Trolleybus

A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus powered by two overhead wires, from which it draws electricity using two trolley poles. Two poles are required in order to accommodate the return current, which cannot pass to the ground as in the case of an electric tram (also called a streetcar) since trolleybuses use rubber tires (which act as electrical insulators), rather than electrically conductive steel wheels on rail. There are trolleybuses in many cities around the world.

Background

The history of the trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens ran his "Elektromote" in a Berlin suburb. This experimental demonstration continued until 13 June 1882, after which there was little progress in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the USA. The next development was when Lombard Gérin operated an experimental line at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 after four years of trials. Max Schiemann made the biggest step when on 10 July 1901 the world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus operated at Bielathal (near Dresden) in Germany. Schiemann built and operated the Bielathal system, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although the Bielathal system only operated until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days, however, there were a few different methods of current collection. The Cedes-Stoll system, designed by Carl Stoll, operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and in Vienna. The Lloyd-Köhler or Bremen system was tried out in Bremen, and the Filovia was demonstrated near Milan.

Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to operate passenger-carrying trolleybuses in the UK on 20 June 1911. Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, the system closing on 26 March 1972. The last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association. Birmingham was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers was responsible for turning the "trackless tram" into the trolleybus. There were 50 trolleybus operations in the UK in total, London's being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the short-lived Stockport operation used the Lloyd-Kölher system and Keighley used the Cedes-Stoll system.

In the United States, some cities, led by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT—New York), subscribed to the all-four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, trams (in U.S. called streetcars or trolleys) and rapid transit subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from lightly-used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. Although the BMT in Brooklyn built only one trolleybus line, other cities, notably San Francisco, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, built larger systems and still maintain "all-four". If one includes cable cars as another mode, San Francisco could be called "all-five," as its cable cars provide general transportation while also serving as a popular tourist attraction and the only moving National Historic Landmark in the United States.

A number of trolleybus lines in the United States came into existence when a tracked trolley/tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds, United Kingdom, has now been changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/6755469.stm West Yorkshire BBC] ]

Design

Advantages

Trolleybuses are advantageous on hilly routes, as electric power is more effective than diesel for climbing steep hills. Unlike combustion engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for several minutes without damage. San Francisco and Seattle, USA, both hilly, use trolleybuses partly for this reason, another being improved air quality. Given this acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses easily outperform diesel buses on flat stretches as well.

Trolleybuses' rubber tires have better adhesion than streetcars' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill climbing and braking. Unlike rail vehicles (where side tracks are not available), an out-of-service vehicle can be removed to the side of the road and its trolleys disconnected, allowing vehicles to pass. Additionally, because they are not tracked, trolleybuses can pull over to the curb as a diesel bus does, eliminating boarding islands in the street.

Philadelphia has operated trolleybuses (known regionally as trackless trolleys) in the past, and the city's SEPTA system has ordered a new fleet to restore trackless trolley service in 2008 to three of its five previous routes.

Like other electric vehicles, trolleybuses are more environmentally friendly than fossil-fuel or hydrocarbon-based vehicles (gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc.). However the power is not free, having to be produced at centralised power plants, with attendant transmission losses.

On the other hand, centrally-produced power is more efficient, not bound to a specific fuel source and more amenable to pollution control as a single-source supply than are individual vehicles with their own engines that exhaust noxious gases and particulates at street level. Moreover, some cities, like Calgary, Alberta, run their commuter light rail networks using wind energy [ [http://www.re-energy.ca/ridethewind/backgrounder.shtml Wind Energy Background] ] , which is effectively emission-free once the turbines are built and installed. A further advantage of trolleybuses is that they can generate electric power from kinetic energy whilst braking, a process known as regenerative braking.

Also, unlike buses or trams, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a diesel engine or wheels on rails. Such noise as there is tends to emanate from auxiliary systems such as power steering pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter, and in the UK at least were often referred to as the "Silent Service". The quietness did have its disadvantages though, with quite a number of pedestrians falling victim to what was also known as "the Silent Death".

Trolleybuses are specially favoured in locations where electricity is abundant and cheap. Examples of this are the extensive trolleybus systems in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Seattle, Washington, USA, both of which draw hydroelectric power from the Columbia River and other Pacific river systems. Seattle benefits doubly, with steep gradients near the Downtown waterfront and on Queen Anne, First, and Capitol Hills. San Francisco also operates its trolleybus system using hydro power from the city-owned Hetch Hetchy generating plant.

