephen II, putting it under papal suzerainty by 763.^[32]

The years between 818 and 832 were tumultuous in regard to Naples' relations with the Byzantine Emperor, with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne.^[33] Theoctistus was appointed without imperial approval; this was later revoked and Theodore II took his place. However, the disgruntled general populace chased him from the city, and instead elected Stephen III, a man who minted coins with his own initials, rather than those of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by 840.^[33]

The duchy was under the direct control of the Lombards for a brief period, after the capture by Pandulf IV of the Principality of Capua, a long-term rival of Naples; however, this regime lasted only three years before the Greco-Roman-influenced dukes were reinstated.^[33] By the 11th century, Naples had begun to hire Norman merecenaries, the Christian descendants of the Vikings, to battle their rivals; Duke Sergius IV hired Rainulf Drengot to wage war on Capua for him.^[34]

By 1137, the Normans had attained great influence in Italy, controlling previously independent principalities and duchies such as Capua, Benevento, Salerno, Amalfi, Sorrento and Gaeta; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy, Sergius VII, was forced to surrender to Roger II, who had proclaimed himself King of Sicily seven years earlier; Naples thus joined the Kingdom of Sicily, where Palermo was the capital.^[35]

Kingdom of Naples

Norman to Angevin

Main articles: Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, and List of monarchs of Naples

Early kings ruled from the Castel Nuovo.

After a period of Norman rule, the Kingdom of Sicily went to the Hohenstaufens, a German royal house.^[36] The University of Naples Federico II, the oldest state university in the world, was founded by Frederick II, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.^[37] Conflict between the Hohenstaufens and the Papacy led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning the Angevin duke Charles I King of Sicily:^[38] Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples, where he resided at the Castel Nuovo.^[39] During this period, many examples of Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral, which remains the city's main church.^[40]

In 1282, after the Sicilian Vespers, the Kingdom of Sicily was split in half. The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily.^[38] Wars between the competing dynasties continued until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III recognized as king of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII.^[38] Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants,^[41] Tuscan bankers, and some of the most prominent Renaissance artists of the time, such as Boccaccio, Petrarch and Giotto.^[42] During the 14th century, The Hungarian Angevin king Louis the Great captured the city several times. Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king, René, and Naples was unified with Sicily again for a brief period.^[43]

Aragonese to Bourbon

Main articles: Kingdom of Naples, Parthenopaean Republic, Two Sicilies, Naples Lazzaroni, and List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies

The revolutionary leader Masaniello.

French troops and artillery entering Naples in 1495, during the Italian War of 1494–1498.

Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458, but remained dependencies of Aragon under Ferrante.^[44] The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commercial standing by establishing relations with the Iberian peninsula. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as Laurana, da Messina, Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city.^[45] In 1501, Naples came under direct rule from France under Louis XII, with the Neapolitan king Frederick being taken as a prisoner to France; however, this state of affairs did not last long, as Spain won Naples from the French at the Battle of Garigliano in 1503.^[46]

Following the Spanish victory, Naples became part of the Spanish Empire, and remained so throughout the Spanish Habsburg period.^[46] The Spanish sent viceroys to Naples to directly deal with local issues: the most important of these viceroys was Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban reforms in the city; he also supported the activities of the Inquisition.^[47]

During this period, Naples became Europe's second-largest city, second only to Paris.^[48] The city was a cultural powerhouse during the Baroque era, being home to artists such as Caravaggio, Salvator Rosa and Bernini, philosophers such as Bernardino Telesio, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella and Giambattista Vico, and writers such as Giambattista Marino. A revolution led by the local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic in 1647, though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was reasserted.^[46] In 1656, an outbreak of bubonic plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.^[49]

In 1714, Spanish rule over Naples came to an end as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession; the Austrian Charles VI ruled the city from Vienna through viceroys of his own.^[50] However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, with the 1738 Treaty of Vienna recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons.^[51]

During the time of Ferdinand IV, the effects of the French Revolution were felt in Naples: Horatio Nelson, an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against the French republicans. Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo, where he was protected by a British fleet.^[52] However, Naples' lower class lazzaroni were strongly pious and royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.^[52]

Eventually, the Republicans conquered Castel Sant'Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic, secured by the French Army.^[52] A counter-revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni known as the sanfedisti under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they met with great success, and the French were forced to surrender the Neapolitan castles, with their fleet sailing back to Toulon.^[52]

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years Napoleon conquered the kingdom and installed Bonapartist kings, including his brother Joseph Bonaparte.^[53] With the help of the Austrian Empire and its allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War, and Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.^[53] The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the Two Sicilies,^[53] with Naples as the capital city. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway, with the construction of the Naples–Portici line.^[54][55]

Italian unification and the present day

After the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which culminated in the controversial Siege of Gaeta, Naples became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 as part of the Italian unification, ending the era of Bourbon rule. The kingdom of the Two Sicilies had been wealthy, and 80 million ducats were taken from the old kingdom's banks as a contribution to the new Italian treasury.^[55] The economy of the area formerly known as Two Sicilies collapsed, leading to an unprecedented wave of emigration,^[56] with an estimated 4 million people emigrating from the Naples area between 1876 and 1913.^[57]

In 1884, Naples fell victim to a major cholera epidemic, caused largely by the city's poor sewerage infrastructure. Government measures to improve sanitary conditions in the Neapolitan slums in 1885 proved largely ineffective.

During the early 20th century, efforts to industrialise the city were hampered by corruption and a lack of infrastructure. Facing a slumping economic situation, many poorer Neapolitans emigrated northwards, or headed overseas to the United States and Argentina.

Naples was the most-bombed Italian city of World War II.^[22] Though Neapolitans did not rebel under Italian fascism, Naples was the first Italian city to rise up against German military occupation; the city was completely freed by October 1, 1943.^[58] The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of the church of Santa Chiara, which had been destroyed in a United States Army Air Corps bombing raid.^[22]

Special funding from the Italian government's Fund for the South from 1950 to 1984 helped the local economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the Piazza del Plebiscito being renovated.^[59] However, high unemployment and waste management problems continue to affect Naples; Italian media have attributed the city's waste disposal issues to the activity of the Camorra organised crime network.^[60] In 2007, Silvio Berlusconi's government held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate their intention to solve these problems.^[61] However, the late-2000s recession had a severe impact on the city, intensifying its waste-management and unemployment problems.^[62] By August 2011, the number of unemployed in the Naples area had risen to 250,000, sparking public protests against the economic situation.^[63]

Architecture

See also, Buildings and structures in Naples

Naples' 2,800-year-history has left it with a wealth of historical buildings and monuments, from medieval castles to classical ruins. The most prominent forms of architecture visible in Naples are the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque styles.^[64] The historic centre of Naples is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.^[65] Naples has a total of 448 historical churches, making it one of the most Catholic cities in the world in terms of the number of places of worship.^[66]

Piazzas, palaces and castles

See also, List of palaces in Naples

The Piazza del Plebiscito, one of Naples' largest public squares.

