Syracuse, Sicily

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Syracuse
established_title = Founded
established_date = 734 BC
nickname =
motto =
website = http://www.comune.siracusa.it




image_

seal_size = 100px


map_caption = Location of the city of Syracuse (red dot) within Italy.
mapsize = 215px
subdivision_type = Region
subdivision_type1 = Province
subdivision_name = Sicily
subdivision_name1 = Province of Syracuse
leader_title = Mayor
leader_name = Giambattista Bufardeci
area_magnitude =
area_total_sq_mi =
area_total_km2 = 204
population_footnotes =
population_as_of = December 2004
population_total = 123,322 (31^st)
population_urban =
area_urban_km2 =
area_urban_sq_mi =
population_metro =
population_density_km2 =593
population_density_sq_mi =
timezone = CET
utc_offset = +1
timezone_DST =
utc_offset_DST =
latd=37 |latm=05 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=17 |longs= |longEW=E
elevation_m =
elevation_ft =
postal_code_type = Postal codes
postal_code = 96100
area_code = 0931
blank_name = Patron saints
blank_info = Saint Lucy
footnotes =

Syracuse ( _it. Siracusa, Sicilian: "Sarausa", Classical Greek: polytonic|"Συρακοῦσαι" / transliterated: "Syrakousai") is a historic city in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Syracuse. The city is noted for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture and association to Archimedes, playing an important role in ancient times as one of the top powers of the Mediterranean world; it is over 2,700 years old. Syracuse is located in the south-east corner of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Syracuse next to the Ionian Sea.

The city was founded by Ancient Greek Corinthians and became a very powerful city-state. Syracuse was allied with Sparta and Corinth, exerting influence over the entire "Magna Grecia" area of which it was the most important city. Once described by Cicero as "the greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all", it later became part of the Roman Republic and Byzantine Empire. After this Palermo overtook it in importance, as the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily. Eventually the kingdom would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.

In the modern day, the city is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site along with the Necropolis of Pantalica. In the central area, the city itself has a population of around 125 thousand people. The inhabitants are known as "Siracusans", and the local language spoken by its inhabitants is the Sicilian language. Syracuse is mentioned in the Bible in the Acts of the Apostles book at 28:12 as Paul stayed there. [cite news|url=http://members.datafast.net.au/sggram/f763.htm|publisher=SimplyBible.com|title=Acts Facts: Syracuse|date=8 January 2008] The patron saint of the city is Saint Lucy, she was born in Syracuse and her feast day, Saint Lucy's Day, is celebrated on 13 December.

History

Greek period

Syracuse and its surrounding area have been inhabited since ancient times, as shown by the findings in the villages of Stentinello, Ognina, Plemmirio, Matrensa, Cozzo Pantano and "Thapsos", which already had a relationship with Mycenaean Greece.

Syracuse was founded in 734 or 733 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth and Tenea, led by the "oecist" (colonizer) Archias, who called it Sirako, referring to a nearby salt marsh. The nucleus of the ancient city was the small island of Ortygia. The settlers found the land fertile and the native tribes to be reasonably well-disposed to their presence. The city grew and prospered, and for some time stood as the most powerful Greek city anywhere in the Mediterranean. Colonies were founded at Akrai (664 BC), Kasmenai (643 BC) and Kamarina (598 BC). The descendants of the first colonist, called "Gamoroi", held the power until they were expelled by the "Killichiroi", the lower class of the city. The former, however, returned to power in 485 BC, thanks to the help of Gelo, ruler of Gela. Gelo himself became the despot of the city, and moved many inhabitants of Gela, Kamarina and Megera to Syracuse, building the new quarters of Tyche and Neapolis outside the walls. His program of new constructions included a new theater, designed by Damocopos, which gave the city a flourishing cultural life: this in turn attracted personalities as Aeschylus, Ario of Metimma, Eumelos of Corinth and Sappho, who had been exiled here from Mytilene. The enlarged power of Syracuse made unavoidable the clash against the Carthaginians, who ruled western Sicily. In the Battle of Himera, Gelo, who had allied with Theron of Agrigento, decisively defeated the African force led by Hamilcar. A temple, entitled to Athena (on the site of the today's Cathedral), was erected in the city to commemorate the event

Gelon was succedeed by his brother Hiero, who fought against the Etruscans at Cumae in 474 BC. His rule was eulogized by poets like Simonides of Ceos, Bacchylides and Pindar, who visited his court. A democratic regime was introduced by Thrasybulos (467 BC). The city continued to expand in Sicily, fighting against the rebellious Siculi, and on the Tyrrhenian Sea, making expeditions up to Corsica and Elba. In the late 5th century BC, Syracuse found itself at war with Athens, which sought more resources to fight the Peloponnesian War. The Syracusans enlisted the aid of a general from Sparta, Athens' foe in the war, to defeat the Athenians, destroy their ships, and leave them to starve on the island (see Sicilian Expedition). In 401 BC, Syracuse contributed a force of 3,000 hoplites and a general to Cyrus the Younger's Army of the Ten Thousand.