Trolleybuses are used extensively in large European cities such as Athens, Belgrade, Bratislava, Bucharest, Budapest, Coimbra, Kiev, Lyon, Milan, Minsk, Moscow, Napoli, Riga, Saint Petersburg, Sarajevo and Sofia as well as smaller ones such as Arnhem, Banská Bystrica, Bergen, Bobruysk, Brest (Belarus), Cagliari, Cluj-Napoca, Gdynia, Geneva, Ghent, Gomel, Grodno, Iaşi, Košice, Lausanne, Limoges, Lublin, Luzern, Mogilev, Nancy, Plovdiv, Prešov, Salzburg, Simferopol, Solingen, Szeged, Tallinn, Vilnius, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Yalta and Zürich.

Cities, especially those built on hills, have chosen trolleybuses over diesel buses because the electric motor can produce much more torque than a diesel engine. Moreover, the electric motor can be temporarily "overpowered", that is, more than the normal power can be obtained for a short period of time, e.g. when climbing a steep hill. Also, realising the advantages of these zero-emission vehicles, some other European cities have started to expand their systems again. Other cities such as Lecce will introduce new trolleybus systems.

In Cambridge, Massachusetts, the trolleybus system has survived because of the situation at Harvard Station, which holds an underground tunnel that was once used for streetcars. Despite a willingness to use buses, the tunnel at the time required left-side doors, and had fume concerns. Now, buses do run in the tunnel. However, the trolleybuses remain due to popular support.

Some have suggested that the trolleybus will become obsolete in a future hydrogen economy. However, direct electric transmission, as used in trolleybuses, is far more efficient (by a factor of two or more) than conversion of energy into hydrogen, transportation and storage of the hydrogen and its conversion back into electricity by fuel cells.

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus that runs without powerlines. This bus runs on power stored in large onboard supercapacitors, which are quickly recharged at bus stops. Prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005.

Disadvantages

Re-routings, temporary or permanent, are not usually readily available outside of "downtown" areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. Dewirements sometimes occur, leaving the bus stranded without power, although these events are relatively rare on systems with well-maintained overhead wire, hangers, fittings and "contact shoes." With the introduction of hybrid designs the trolleybus is no longer tied to its overhead trolley wires. Increasingly systems, such as Muni in San Francisco, TransLink in Vancouver, as well as Beijing's trolleybus operator, have circumvented this problem by installing battery packs on their trolleybuses to allow them to drive short to considerably long distances away from the wires. Also Supercapacitors may be used to drive small distances without connections to the grid. Boston is using dual-mode buses on its new Silver Line that run on overhead electricity on a fixed right of way and then transition to city streets using diesel power. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where five trolleybus lines (trackless trolley locally preferred) have been suspended for partial reconstruction, new trolleybuses on order will have the capacity to operate short distances off the overhead wires through the use of a small diesel engine. In Athens, Greece, which has an extensive trolleybus system, in 2003-04 all trolleybuses were replaced with new vehicles that are equipped with a diesel engine that enables them to run off-line for a considerable distance.

Limitations in the creation of power lines also limits the use of trolleybuses and further restrictions may also apply where taller vehicles may need to share the route, preventing the installation of overhead lines. Nevertheless, installation is faster and less expensive than a tramway system.

Trolleybuses can pass one another in regular service, if two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided, or if the buses are battery-equipped.

Trolleybuses generally are implemented only when they confer one of the advantages listed above, due to the high cost of their infrastructure compared to the diesel bus. With increasing diesel fuel costs and particlulate matter and NO_x emissions problems in many cities, trolleybuses yet may be seen as the best suited relief for many cities, either as the primary transit mode or as a supplement to rapid transit and commuter rail networks.

While at one time many cities operated this mode of transport, it is relatively uncommon today in North America, though it is still a common form of transport in many European, Russian, Brazilian and Chinese cities, generally occupying the niche between street railways (trams) and diesel-powered buses.

Some trolleybus systems have been criticized for aesthetic reasons, with city residents complaining that the jumble of overhead wires was unsightly. [ [http://www.tbus.org.uk/overhead.htm Overhead] ]

Trolleybus wire switch

Trolleybus wire switches (referred to as "frogs" in some countries) are a standard piece of equipment in places where a trolleybus line forks or branches into two. A switch may be either in a "straight through" or "turnout" position; it normally remains in the "straight through" position unless it has been triggered, and reverts to it after a few seconds. Triggering is often caused by a pair of contacts or electromagnets, with one attached to each trolleybus wire, located close to but before the switch itself.