A close-up of the Piazza del Plebiscito.

The main city square or piazza of the city is the Piazza del Plebiscito. Its construction was begun by the Bonapartist king Joachim Murat and finished by the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV. The piazza bounded on the east by the Royal Palace and on the west by the church of San Francesco di Paola, with the colonnades extending on both sides. Nearby is the Teatro di San Carlo, which is the oldest and largest opera house in Italy.^[67] Directly across from San Carlo is Galleria Umberto, a shopping centre and social hub.

Naples is well known for its historic castles: the ancient Castel Nuovo, also known as Maschio Angioino, is one of the city's foremost landmarks; it was built during the time of Charles I, the first king of Naples. Castel Nuovo has seen many notable historical events: for example, in 1294, Pope Celestine V resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this Pope Boniface VIII was elected pope by the cardinal collegium, before moving to Rome. The castle which Nuovo replaced in importance was the Norman-founded Castel dell'Ovo (Egg Castle), which was built on the tiny islet of Megarides, where the original Cumaean colonists founded the city. The third Neapolitan castle of note is Sant'Elmo, which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a star. During the uprising of Masaniello in 1647, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the revolutionaries.

Museums

See also: List of museums in Naples

The Palazzo Capodimonte, home of the National Museum of Capodimonte.

Naples is widely known for its wealth of historical museums. The Naples National Archaeological Museum is one of the city's main museums, with one of the most extensive collections of artifacts of the Roman Empire in the world.^[68] It also houses many of the antiques unearthed at Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as some artifacts from the Greek and Renaissance periods.^[68]

Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the Museo di Capodimonte is another museum of note. The gallery features paintings from the 13th to the 18th century, including major works by Simone Martini, Raphael, Titian, Caravaggio, El Greco and many others, Neapolitan School painters Jusepe de Ribera and Luca Giordano. The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th century furniture and a collection of porcelain and majolica from the various royal residences: the famous Capodimonte Porcelain Factory was just adjacent to the palace. In front of Royal Palace of Naples there is the Galleria Umberto I, which contains the Coral Jewellery Museum

Churches and religious structures

See also: Churches in Naples and Archdiocese of Naples

The Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore in central Naples.

Naples is the seat of the Archdiocese of Naples, and the Catholic faith is highly important to the populace; there are hundreds of churches in the city.^[66] The Cathedral of Naples is the city's premier place of worship; each year on September 19, it hosts the Miracle of Saint Januarius, the city's patron saint.^[69] During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy relics said to be of his body: this is one of Naples' most important and longstanding religious traditions.^[69] Below is a selective list of some of the best-known churches, chapels, monastery complexes and religious structures in Naples:

Santa Chiara San Domenico Maggiore Gesù Nuovo Sansevero Chapel San Lorenzo Maggiore Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia Santa Maria Donna Regina Nuova Santa Maria del Carmine Girolamini

San Ferdinando San Francesco di Paola San Giovanni a Carbonara San Gregorio Armeno Sant'Anna dei Lombardi Sant'Eligio Maggiore Santa Caterina a Chiaia Santa Maria La Nova Santa Restituta

Spires of Naples San Pietro Martire San Pietro a Maiella San Gennaro extra Moenia Hermitage of Camaldoli Santissima Annunziata Santa Caterina a Formiello Archbishop's Palace Madre del Buon Consiglio Fontanelle cemetery

Other features

Nisida view from Parco Virgiliano.

Aside from the main piazza, Naples has two other major public squares: the Piazza Dante and the Piazza dei Martiri. The latter originally had only a memorial to religious martyrs, but in 1866, after the Italian unification, four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons.^[70]

The San Gennaro dei Poveri is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. It was the forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the Bourbon Hospice for the Poor started by Charles III. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital.^[71]

Beneath Naples

Main article: Beneath Naples

Underneath Naples lies is a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major geothermal zone. Subterranean Naples consists of old Greco-Roman reservoirs dug out from the soft tufo stone on which, and from which, the city is built. Approximately one kilometer of the many kilometers of tunnels under the city can be visited from the Napoli Sotteranea, situated in the historic centre of the city in Via dei Tribunali. There are also large catacombs in and around the city, and other landmarks such as the Piscina Mirabilis, the main cistern serving the Bay of Naples during Roman times. This system of tunnels and cisterns covers most of the city and lies approximately thirty metres below ground level. Moisture levels are around 70%. During World War II, these tunnels were used as air-raid shelters, and there are inscriptions in the walls depicting the suffering endured by the refugees of that era.

Parks, gardens and villas

The Villa Pignatelli and its garden.

Of the various public parks in Naples, the most prominent is the Villa Comunale, previously known as the Royal Garden, as its creation was ordered by Bourbon king Ferdinand IV in the 1780s.^[72] Another important park is Parco Virgiliano, which looks towards the tiny volcanic islet of Nisida; beyond Nisida lie Procida and Ischia.^[73] Parco Virgiliano was named after Virgil, the classical Roman poet who is thought to be entombed nearby.^[73] Naples is noted for its numerous stately villas, such as the Neoclassical Villa Floridiana, built in 1816.

The wider Naples area

The islands of Procida (which was used as the set for much of the film Il Postino), Capri and Ischia can all be reached from Naples by hydrofoils and ferries. Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of the city, while the Roman ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae, which were destroyed in the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius, are also nearby. Naples lies near the volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei and the port towns of Pozzuoli and Baia, which were part of a vast Roman naval facility, Portus Julius.

Geography

Naples lies atop a geologically active region, near to both Mount Vesuvius and the volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei (en: Phlegraean Fields).

Quarters

Listed below are the thirty quarters (quartieri) of Naples: these thirty neighbourhoods are grouped together into ten governmental community boards.^[74]

The quarters of Naples.

1. Pianura 2. Bagnoli 3. Posillipo 4. Fuorigrotta 5. Soccavo 6. Chiaiano 7. Arenella 8. Vomero 9. Chiaia 10. San Ferdinando

11. Montecalvario 12. San Giuseppe 13. Avvocata 14. Porto 15. Pendino 16. San Lorenzo 17. Mercato 18. Vicaria 19. Stella 20. San Carlo all'Arena

21. Piscinola-Marianella 22. Scampìa 23. Miano 24. Secondigliano 25. S.Pietro a Patierno 26. Poggioreale 27. Zona Industriale 28. San Giovanni a Teduccio 29. Barra 30. Ponticelli

Climate

Naples has a typical Mediterranean climate, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The mild climate and fertility of the Gulf of Naples made the region famous during Roman times, when emperors such as Claudius and Tiberius holidayed near the city.^[26]

Climate data for Naples
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	12.5 (54.5)	13.2 (55.8)	15.2 (59.4)	18.2 (64.8)	22.6 (72.7)	26.2 (79.2)	29.3 (84.7)	29.5 (85.1)	26.3 (79.3)	21.8 (71.2)	17.0 (62.6)	13.6 (56.5)	20.4
Daily mean °C (°F)	8.1 (46.6)	8.7 (47.7)	10.5 (50.9)	13.2 (55.8)	17.3 (63.1)	20.9 (69.6)	23.6 (74.5)	23.7 (74.7)	20.8 (69.4)	16.7 (62.1)	12.3 (54.1)	9.3 (48.7)	15.4
Average low °C (°F)	3.8 (38.8)	4.3 (39.7)	5.9 (42.6)	8.3 (46.9)	12.1 (53.8)	15.6 (60.1)	18.0 (64.4)	17.9 (64.2)	15.3 (59.5)	11.6 (52.9)	7.7 (45.9)	5.1 (41.2)	10.4
Precipitation mm (inches)	104.4 (4.11)	97.9 (3.854)	85.7 (3.374)	75.5 (2.972)	49.6 (1.953)	34.1 (1.343)	24.3 (0.957)	41.6 (1.638)	80.3 (3.161)	129.7 (5.106)	162.1 (6.382)	121.4 (4.78)	1,006.6 (39.63)
Avg. precipitation days	9.9	9.8	9.5	8.8	5.7	4.0	2.3	3.8	5.8	8.1	10.8	10.7	89.2
Sunshine hours	114.7	127.6	158.1	189.0	244.9	279.0	313.1	294.5	234.0	189.1	126.0	105.4	2,375.4
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[75] Italiano della Meteorologia[76]

Demographics

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	±%
1861	484,026	—
1871	489,008	+1.0%
1881	535,206	+9.4%
1901	621,213	+16.1%
1911	751,290	+20.9%
1921	859,629	+14.4%
1931	831,781	−3.2%
1936	865,913	+4.1%
1951	1,010,550	+16.7%
1961	1,182,815	+17.0%
1971	1,226,594	+3.7%
1981	1,212,387	−1.2%
1991	1,067,365	−12.0%
2001	1,004,500	−5.9%
2009	962,638	−4.2%
Source: ISTAT 2001

The population of the centre area (the comune di Napoli) is around one million people. Naples' greater metropolitan area, sometimes known as Greater Naples, has a population of approximately 4.4 million, and includes towns which such as Arzano, Casandrino, Casavatore, Casoria, Cercola, Marano di Napoli, Melito di Napoli, Mugnano di Napoli, Portici, Pozzuoli, Quarto, San Giorgio a Cremano, San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Volla.^[77] The demographic profile for the Neapolitan province in general is quite young: 19% are under the age of 14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14% and 19%, respectively.^[77] Naples has a higher percentage of females (52.4%) than males (47.6%).^{[citation needed]} Naples currently has a higher birth rate than other parts of Italy, with 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.^[78]

Unlike many northern Italian cities, there are relatively few foreign immigrants in Naples. 98.5% of the people are Italian nationals. In 2006, there were a total of 19,188 foreigners in the city of Naples; the majority of foreigners are Eastern European, hailing mostly from Ukraine, Poland and the Balkans.^[79] There are few non-Europeans, although there are small Sri Lankan and East Asian immigrant communities. Statistics show that the vast majority of immigrants in Naples are female; this is because male workers tend to head North.^[77][79]

Education

Naples is noted for its numerous higher education institutes and research centres. Naples hosts what is thought to be the oldest state university in the world, in the form of the University of Naples Federico II, which was founded by Frederick II in 1224.^[37]

The university is among the most prominent in Italy, with around 100,000 students and over 3000 professors.^[80] It host to the Botanical Garden of Naples, which was opened in 1807 by Giuseppe Bonaparte, using plans drawn up under the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV. The garden's 15 hectares feature around 25,000 samples of vegetation, representing over 10,000 plant species.^[81]

Naples is also served by the Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, a modern university which opened in 1989, and which, despite its name, has strong links to the nearby province of Caserta.^[82] Another notable centre of education is the Istituto Universitario Orientale, which specialises in Eastern culture, and was founded by the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ripa in 1732, after he returned from the court of Kangxi, the Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty of China.^[83]

Other prominent universities in Naples include the Parthenope University of Naples, the private Istituto Universitario Suor Orsola Benincasa, and the Jesuit-run Theological Seminary of Southern Italy.^[84][85] The San Pietro a Maiella music conservatory is the city's foremost institution of musical education; the earliest Neapolitan music conservatories were founded in the 16th century under the Spanish.^[86] Naples hosts also the oldest marine zoological study station in the world, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, created in 1872 by German scientist Anton Dohrn, and the world's oldest permanent volcano observatory, the Vesuvius Observatory, founded in 1841. The Observatory lies on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, near the city of Ercolano, and is now a permanent specialized institute of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics.

Governance

Main article: Politics of Campania

Politics

Each of the 8,101 comune in Italy is today represented locally by an elected mayor and a city council, known as a sindaco and informally called the first citizen. This system, or one very similar to it, has been in place since the invasion of Italy by Napoleonic forces in 1808. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was restored, the system was kept in place with members of the nobility filling mayoral roles. By the end of the 19th century, party politics had begun to emerge; during the fascist era, each commune was represented by a podestà. Since World War II, the political landscape of Naples has been neither strongly right-wing nor left-wing — both Christian democrats and democratic socialists have governed the city at different times, with roughly equal frequency. Currently, the mayor of Naples is Luigi de Magistris of the IDV party; de Magistris has held the position since the 2011 elections, supported only by the Communist Refoundation Party.

Administrative subdivisions

Map	Municipality	Population	President	Quarters
	I	84,067	Fabio Chiosi	Chiaia, Posillipo, San Ferdinando
	II	91,536	Alberto Patruno	Montecalvario, San Giuseppe, Avvocata, Porto, Pendino, Mercato
	III	103,633	Alfonso Principe	Stella, San Carlo all'Arena
	IV	96,078	David Lebro	San Lorenzo, Vicaria, Poggioreale, Zona Industriale
	V	119,978	Mario Coppeto	Arenella, Vomero
	VI	84,067	Anna Cozzino	San Giovanni a Teduccio, Barra, Ponticelli
	VII	91,460	Giuseppe Esposito	Miano, Secondigliano, S.Pietro a Patierno
	VIII	92,616	Carmine Malinconico	Chiaiano, Piscinola-Marianella, Scampìa
	IX	106,299	Fabio Tirelli	Pianura, Soccavo
	X	101,192	Giuseppe Balzamo	Bagnoli, Fuorigrotta

Economy

Main article: Economy of Naples

Centro Direzionale, the business centre of Naples.