Multiple branches may be handled by installing more than one switch. For example, to provide straight-through, left-turn or right-turn branches at an intersection, one switch is installed some distance from the intersection to choose a line over the left-turn lane, and another switch is mounted close to the intersection to choose between straight through and a right turn. [Transport 2000's BC website: http://www.vcn.bc.ca/t2000bc/learning/etb/electric_vehicles.html] [This would be the arrangement in countries such as the US, where traffic directionality is right-handed; in left-handed traffic countries such as Britain and New Zealand, the switch some distance from the intersection would be used to access the right-turn lanes, and the switch close to the intersection would be for the left-turn fork instead.]

Three common types of switch [Transport 2000's BC website: http://www.vcn.bc.ca/t2000bc/learning/etb/electric_vehicles.html] exist: Power-on/Power-off (the picture of a switch above is of this type), Selectric, and Fahslabend.

A Power-on/Power-off switch is triggered if the trolleybus is drawing power from the overhead wires, usually by accelerating, when the poles pass over the contacts. (The contacts are lined up on the wires in this case.) If no power is drawn (ie. the bus 'coasts' through the switch) the switch does not activate. Some trolley buses, such as those in Vancouver, British Columbia have a 'power-coast' toggle switch next to the driver which, dependent on what the driver desires, either causes the bus to draw power or completely halts all power draw from the overhead wires. This allows the driver to activate a switch by hand and allows a switch to be selected in situations which would otherwise be impossible, such as activating a switch while braking, or accelerating through a switch without activating it.

A Selectric switch has a similar design, but the contacts on the wires are "not" lined up but skewed, often at a 45-degree angle. This skew means that a bus going straight through will not trigger the switch, but a bus attempting a sharp turn (usually a right turn in countries with right-handed traffic) will cause its poles to meet the wires in a matching skew with one pole ahead of the other, which will trigger the switch.

For a Fahslabend switch, the bus's turn indicator (or a separate driver-controlled switch) causes a coded radio signal to be sent from a transmitter mounted on the bus (often attached to one of the trolley poles). The corresponding receiver is attached to the switch directly, and will cause it to trigger if the correct code is received. This has the advantage that the driver does not need to be accelerating the bus (as with a Power-on/Power-off switch) or trying to make a sharp turn (as with a Selectric switch). As a result, some cities operating trolleybuses have replaced other trolleybus switch types with this type of switch.

Trolleybus makers

Current

*Belkommunmash
*Bogdan Corporation
*Bashkir Trolleybus Plant (BTZ)
*Carrosserie Hess
*Designline - for the new trolleybuses to replace Wellington, New Zealand's fleet
*Electrotrans-Service
*Eletra Industrial Ltda - Brazil
*Irisbus
*Jelcz
*LiAZ
*Lviv Bus Factory
*Mercedes-Benz
*MAZ
*Neoplan
*New Flyer Industries
*PTMZ
*Rocar
*Škoda Works
*Solaris Bus & Coach (with electrical equipment by Ganz (not existing anymore) and DP Ostrava)
*Sunwin
*TransAlfa
*Trolza, major producer in Russia
*Van Hool
*Volvo
*Volgograd transport & mashinery plant
*YuMZ - Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine

Defunct or no longer making trolleybuses

*Alfa Romeo/Ansaldo Trasporti
*AM General
*Antonov Aircraft Factory, Kiev, Ukraine
*Associated Equipment Company
*British United Traction
*Chavdar, Bulgaria
*Crossley Motors
*Daimler Motor Company
*Dennis Specialist Vehicles
*ETI Skoda
*Fiat
*FBW
*Guy Motors
*Henschel
*Hispano-Suiza
*Ikarus, Hungary
*J.G. Brill
*Lancia
*Leyland Motors
*Marmon-Herrington
*NAW
*Pegaso
*Pullman Standard
*Richard Garrett & Sons
*Saurer
*St. Louis Car Company
*Sunbeam
*Tushino Mechanical Plant
*Vetra
*Yaroslavl motor plant

Trolleybuses in former USSR countries

The first trolley vehicle in Russia was built in Saint Petersburg in 1902 at Frese machine-building factory. It utilised a carriage-type current receiver like the early von Siemens prototypes. There was no attempt to organize passenger or cargo services at this time.