Naples is Italy's fourth-richest city, after Milan, Rome and Turin. It is the world's 91st richest city by purchasing power, with an annual GDP of $43 billion.^[12] Were Naples a country, it would have the world's 68th biggest economy, approaching the size of that of Qatar. Naples is a major cargo terminal, and the port of Naples is one of the Mediterranean's biggest and most important. The city has experienced significant economic growth since World War II, and unemployment in the region has decreased dramatically since 1999.^[14] Naples was also formerly an industrial hub, although many of its factories are now defunct. The city is characterized by high levels of political corruption and organized crime.

Naples is a major national and international tourist destination, being one of Italy and Europe's top tourist cities. Tourists began with visiting Naples in the 18th century, during the Grand Tour. In terms of international arrivals, Naples was the 166th-most-visited city in the world in 2008, with 381,000 visitors (a −1.6% decrease from the previous year), coming after Lille, but overtaking York, Stuttgart, Belgrade and Dallas.^[87]

In recent times, there has been a move away from a traditional agriculture-based economy in the province of Naples to one based on service industries.^[88] In early 2002, there were over 249,590 enterprises operating in the province registered in the Chamber of Commerce Public Register.^[88] The service sector employs the majority of Neapolitans, although more than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; 70 companies are said to be medium-sized with more than 200 workers; and 15 have more than 500 workers.^[88]

Employment in the province of Naples breaks down as follows:^[88]

	Public services	Manufacturing	Commerce	Construction	Transportation	Financial services	Agriculture	Hotel trade	Other activities
Percentage	30.7%	18%	14%	9.5%	8.2%	7.4%	5.1%	3.7%	3.4%

Transport

Naples Metro map.

Naples is well-connected to several major motorways (it: autostrada). The Autostrada A1, the longest transalpine motorway in Italy, links Naples to Milan.^[89] The A3 runs southwards from Naples to Salerno, where the motorway to Reggio Calabria begins, while the A16 runs east to Canosa.^[90] The A16 is nicknamed the autostrada dei Due Mari ("Motorway of the Two Seas") because it connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Adriatic Sea.^[91]

Naples has an extensive public transport network, including trams, buses, funiculars and trolleybuses,^[92] most of which are operated by the municipally-owned company Azienda Napoletana Mobilità (ANM). Three public elevators are in operation in the city – one within the bridge of Chiaia, one in via Acton and one near the Sanità Bridge.^[93] The city furthermore operates the Naples Metro, an underground rapid transit railway system which integrates both surface railway lines and the city's metro stations.^[92] Suburban rail services are provided by Trenitalia, Circumvesuviana, Ferrovia Cumana and Metronapoli.

The city's main train station is Napoli Centrale, which is located in Piazza Garibaldi; other significant stations include the Napoli Campi Flegri^[94] and Napoli Mergellina. Naples' streets are famously narrow (it was the first city in the world to set up a pedestrian one-way street),^[95] so the general public commonly use compact hatchback cars and scooters for personal transit.^[96]

Since 2007, Naples has been connected to Rome by a high-speed railway run by Treno Alta Velocità, with trains running at almost 300 km/h (186 mph), reducing the journey time to under an hour.^[97]

The port of Naples runs several public ferry, hydrofoil and SWATH catamaran services, linking numerous locations in both the Neapolitan province, including Capri, Ischia and Sorrento, and the Salernitan province, including Salerno, Positano and Amalfi.^[98] Services are also available to destinations further afield, such as Sicily, Sardinia, Ponza and the Aeolian Islands.^[98]

Within the suburb of San Pietro a Patierno is the Naples International Airport, the largest airport in southern Italy, with around 140 national international flights arriving or departing daily.^[99]

Culture

Art

A Romantic painting by Salvatore Fergola showing the 1839 inauguration of the Naples-Portici railway line.

A 17th-century Neapolitan Baroque painting (1630–1642) by Guido Reni.

Naples has long been a centre of art and architecture, dotted with Medieval, Baroque and Renaissance-era churches, castles and palaces. In the 18th century, Naples went through a period of neoclassicism, following the discovery of the remarkably intact Roman ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii.

The Neapolitan Academy of Fine Arts, founded by Charles III of Bourbon in 1752 as the Real Accademia di Disegno (en: Royal Academy of Design), was the centre of the artistic School of Posillipo in the 19th century. Artists such as Domenico Morelli, Giacomo Di Chirico, Francesco Saverio Altamura and Gioacchino Toma worked in Naples during this period, and many of their works are now exhibited in the Academy's art collection. The modern Academy offers courses in painting, decorating, sculpture, design, restoration, and urban planning. Naples is also known for its theatres, which are among the oldest in Europe – the Teatro di San Carlo opera house dates back to the 18th century.

Naples is also the home of the artistic tradition of Capodimonte porcelain. In 1743, Charles of Bourbon founded the Royal Factory of Capodimonte, many of whose artworks are now on display in the Museum of Capodimonte. Several of Naples' mid-19th-century porcelain factories remain active today.

"Pizza Margherita", a traditional Neapolitan pizza.

Cuisine

Main articles: Neapolitan cuisine, Neapolitan ice cream, Neapolitan pizza, and Neapolitan ragù

Naples is internationally famous for its cuisine and wine; it draws culinary influences from the numerous cultures which have inhabited it over the course of its history, including the Greeks, Spanish and French.^[100] Neapolitan cuisine emerged as a distinct form in the 18th century.^[100] The ingredients are typically rich in taste, while remaining affordable to the general populace.^[101]

Naples is traditionally credited as the home of pizza.^[102] This originated as a meal of the poor, but under Ferdinand IV it became popular among the upper classes: famously, the Margherita pizza was named after Queen Margherita after a visit to the city.^[102] Cooked traditionally in a wood-burning oven, the ingredients of Neapolitan pizza have been strictly regulated by law since 2004, and must include wheat flour type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" yeast, natural water, peeled tomatoes or fresh cherry tomatoes, marine salt and extra virgin olive oil.^[103]

Spaghetti is also associated with the city and is commonly eaten with the sauce ragù: a popular Neapolitan folkloric symbol is the comic figure Pulcinella eating a plate of spaghetti.^[104] Parmigiana di melanzane, mozzarella, spaghetti alle vongole and casatiello are among the dishes popular in the city.^[105]

Zeppole, popular pastries which are eaten in Naples on Saint Joseph's Day.

Naples is well known for its sweet dishes, including colourful gelato, which is similar to ice cream, though more fruit-based.^[106] Popular Neapolitan pastry dishes include zeppole, babà, sfogliatelle and pastiera, the latter of which is prepared specially for Easter celebrations.^[107] Another seasonal sweet is struffoli, a sweet-tasting honey dough decorated and eaten around Christmas.^[108]

Neapolitan coffee is also widely acclaimed. The traditional Neapolitan flip coffee pot known as the cuccuma or cuccumella was the basis for the invention of the espresso machine, and also inspired the Moka pot.

Wineries in the Vesuvius area produce wines such as the Lacryma Christi ("tear of Christ") and Terzigno. Naples is also the home of limoncello, a popular lemon liqueur.^[109][110]

Naples in film

Naples has been the setting of many works of film. Comedies set in Naples include It Started in Naples, L'oro di Napoli by Vittorio De Sica and Dino Risi's Scent of a Woman. The 2008 film Gomorrah, based on the book by Roberto Saviano, explores the dark underbelly of the city of Naples through five intertwining stories about the powerful Neapolitan crime syndicate, the Camorra. In the 1954 Tom and Jerry cartoon Neapolitan Mouse, Tom and Jerry visit Naples on a cruise.

Language

Main article: Neapolitan language

The Naples dialect, a distinct language which is mainly spoken in the city, is also found in the region of Campania, and has been diffused to other areas of Southern Italy by Neapolitan migrants. On 14 October 2008, a law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected.^[111]

The term "Neapolitan language" is often used to describe the language of all of Campania, and is sometimes applied to the entire South Italian language; Ethnologue refers to the latter as Napoletano-Calabrese.^[112] This linguistic group is spoken throughout most of southern continental Italy, including the Gaeta and Sora districts of southern Lazio, the southern part of Marche and Abruzzo, Molise, Basilicata, northern Calabria, and northern and central Puglia. In 1976, there were theorised to be 7,047,399 native speakers of this group of dialects.^[112]

Music

Main articles: Music of Naples, Canzone Napoletana, and Music conservatories of Naples

A painting of the comic figure Pulcinella with a guitar.

The interior of the Teatro San Carlo, shown in a 19th-century postcard.

Naples has played an important role in the history of Western European music for more than four centuries.^[113] The first music conservatories were established in the city under Spanish rule in the 16th century. The San Pietro a Majella music conservatory, founded in 1826 by Francesco I of Bourbon, continues to operate today as both a prestigious centre of musical education and a musical museum.

During the late Baroque period, Alessandro Scarlatti, the father of Domenico Scarlatti, established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of opera seria, which was a new development for its time.^[114] Another form of opera originating in Naples is opera buffa, a style of comic opera strongly linked to Battista Pergolesi and Piccinni; later contributors to the genre included Rossini and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.^[115] The Teatro di San Carlo, built in 1737, is the oldest working theatre in Europe, and remains the operatic centre of Naples.^[116]

The earliest six-string guitar was created by a Neapolitan named Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779; the instrument is now referred to as the romantic guitar). The Vinaccia family also developed the mandolin.^[117][118] Influenced by the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of classical guitar music, with Ferdinando Carulli and Mauro Giuliani being prominent exponents.^[119] Giuliani, who was actually from Apulia but lived and worked in Naples, is widely considered to be one of the greatest guitar players and composers of the 19th century, along with his Catalan contemporary Fernando Sor.^[120][121] Another Neapolitan musician of note was opera singer Enrico Caruso, one of the most prominent opera tenors of all time:^[122] he was considered a man of the people in Naples, hailing from a working class background.^[123]

A notable element of popular Neapolitan music is the Canzone Napoletana style, essentially the traditional music of the city, with a repertoire of hundreds of folk songs, some of which can be traced back to the 13th century.^[124] The genre became a formal institution in 1835, after the introduction of the annual Festival of Piedigrotta songwriting competition.^[124] Some of the best-known recording artists in this field include Roberto Murolo, Sergio Bruni and Renato Carosone.^[125] There are furthermore various forms of music popular in Naples but not well known outside it, such as cantautore ("singer-songwriter") and sceneggiata, which has been described as a musical soap opera; the most well-known exponent of this style is Mario Merola.^[126]

Sports

SSC Napoli's badge on the pitch of the Stadio San Paolo.

Football is by far the most popular sport in Naples. Brought to the city by the [British during the early 20th century,^[127] the sport is deeply embedded in local culture: it is popular at every level of society, from the scugnizzi (street children) to wealthy professionals. The city's best known football club is SSC Napoli, which plays its home games at the Stadio San Paolo in Fuorigrotta. The team plays in the Serie A league and has won the Scudetto twice; it once named Diego Maradona among its players. The team has also won the UEFA Cup.^[128]

The city has produced numerous prominent professional players, including Ciro Ferrara and Fabio Cannavaro. Cannavaro was captain of Italy's national team until 2010, and led the team to victory in the 2006 World Cup. He was consequently named World Player of the Year.

Some of the city's smaller clubs include Sporting Neapolis and Internapoli, which play at the Stadio Arturo Collana. The city also has teams in a variety of other sports: Eldo Napoli represents the city in basketball's Serie A and plays in the city of Bagnoli. Partenope Rugby are the city's best-known rugby union side: the team has won the rugby union Serie A twice. Other popular local sports include water polo, horse racing, sailing, fencing, boxing, taekwondo and martial arts. The Accademia Nazionale di Scherma (National Academy and Fencing School of Naples) is the only place in Italy where the titles "Master of Sword" and "Master of Kendo" can be obtained.^[129]