The first operational trolleybus service was introduced in 1933 in Moscow. In Soviet cities with underground metropolitan railways, trolleybus systems were intended to replace tramcars. In reality such plans were partially performed in the 1950s rather than in the 1930s. The first Soviet-made passenger trolleybus LK-1 was named after Politburo member Lazar Kaganovich. It was a dangerous and unreliable vehicle, quickly replaced by more advanced YaTB vehicles. These cars, both passenger and cargo, were the mainstay of the Soviet trolley fleet before the World War II. At this time new trolleybus systems were opened in Leningrad, Kiev, and a few other major Soviet cities.

During World War II, new trolleybus systems were opened in the Soviet Union. The need for mass transit in cities away from the front was urgent, but construction of tram lines was too expensive and time-consuming. Buses were largely mobilized to the Red Army as staff and medical vehicles. The remains of the bus fleet quickly stalled due to fuel shortages. The trolleybuses proved a good solution. Some vehicles, wires and other equipment were evacuated from Moscow in 1941; these materials were used for erecting new lines and systems in other cities. In the front-line city of Leningrad, trolleybus service ceased operations in November 1941 and was not restored until the end of the war. City trams were relaunched in April 1942 and performed without interruption under siege conditions. This restored Soviet plans of mass transit development in the form of co-existence of subways, trams, and trolleys.

The postwar period saw an explosion of development and expansion of trolleybus systems in the Soviet Union. Many cities and towns introduced passenger and cargo trolleybus services, sometimes interfering with tram operations. One of the most notable of these new trolleybus systems was the Crimean Trolleybus, currently the world's longest trolleybus line. Production at the time was limited to the monopoly "Zavod imeni Uritskogo" (ZiU, named after Moisei Uritsky). It produced thousands of MTB-82, ZiU-5, and ZiU-9 passenger trolleybuses for domestic purposes and for export. ZiU-5s and ZiU-9s were sold to Greece, Colombia, Argentina and Eastern Bloc countries. Three ZiU-9 cars were on loan in 1973 for testing purposes in Helsinki, Finland.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to insufficient funding for many municipal trolleybus systems, but they proved more resilient than municipal tram or bus operations. There is only one closed trolleybus system in Shakhty within the area of modern Russia (whose operations ceased in October 2007). The suspended trolleybus operations from October 2006 in Archangelsk were reactivated in December 2007. The trolleybus system in Grozny was completely destroyed in the First Chechen War. Reconstruction is in planning. There is also one system with uncertain futures, in Voronezh. In other cities the development of trolleybus passenger services continues. Two new systems were introduced in Moscow suburbs Khimki and Vidnoe in the second half of the 1990s. ZiU, now named Trolza, has lost its monopoly in producing trolley vehicles. Today a number of domestic factories offer trolleybuses for the Russian market.

List of Low floor trolleybuses

*Belkommunmash: AKSM 221,AKSM 321,AKSM 420
*Carrosserie Hess
**Eurotrolley 3
**Swisstrolley 3
**lighTram 3
*Designline
*Ikarus: 260T, 280T, 411T, 412T, 435T
*Irisbus: Civis, Cristalis
*Lviv Bus Factory
*ElektroLAZ-183 [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:ElektroLAZ_in_Ternopil.jpg]
*MAN Kiepe NG
*MAZ: 103T
*Neoplan
**N6014/6108/6110/6114/6121
**Electroliner: N6216/N6221
*New Flyer Industries: E40LFR, E60LFR
*Solaris
**Trollino: 12, 15, 18
*Škoda: 21Tr, 22Tr, 24Tr, 25Tr
*TrolZa: Megapolis
*Jelcz

Use and preservation

Argentina

Trolleybuses are currently in use in Mendoza, Rosario and Córdoba.

Australia

Australia has no remaining operating trolleybuses. Examples of Australian Trolleybuses are preserved in the Brisbane Tramway Museum, Sydney Tramway Museum, Powerhouse Museum (Sydney), the Australian Electric Transport Museum at Adelaide (South Australia), the Perth Electric Tramway Society Museum, and at the Tasmanian Transport Museum in Hobart. Some of these trolleybuses are in operating condition, but there are no wired roadways to operate them on.