Notable people from Naples

Statius (45–96), poet Pope Boniface V (died 625), pope Pope Urban VI (1318–1389), pope Joan I of Naples (1328–1382), queen Pope Boniface IX (1356–1404), pope Giovanni Pontano (1426–1503), writer, diplomat, humanist, poet Alfonso II of Naples (1448–1495), king Jacopo Sannazaro (1458–1530), poet Pietro Summonte (1463–1526), poet, writer, humanist Pirro Ligorio (1510–1583), architect Laura Terracina (1519-c. 1577), poet Giambattista Della Porta (1535–1615), alchemist, scientist, philosoper, writer, playwright Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), philosopher Luca Valerio (1552–1618), mathematician Giambattista Marino (1569–1625), poet Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680), sculptor, painter, architect Salvator Rosa (1615–1673), poet, satirist, painter Francesco Antonio Picchiati (1619–1694), architect Masaniello (1622–1647), revolutionary Gennaro Annese (1604–1648), revolutionary Luca Giordano (1634–1705), painter Ludovico Sabbatini (1650–1724), religious teacher, priest Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), philosopher Ferdinando Sanfelice (1675–1748), painter Domenico Antonio Vaccaro (1678–1745) architect, painter Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757), composer Nicola Porpora (1686–1768), composer Alphonsus Liguori, (1696–1787), saint, writer Bernardo Tanucci (1698–1783), jurist, politician, minister Luigi Vanvitelli, (1700–1773), architect Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel (1751–1799), poet, journalist, revolutionary Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (1751–1825), king Gaetano Filangieri (1752–1788), jurist Raffaele Sacco (1787–1872), poet, inventor, lyricist Salvadore Cammarano (1801–1852), librettist, poet, playwright Domenico Morelli (1823–1901), painter Ruggiero Bonghi (1826–1895), philologist, politician Lord Acton (1834–1902), historian Giovanni Bovio (1837–1903, philosopher, politician Peppino Turco (1846–1907), songwriter, journalist Lamont Young, (1851–1929), architect Vincenzo Gemito (1852–1929), sculptor Matilde Serao (1856–1927), writer, journalist Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919), composer

Salvatore Di Giacomo (1860–1934), poet Eduardo di Capua (1865–1917), composer Ferdinando Russo (1866–1927), poet, journalist, writer Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952), writer, politician, senator, philosoper Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869–1947), king Enrico Caruso (1873–1921), opera singer Salvatore Gambardella (1873–1913 ), composer Enrico Cannio (1874–1949), composer Ernesto De Curtis (1875–1937), composer Enrico De Nicola (1877–1959), president, jurist, journalist Libero Bovio (1883–1942) poet, songwriter Cesare Andrea Bixio (1896–1978), composer Totò (1898–1967), actor Eduardo De Filippo (1900–1984), actor, writer Renato Caccioppoli (1904–1959), mathematician Luigi Cosenza (1904–1984), architect Salvatore Mazzocco (1915–1976), composer Renato Carosone (1920–2001), singer-songwriter, musician Domenico Rea (1921–1994), writer, journalist Giorgio Napolitano (1925–), politician, president Fausto Sarli (1927–2010), fashion designer Bud Spencer (1929-), swimmer, water polo player, actor Luciano De Crescenzo (1929-), engineer, writer, actor, director, philosoper Mario Merola (1934–2005), singer Mariano Rigillo (1939-), actor Mario Trevi (1941-), singer Riccardo Muti (1941-), conductor Edoardo Bennato (1946-), architect, singer, songwriter Tullio De Piscopo (1946-), singer, songwriter Mario Terlizzo (1947-), Royal Caribbean director of port operations Michele Campanella (1947–), pianist and conductor Gianni Nazzaro (1948-) singer, actor Tony Esposito, (1950-), musician, songwriter Gabriele Salvatores, (1950-), director, Academy Award winner Alan Sorrenti (1950-), singer, songwriter Marisa Laurito (1951-), actress, singer Francesco Clemente (1952-), artist Massimo Troisi (1953–1994), actor Lina Sastri (1955-), actress Pino Daniele (1955–), singer-songwriter, musician Teresa De Sio (1955-), musician, singer, songwriter Nino D'Angelo (1957-), singer, actor Mario Martone (1959-), director Iaia Forte (1962-), actress Gigi D'Alessio (1967-), singer Paolo Sorrentino (1970-), screenwriter, director Fabio Cannavaro (1973–), World Cup-winning footballer Antonio Di Natale (1977–), national footballer Massimiliano Rosolino (1978–), swimmer, olympian Roberto Saviano (1979–), journalist, writer Ambra Vallo, principal dancer

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Historic Centre of Naples *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country	Italy
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv
Reference	726
Region **	Europe
Inscription history
Inscription	1995 (19th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Naples is involved in town twinning (known as gemellaggio in Italian). Below is a list of partner cities listed on the official website of the city of Naples:^[130]

• Kagoshima, Japan^[131]
• London, United Kingdom
• Miami, United States
• Baku, Azerbaijan
• Athens, Greece
• Budapest, Hungary^[132][133]
• Călăraşi, Romania
• Gafsa, Tunisia
• Kolkata, India
• Nablus, Palestinian Authority
• Nosy Be, Madagascar
• Palma, Spain
• Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
• Tripoli, Lebanon
• Santiago de Cuba Province, Cuba
• Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela
• İzmir, Turkey
• Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1964^[134]
• Zhengzhou, China

UNESCO status

In 1995, the historic centre of Naples was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, a United Nations programme which aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind. The UNESCO evaluation committee described Naples' centre as being "of exceptional value", and went on to say that Naples' setting on the Bay of Naples "gives it an outstanding universal value which has had a profound influence".^[65]

See also

• Camorra
• Neapolitan language
• Neapolitan Mastiff
• Diego Armando Maradona
• Sirenuse
• Corsica
• University of Naples Federico II
• List of radio stations in Naples
• Naples waste management issue

References

Bibliography

• Harold Acton, The Bourbons of Naples (1734-1825), London, Methuen, 1956.
• Harold Acton, The Last Bourbons of Naples (1825-1861), London, Methuen, 1961.
• Buttler, Michael; Harling, Kate (March 2008). Paul Mitchell. ed. Naples (Third ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom: Automobile Association Developments Limited 2007. ISBN 9780749552480. http://books.google.com/books?id=ID0-PQAACAAJ. Retrieved 11 March 2010. 
• Edward Chaney, 'Inigo Jones in Naples', The Evolution of the Grand Tour, London, Routledge 2000.

Notes

1. ^ ‘City’ population (i.e. that of the comune or municipality) from demographic balance: January–April 2009, ISTAT.
2. ^ Gleijeses, Vittorio (1977). The History of Naples, since Origins to Modern Times. Naples. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Chronology of the history of Naples". Danpiz.net. http://www.danpiz.net/napoli/storia/Cronologia.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
4. ^ ^{a b} "Greek Naples". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "Napoli, La Storia della Città Napoli Musei – Napoli chiese – Napoli museo archeologico – Napoli monumenti – Napoli teatri – Napoli Italia". Pintostorey.it. http://www.pintostorey.it/it/napoli_la_storia_della_citta_13it738it.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-28. 
6. ^ Nome (2008-05-27). "The historic city center of Naples". Vicolostorto.wordpress.com. http://vicolostorto.wordpress.com/istituzioni-e-societa/. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
7. ^ "1.700 hectares". Comune.napoli.it. http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/11019. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
8. ^ "Centro Storico di Napoli". Unesco.it. http://www.unesco.it/patrimonio/elenco/napoli.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
9. ^ "Seminario-aprile2001.PDF" (PDF). http://users.libero.it/domenico.smarrazzo/studio.PDF. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
10. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
11. ^ OECD. "Competitive Cities in the Global Economy" (PDF). http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF. Retrieved 2009-04-30. 
12. ^ ^{a b} "City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". Citymayors.com. 2007-03-11. http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
13. ^ "The port of Naples". Ilmediterraneo.it. 2010-03-19. http://www.ilmediterraneo.it/italian/news/economy-and-finance/il-porto-di-napoli-cresce-0003081. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
14. ^ ^{a b} "Site3-TGM table". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00010. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
15. ^ "Cordova: 'Visto? La corruzione a Napoli non si è mai fermata' – Repubblica.it » Ricerca". Ricerca.repubblica.it. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/05/10/cordova-visto-la-corruzione-napoli-non-si.html. Retrieved 2010-03-14. 
16. ^ "SRM Studi e Ricerche per il Mezzogiorno – Ricerche". Srmezzogiorno.it. 2006-05-01. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080406054423/http://www.srmezzogiorno.it/ricerche.html. Retrieved 2010-03-14. 
17. ^ "OPE impresa (sede in Napoli - Centro direzionale)". Casertanews.it. 2010-06-09. http://www.casertanews.it/public/articoli/201006/art_20100609063500.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
18. ^ "Centro studi OPE (sede in Napoli dal 1 febbraio 2009)". Happystudent.it. http://www.happystudent.it/HappyStudent/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=392. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
19. ^ Eurocities. "EUROCITIES – the network of major European cities". Eurocities.eu. http://www.eurocities.eu/main.php. Retrieved 2010-02-03. 
20. ^ "Dipartimento politiche comunitarie: Napoli sede dell'ACP-UE. Ronchi: "Pieno sostegno dei nostri europarlamentari"". Politichecomunitarie.it. http://www.politichecomunitarie.it/comunicazione/16793/napoli-sede-dellacp-ue-ronchi-pieno-sostegno-dei-nostri-europarlamentari. Retrieved 2010-03-14. 
21. ^ da claudio calveri. "Naples city of Unesco's literature". Napolicittadellaletteratura.wordpress.com. http://napolicittadellaletteratura.wordpress.com/2010/06/07/avviato-il-contatto-con-lunesco/. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
22. ^ ^{a b c} "Bombing of Naples". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Naples%20bombing.htm. 
23. ^ Manuela Proietti. "Expo 2012, Napoli capitale dello spazio| Iniziative | DIREGIOVANI". Diregiovani.it. http://www.diregiovani.it/gw/producer/dettaglio.aspx?id_doc=31468. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
24. ^ "Center of Naples, Italy". Chadab Napoli. 2007-06-24. http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx. 
25. ^ "Greek Naples". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 8 January 2008. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html. 
26. ^ ^{a b c d} "Antic Naples". Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 8 January 2008. http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html. 
27. ^ "Touring Club of Italy, Naples: The City and Its Famous Bay, Capri, Sorrento, Ischia, and the Amalfi, Milano". Touring Club of Italy. 2003. p. 11. ISBN 88-365-2836-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=u23MlfA8pcoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Touring+Club+of+Italy,+Naples:+The+City+and+Its+Famous+Bay,+Capri,+Sorrento,+Ischia,+and+the+Amalfi&hl=en&ei=jD_HTaW2H6Th0gHlp7TxBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CGgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=campanian%20people&f=false. 
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51. ^ "Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples". RealCasaDiBorbone.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm. 
52. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Parthenopean Republic". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html. 
53. ^ ^{a b c} "Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815". Onwar.com. 7 October 2007. http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm. 
54. ^ "La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914". Questia.com. 7 October 2007. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992. 
55. ^ ^{a b} "Why Neo-Bourbons". NeoBorbonici.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137. 
56. ^ "Italians around the World: Teaching Italian Migration from a Transnational Perspective". OAH.org. 7 October 2007. http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html. 
57. ^ "Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876–1913". Enrico Moretti. 7 October 2007. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0197-9183(199923)33%3A3%3C640%3ASNAMI1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9. 
58. ^ "Contemporary Time". Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 7 October 2007. http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_5.html. 
59. ^ "North and South: The Tragedy of Equalization in Italy" (PDF). Frontier Center for Public Policy. 7 October 2007. http://www.fcpp.org/images/publications/FB049ItalianEqualizationMarch07draft.pdf. 
60. ^ "Naples at the mercy of the mob". BBC.co.uk. 7 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm. 
61. ^ "Berlusconi Takes Cabinet to Naples, Plans Tax Cuts, Crime Bill". Bloomberg.com. 7 October 2007. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe. 
62. ^ "Naples, city of the hard luck story". The Guardian, 16 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
63. ^ Unemployment spawns protests across Naples Demotix.com, 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
64. ^ "historical centre". INaples.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm. 
65. ^ ^{a b} "Historic Centre of Naples". UNESCO. 8 January 2008. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom95.htm#726. 
66. ^ ^{a b} "Naples". Red Travel. 8 January 2008. http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm. 
67. ^ "Naples: View across the Piazza del Plebiscito". London: Telegraph.co.uk. 8 January 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/europe/italy/southandsicily/721025/Naples-View-across-the-Piazza-del-Plebiscito.html. ^{[dead link]}
68. ^ ^{a b} "Napoli". Best.unina.it. 8 January 2008. http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm. 
69. ^ ^{a b} "Saint Gennaro". SplendorofTruth.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/archives/008358.php. 
70. ^ "Piazza Dei Martiri". INaples.it. 8 January 2008. http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65. 
71. ^ Ceva Grimaldi, Francesco (1857). Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente. Original from Harvard University. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G9DOLMIjFb4C&pg=PA521&lpg=PA521&dq=%22Albergo+Reale+dei+Poveri%22+napoli&source=web&ots=05egFpQ6ud&sig=3RORNtFCAYFyoTlBEsLVkS-u8qA&hl=en. 
72. ^ "Villa Comunale". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 8 January 2008. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm. 
73. ^ ^{a b} "Parco Virgiliano". SkyTeam.com. 8 January 2008. http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829. 