Belarus

The trolleybus system in Minsk (since 1952) is second largest in the world, trolleybuses also work in Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev and Babruysk (since 1978).

Belgium

[Tram 2000, "March 2008".] The only trolleybus service in the country is in Ghent, the capital of the province of East Flanders. Here, articulated trolleybuses operate line 3, which crosses the city from east to west, passing through the historic Korenmarkt and past St Bavo's cathedral. The system was originally built as a demonstrator to promote exports, which were subsequently, due to colonial ties, made to Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. After a period of closure due to roadworks in the early 21st century, Flemish public transport undertaking "De Lijn" announced in February 2008 that the system is to be closed. The intention is to replace the trolleybuses with hybrid diesel-electric buses, but there may be an interim period of operation by conventional diesel buses. In the long term "De Lijn" would like to see trams on the route.

Bosnia

Trolleybuses are currently used only in the capital city Sarajevo. Operation and maintenance is done by the company GRAS (City transportation). Currently there are seven lines (101 - 107) operating in the city. Lines which will again connect Sarajevo and its suburb Vogosca will be reconstructed in the near future.

Brazil

In Brazil, trolleybuses are currently in use only in Santos and in two systems in São Paulo: SPTrans, at the central and eastern region, and EMTU, at the suburbs and the cities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, Mauá and Diadema. In São Paulo, two trolleybuses are preserved and exhibited at the SPTrans (São Paulo Transportation Authority) Museum Gaetano Ferrola. Another five trolleybuses built by CMTC and Villares between 1958 and 1965 are awaiting restoration in the SPTrans garage at Santa Rita. An original trolleybus built in the United States by ACF Brill in 1948 was restored in 1999 and currently can be seen riding in special celebrations, as occurred in the city's 454-year anniversary celebration on 25 January 2008.

Bulgaria

Trolleybus networks operate in the towns of Sofia (since 1941), Plovdiv (1955), Pleven (1985), Varna (1986), Kazanlak (1987 - 1999), Stara Zagora (1988), Ruse (1988), Sliven (1988), Vratsa (1988), Pernik (1989), Veliko Tarnovo 1990, Gabrovo 1990, Haskovo 1990, Burgas 1991, Pazardzik 1993. Millions of people use this transportation daily.The most developed system in terms of density is in the city of Pleven (population 120,000). 14 trolleybus lines operate in Pleven at total 75 km network and only one bus line. The largest system is in Sofia (population 1,2 m.) - 105 km.

Canada

Trolleybuses are currently used in Edmonton and Vancouver. Edmonton's city government proposed retiring its aging fleet but public opinion was against it. Vancouver's aging trolley fleet was recently replaced with newer models, one of which was loaned to the Edmonton Transit System. Trolleybuses in Hamilton, where they were referred to as "trolley coaches", were used from 1951 until 1993, when they were replaced by buses.

Chile

Valparaíso, one of the largest cities of Chile and with a historic quarter declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, has the only trolley-bus service still working in that country, managed by a private company, Trolebuses de Chile S.A. (formerly Empresa de Transportes Colectivos Eléctricos). The available routes have the 8- prefix on Valparaíso's new metropolitan mass transit system (By now, just route 801 and 802). The fleet is a mix of old German, American, Swiss, and Chinese machines, making an attractive appeal for tourism. The most famous machines are the oldest Pullman Standard machines still in service in the world. (They were declared national monuments and still can be found working in the streets). The company has faced fierce competition from other non-electric bus lines, and almost faced bankruptcy several times in the past; however, many Valparaíso inhabitants feel an emotional link to the service, and tend to vigorously defend the maintenance of this privately funded company.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has 13 currently operating trolleybus systems (Pilsen, Zlín and Otrokovice, Brno, Ostrava, Pardubice, Hradec Králové, Ústí nad Labem, Teplice, České Budějovice, Opava, Jihlava, Chomutov and Jirkov and Mariánské Lázně). The last one mentioned was a smallest trolleybus network in the world, until the opening of Landskrona trolleybus network in Sweden. Cities that operated trolleybuses in the past are Děčín, Prague and Most. There also was a trolleybus testing track, running between the towns of Ostrov and Jáchymov, taking advantage of steep gradients between these towns. It was never used for regular passenger transport, but only for testing trolleybuses made at the Škoda factory in Ostrov. The line was dismantled in 2004, following the cessation of production in this factory.