74. ^ "Quartieri". Palapa.it. 8 January 2008. http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/52/Default.aspx. 
75. ^ "Weather Information for Naples". June 2011. http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm. 
76. ^ "Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino". http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20Capodichino. 
77. ^ ^{a b c} "Demographics of Naples". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 8 January 2008. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/demographics.htm. 
78. ^ "Demographics". ISTAT.it. 8 January 2008. http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html. 
79. ^ ^{a b} "Commune Napoli". ISTAT. 8 January 2008. http://demo.istat.it/str2006/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S4&Reg=R15&Pro=P063&Com=49&paese=A9999&submit=Tavola. 
80. ^ "University of Naples "Federico II"". UNINA.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.international.unina.it/contenuto.php?id_group=6&id_pag=20. 
81. ^ "Orto Botanico di Napoli". OrtoBotanico.UNINA.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.ortobotanico.unina.it/VerInglese/pstoria/StoriaE.htm. 
82. ^ "Scuola: Le Università". NapoliAffari.com. 7 October 2007. http://www.napoliaffari.com/napoliaffari/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=255. 
83. ^ Ripa, Matteo. Memoirs of Father Ripa: During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China. New York Public Library. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=ex8LAAAAYAAJ&dq=Memoirs+of+Father+Ripa&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=rVFFQpa8Ek&sig=zcDxirkCkKt9DLQKRnK7n7FavpY. 
84. ^ "Pontificia Facoltà Teologica dell'Italia Meridionale". PFTIM.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.pftim.it/storia.php. 
85. ^ "Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa – Napoli". UNISOB.na.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.unisob.na.it/universita/facolta/formazione/index.htm. 
86. ^ "History". SanPietroaMajella.it. 7 October 2007. http://www.sanpietroamajella.it/en/inf_cs_storia.html?ocs=1&rss=3. 
87. ^ "Euromonitor Internationals Top City Destinations Ranking > Euromonitor archive". Euromonitor.com. 2008-12-12. http://www.euromonitor.com/_Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destinations_Ranking. Retrieved 2010-03-28. 
88. ^ ^{a b c d} "Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli". Istituto ISSM. 2008-01-08. http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617. 
89. ^ "Driving around Italy". OneStopItaly.com. 2007-06-26. http://www.onestopitaly.com/allitalydriving.html. 
90. ^ "A3". AISCAT.it. 2007-06-26. http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A3. 
91. ^ "A16 – Autostrada dei due Mari". AISCAT.it. 2007-06-26. http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A16. 
92. ^ ^{a b} "Naples Italy Transportation Options". GoEurope.com. 2007-06-26. http://goeurope.about.com/cs/italy/p/naples_trans.htm. 
93. ^ "Easy Access Transport options for persons with motion problems". Turismoaccessibile.it. 2009-06-18. http://www.turismoaccessibile.it/trasporti.htm. 
94. ^ "The Naples Train Station-Napoli Centrale". RailEurope.com. 2007-06-26. http://www.raileurope.com/us/train_stations/naples.htm. 
95. ^ . http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/8505. 
96. ^ "Naples – City Insider". Marriott.co.uk. 2007-06-26. http://www.marriott.co.uk/city-guide/uk-city-overview.mi?cityId=42&guideType=getting_there. 
97. ^ "High Speed Rail Operations, Italy". Railway-Technology.com. 2007-06-26. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/italy/. 
98. ^ ^{a b} "Ferries from Naples". ItalyHeaven.co.uk. 2007-06-26. http://www.italyheaven.co.uk/campania/ferries.html. 
99. ^ "Naples International Airport" (PDF). Gesac.it. 2007-06-26. http://www.portal.gesac.it/portal/page/portal/internet/notahomepage-eng.pdf. 
100. ^ ^{a b} "La cucina tradizionale napoletana". eat-oline.net. 24 June 2007. http://www.eat-online.net/italian/habits/italian_habits.htm. 
101. ^ "The Foods Of Sicily – A Culinary Journey". ItalianFoodForever.com. 24 June 2007. http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55. 
102. ^ ^{a b} "Pizza – The Pride of Naples". HolidayCityFlash.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm. 
103. ^ . http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html. 
104. ^ "La cucina napoletana". PortaNapoli.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html. 
105. ^ "Campania". CuciNet.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm. 
106. ^ "Healthy treat: Napoli's Gelato serves up an Italian dessert". Topeka Capital-Journal. 8 January 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20020530/ai_n11781129. 
107. ^ "Campania – Cakes and Desserts". Emmeti.it. 8 January 2008. http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html. 
108. ^ "Struffoli – Neapolitan Christmas Treats". About.com. 8 January 2008. http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm. 
109. ^ "Lacryma Christi – A Legendary Wine". BellaOnline.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp. 
110. ^ "Limoncello". PizzaToday.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc=. 
111. ^ "Article in Italian language of Il Denaro". Denaro.it. 2008-10-15. http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
112. ^ ^{a b} "Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese". Ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap. Retrieved 2011-03-13. 
113. ^ "Naples". AgendaOnline.it. 8 January 2008. http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html. 
114. ^ "Timeline: Opera". TimelineIndex.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462. 
115. ^ "What is opera buffa?". ClassicalMusic.About.com. 8 January 2008. http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm. 
116. ^ "Teatro San Carlo". WhatsOnWhen.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089. 
117. ^ "Vinaccia 1779". EarlyRomanticGuiar.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com. 
118. ^ Tyler, James. The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era. Routledge. ISBN 019816713X. http://books.google.com/books?id=XQgVGIGnBrUC&dq=the+guitar+and+its+music+from+the+renaissance+to+the+classical+era&pg=PP1&ots=mS_k55uNxn&sig=syqLLjgLcqx6Cq9PJTWTH8HUz1Q&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&hs=Bks&q=The+Guitar+and+Its+Music:+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Classical+Era+&btnG=Search&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail. 
119. ^ "Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers". Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers. 8 January 2008. http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani. 
120. ^ "The Masters of Classical Guitar". LagunaGuitars.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html. 
121. ^ "Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani". FineFretted.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html. 
122. ^ "Enrico Caruso". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 January 2008. http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso. 
123. ^ "Enrico Caruso". Grandi-Tenori.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php. 
124. ^ ^{a b} "History". FestaDiPiedigrotta.it. 8 January 2008. http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm. 
125. ^ "Artisti classici napoletani". NaplesMyLove.com. 8 January 2008. http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html. 
126. ^ "Mario Merola". Guardian.co.uk. 8 January 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy. 
127. ^ "Storia Del Club, by Pietro Gentile and Valerio Rossano". Napoli2000.com. 23 June 2007. http://napoli2000.etereanetwork.com/StoriaClub_Albori.asp. 
128. ^ "Storia". CalcioNapoliNet.com. 26 June 2007. http://www.calcionapolinet.com/storia.asp. 
129. ^ "Fencing". 12 June 2008. http://www.accademianazionalescherma.it/. 
130. ^ "Gemellaggi". Comune di Napoli. 8 January 2008. http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931. 
131. ^ Kagoshima is the main sister city/twin city of Naples. Naples has named one of its streets after the Japanese city.
132. ^ "Sister City – Budapest". Official website of New York City. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/budapest_main.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-14. 
133. ^ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
134. ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147%7Ctitle=Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site|publisher=© City of Sarajevo 2001–2008|accessdate=2008-11-09}}

External links

• City Council's website