Estonia

Trolleybuses are currently in use in Tallinn. There are eight lines. Old Skoda 14TR and 15TR are changed against Solaris Ganz T12 and T18.

Finland

Two cities in Finland, Tampere and Helsinki, have had trolleybus systems.

In Tampere trolleybus operations begun in 1948 and ended in 1976. At most extensive seven trolleybus lines were trafficked in the city. Following the end of trolleybus operations, two trolleybuses were preserved in the collection of Tampereen kaupungin liikennelaitos. [cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/trolley/tampere/tpelinja.htm |title=Johdinautokaupunki Tampere 1948-1976 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |last=Alameri |first=Mikko |coauthors= |year=1987 |work= |publisher=Finnish Tramway Society |language=Finnish] In Helsinki a single trolleybus line was operated 1949–1974. [cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/trolley/helsinki/hkijohd.htm |title=Helsingin Johdinautot |accessdate=2008-08-29 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Finnish Tramway Society |language=Finnish] An attempt to restore trolleybus traffic in Helsinki was made in the late 1970s; this resulted in the acquisition of a prototype trolleybus that was used between 1979 and 1985. [cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/trolley/helsinki/hklsws/elvyty.pdf |title=Johdinautoliikenteen elvytyspyrkimykset ja Koejohdinautoprojekti |accessdate=2008-08-29 |last=Alameri |first=Mikko |coauthors= |year=1987 |work= |publisher=Finnish Tramway Society |language=Finnish |format=PDF] Three Helsinki trolleybuses have been preserved. Of these, number 605 is on display at the Helsinki tram museum. [cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/trolley/helsinki/hkl604/hkl604.htm |title=HKL Trolleybuses 604 - 608 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Finnish Tramway Society |language=Finnish/English] [cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/trolley/helsinki/hkl624/hkl624.htm |title=HKL Trolleybuses 624 - 626 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Finnish Tramway Society |language=Finnish/English] [cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/trolley/helsinki/hklsws/hklsws.htm|title=HKL Trolleybus 1 |accessdate=2008-08-29 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Finnish Tramway Society |language=Finnish/English]

France

Trolleybuses are still widely used in Limoges, Lyon, Nancy and Saint-Étienne.

These cities do particularly increase this kind of transport, among them Lyon use Cristalis trolleybuses to build a "strong network" at small cost.

Preserved examples are kept at the Musée des Transports (AMTUIR) in Colombes.

Germany

[Cite book |title=Wuppertal Schwebebahn Album |author=Groneck, Christoph |coauthors=Lohkemper, Paul |date=2007 |publisher=Robert Schwandl |location=Berlin |pages=p.58] Trolleybus networks operate in the towns of Eberswalde (near Berlin), Esslingen (near Stuttgart) and Solingen (near Düsseldorf). There had been over 60 trolleybus companies in the late 1950s, many having replaced under-used tram services. As in the United Kingdom, the proliferation of diesel buses has led to a decline in the use of this mode of transportation.

Greece

Trolleybuses are in use in Athens. The entire fleet was replaced with new Neoplan and Van Hool trolleybuses from 2001 onward. The network is operated by ILPAP.

Hungary

In Hungary trolleybuses are used in Budapest, in Szeged and in Debrecen. In Budapest the entire fleet is operated by Budapesti Közlekedési Vállalat Zrt.

Italy

Trolleybuses have been reintroduced in Rome, along a line running northeast from the Termini station along Via Nomentana. On the inner-city part of the route power is supplied from batteries rather than overhead wires.

Trolleybuses are in use in Ancona, Bologna, Cagliari, Chieti, Cremona, Genova, La Spezia, Lecce, Milan, Modena, Naples, Parma, Rimini, Rome and Sanremo.

Latvia

Trolleybuses have been used in Riga since 1947. There are 20 trolleybus lines in Riga.

Lithuania

Trolleybuses now are being used in Vilnius since 1956 and Kaunas since 1965. There are 20 lines in Vilnius and 17 lines in Kaunas.

Mexico

Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos (STE) of Mexico City is currently one of the largest systems in North America. Trolleybuses from many northern cities including Montreal, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Dallas, Little Rock, Cleveland, New Orleans, Shreveport, Malwaukee, Indianapolis, Los Angeles and San Francisco found their way to Mexico City in the 1960s. Since 1981 more than 200 Toshiba and Mitsubishi trolleybuses have been purchased new.

Ex-Chicago trolleybuses dating from 1951-52 are being used in Guadalajara as of 2008.

The Netherlands

Trolleybuses are in use in Arnhem.

New Zealand

In Foxton and at the Ferrymead Heritage Park, located in Christchurch, preserved trolleybuses operate for the public on their own systems. In Wellington, the only remaining public transport trolleybus system in Australasia, the Volvo B58 trolleybuses are being phased out in favour of new Designline trolleybuses, continue to operate as part of the city's public transport network.

North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)

Pyongyang boasts another trolleybus system in Asia; data is not available due to the closed nature of North Korea. Limited information reveals that the buses are made up of imported and locally made vehicles. Imported buses are from Europe (and Eastern Europe) and copied versions from China. There are a few local manufacturers of trolleybuses.

Norway

In Bergen, Norway, trolleybuses have been in use since 1950.

Poland

Three Polish cities currently operate trolleybuses, Lublin, Tychy and Gdynia.

Portugal

Coimbra is the only city in Portugal that has this kind of transportation. They are opereted by SMTUC a municipal service. Exist so far about 20 units from Salvador Caetano/EFACEC.

Romania

Trolleybuses run in Bucharest, Cluj, Timisoara, Sibiu, Baia Mare, Piatra Neamt, Galati, Ploiesti, Constanta, Medias and Brasov. One "DAC 117 E" (1987) is preserved by the TRANSIRA Association. [ [http://forum.transira.ro/viewtopic.php?t=1459 TRANSIRA :: Vizualizare subiect - DAC 117 E -Meditur MEDIAS 330 ] ]

Russian Federation

Trolleybuses system operate in 87 Russian cities, including the largest network in the world in Moscow.Russian transport museums have a variety of historic trolleybuses made by local manufacturers. In Moscow vintage vehicles are only available to the public at transport-dedicated exhibitions and parades of old vehicles on various celebration days. In Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod museum cars also may be hired for city excursions and parties.

erbia

Four trolleybus lines exist in Belgrade. Three of them are basically a variation of the original line established shortly after World War II with Russian-made vehicles, with the same terminus in the heart of old downtown next to the Kalemegdan fortress and the extension of outlying terminals in three directions like a fork. The fourth is a completely independent line built perpendicular to the other three. It was constructed in the early 1980s.

lovakia

The first trolleybus system on the territory of today's Slovakia connected Poprad with Starý Smokovec and was in service from 1904 until 1906. The second trolleybus system was built in 1909 in Bratislava, but served only until 1915. The route led to a hilly recreational area Zelezna studnicka and the cars' motors were fed by means of a special 4-wheel bogie, running on a pair of wires and connected to the vehicle by a cord. Trolleybuses in Bratislava were reintroduced in 1943, now with a modern, two-pole feeding. In 1962, trolleybus system was introduced in Presov. At the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, three more towns introduced trolleybuses - Banská Bystrica (1989), Žilina (1994) and Košice (1993). All vehicles operating in Slovakia were made by Škoda.

weden

In Landskrona, a single trolleybus route connects the railway station and the wharf area. The system was installed in 2003 and consists of three trolleybuses. Landskrona is the smallest trolleybus network in the world.

witzerland

Trolleybuses are in use in Swiss cities: Lausanne (10 lines), Lucerne (7 lines), Geneva (6 lines), Zurich (6 lines), Berne (5 lines), Neuchâtel (4 lines), Winterthur (4 lines), Fribourg (3 lines), La Chaux-de-Fonds (3 lines), St. Gallen (3 lines), Biel (2 lines), Schaffhausen (1 line), Vevey-Montreux (1 line). The last trolleybus ran in Basel on 30 June 2008. [Basler Verkehrsbetriebe: [http://www.bvb.ch/23-06-08_adieu_trolleybus.pdf Adieu Trolleybus] , Press statement dated 23 June 2008]

In Lausanne, the Association Retrobus preserves old trolleybuses (from 1932) and enables them to circulate in town, especially on summer weekends.

Ukraine

Trolleybus systems run in more than 25 Ukrainian cities, including the Crimean network, connecting the capital of Simferopol with the cities of Alushta and Yalta on the seashore. The Crimean trolleybus network also comprises the longest trolleybus route in the world, the route from Yalta to Simferopol is over 90 kilometers long. Trolleybuses running on this route are also the only ones in the world that require seat reservations.

United Kingdom

*Leeds Trolleybus is a proposed trolleybus system in Leeds, England.The world's largest collection of preserved trolleybuses is at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft in England. Examples are also preserved at the East Anglia Transport Museum and the Black Country Living Museum in England. The Bradford Trolleybus Association is currently restoring a Bradford Trolleybus 758, the last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain, which is kept at Sandtoft. The last trolleybuses in the United Kingdom ran in Bradford in 1972.

United States of America

*Boston, Massachusetts, as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Silver Line.
*Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
*Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as Part of SEPTA
*San Francisco, California, with extensive routes throughout the San Francisco Muni system
*Seattle, Washington
*Dayton, Ohio
*The Illinois Railway Museum maintains a historical collection of 16 trolleybuses from Chicago, Dayton, Cleveland, Des Moines, Vancouver, Toronto and Milwaukee. Several of the preserved coaches provide regularly scheduled operations for visitors over the museum's 4/10 mile demonstration line.
*There are a number of historic trolleybuses on display at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine.

Gallery

ee also

*Electric bus
*Gyrobus
*List of trolleybus systems
*Low-floor trolleybuses
*Tourist trolley
*Trolleytruck

Books

* Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1973. "Transit’s Stepchild, the Trolley Coach" (Interurbans Special 58 - ASIN [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006C9ZOE B0006C9ZOE] ). Los Angeles: Interurbans.
* Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1974. "The Trolley Coach in North America" (Interurbans Special 59 - ASIN [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006CEBZC B0006CEBZC] ) Los Angeles: Interurbans.
* Mick Leak. 2006. "The Story Of Britain's Last Rear Entrance Trolleybus In Public Service - Bradford 758. Published By The Bradford Trolleybus Association. Bradford. United Kingdom.

Periodicals

* "Trolleybus Magazine" (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.
* "Trackless", the quarterly magazine published by the Bradford Trolleybus Association for its members.
* "Trolleybus", the monthly magazine of the British Trolleybus Society (UK).

Notes

ources

* [http://www.trolleybuses.net/index.htm North American Trolley Bus Pictures]
* [http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wyatt/etb-systems.html All Time List of North American Trolleybus Systems] , accessed January 30, 2004
* [http://www.trolleybus.co.uk/ British trolleybuses]
* [http://www.under2wires.co.uk/ Trolleybuses at the BCLM]

External links

* [http://www.bradfordtrolleybusassociation.co.uk/ Bradford Trolleybus Association]
* [http://www.trolleymotion.com/ Trolleymotion - An International action group to promote modern trolleybus systems (+ Database of Systems in the world).]
* [http://www.tramz.com/cl/v/vae.html History of Valparaíso's Trolley-bus service]
* [http://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/morph/Bibliography.etb.htm Bibliography of the Electric Trolleybus (Richard DeArmond)]
* [http://members.shaw.ca/dearmond/ The Electric Trolleybus Web Site]
* [http://www.trolleybus.co.uk/ British trolleybuses]
* [http://public-transport.net/bus/Trolley.htm Trolleybuses in Europe]
* [http://ufies.org/~aleith/transit Transit World] - Features photos of Trolleybuses in Vancouver & Edmonton (Canada), Wellington (New Zealand), Geneva (Switzerland), Rome (Italy) and Seattle (USA)
* [http://www.motat.org.nz/collections/buses.htm#TROLLEY%20BUSES%20IN%20THE%20MOTAT%20COLLECTION MOTAT] MOTAT Trolley Bus collection. Auckland (New Zealand).
*ru icon [http://www.trollcity.narod.ru Trolleybus cities of Russia]
*ru icon [http://www.bytrans.net Belarusian transport]
* [http://www.trolleybuses.net/ Tom's North American Trolleybus Pictures]
*pt icon [http://www.viatrolebus.com.br/ Via Trolebus: Brazilian Trolleybus Informations and News]
*pt icon [http://video2000.sites.uol.com.br/trolebus.htm The Trolleybus of Santos (Brazil)]
* [http://www.trams-trolleybus.be Trolleybus & trams from Belgium & other countries]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/trolleycoach]
* [http://www.transira.ro TRANSIRA Association (Romania)]
* [http://tallinn.mashke.org/troll/index.php?lng=eng Estonian Trolley History]
*et icon [http://tttk.ee/transport/Troll/ Estonian Trolley and Tram Depot-Trolley parameters]