Then in the early 4th century BC, the tyrant Dionysius the Elder was again at war against Carthage and, although losing Gela and Camarina, kept that power from capturing the whole of Sicily. After the end of the conflict Dionysius built a massive fortress on the Ortygia island of the city and 22 km-long walls around all of Syracuse. Another period of expansion saw the destruction of Naxos, Catania and Lentini, then Syracuse entered again in war against Carthage (397 BC). After various changes of fortune, the Africans managed to besiege Syracuse itself, but were eventually pushed back by a pestilence. A treaty in 392 BC allowed Syracuse to enlarge further its possessions, founding the cities of Adrano, Ancona, Adria, Tindari and Tauromenos, and conquering Reggio Calabria on the continent. Apart from his battle deeds, Dionysius was famous as a patron of art, and Plato himself visited Syracuse several times.

His successor was Dionysius the Younger, who was however expelled by Dion in 356 BC. But the latter's despotic rule led in turn to his expulsion, and Dionysius reclaimed his throne in 347 BC. A democratic government was installed by Timoleon in 345 BC. The long series of internal struggles had weakened Syracuse's power on the island, and Timoleon tried to remedy this, defeating the Carthaginians in 339 BC near the Krimisos river. But the struggle among the city's parties restarted after his death and ended with the rise of another tyrant, Agathocles, who seized power with a coup in 317 BC. He resumed the war against Carthage, with alternate fortunes. He however scored a moral success, bringing the war to the Carthaginians' native African soil, inflicting heavy losses to the enemy. The war ended with another treaty of peace which did not prevent the Carthaginians interfering in the politics of Syracuse after the death of Agathocles (289 BC). The citizens called Pyrrhus of Epirus for help. After a brief period under the rule of Epirus, Hiero II seized power in 275 BC.

Hiero inaugurated a period of 50 years of peace and prosperity, in which Syracause became one of the most renowned capitals of Antiquity. He issued the so-called "Lex Hieronica", which was later adopted by the Romans for their administration of Sicily; he also had the theater enlarged and a new immense altar, the "Hiero's Ara", built. Under his rule the most famous Syracusan lived, the natural philosopher Archimedes. Among his many inventions were various military engines including the claw of Archimedes, later used to resist the Roman siege of 214 BC–212 BC. Literary figures included Theocritus and others.

Hiero's successor, the young Hieronymus (ruled from 215 BC), broke the alliance with the Romans after their defeat at the Battle of Cannae and accepted Carthage's support. The Romans, led by consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus, besieged the city in 214 BC. The city held out for three years, but fell in 212 BC. It is believed to have fallen due to a peace party opening a small door in the wall to negotiate a peace, but the Romans charged through the door and took the city, killing Archimedes in the process.

From Roman domination to the Middle Ages

Though declining slowly by the years, Syracuse maintained the status of capital of the Roman government of Sicily and seat of the praetor. It remained an important port for the trades between the Eastern and the Western parts of the Empire. Christianity spread in the city through the efforts of Paul of Tarsus and Saint Marziano, the first bishop of the city, who made it one of the main centres of proselytism in the West. In the age the persecutions massive catacombs were carved, whose size are second only to those of Rome.

After a period of Vandal rule, Syracuse and the island was recovered by Belisarius for the Byzantine Empire (31 December 535). From 663 to 668 Syracuse was the seat of Emperor Constans II, as well as metropolis of the whole Sicilian Church.

Another siege in 878, resulted in the city coming under two centuries of Muslim rule. The capital was moved from Syracuse to Palermo. The Cathedral was converted into a mosque and the quarter on the Ortygia island was gradually rebuilt along Islamic styles. The city, nevertheless, maintained important trade relationships, and housed a relatively flourishing cultural and artistic life: several Arab poets, including Ibn Hamdis, the most important Sicilian poet of the 12th century, flourished in the city.

In 1038, the Byzantine general George Maniaces reconquered the city, sending the relics of St. Lucy to Constantinople. The eponymous castle on the cape of Ortygia bears his name, although it was built under the Hohenstaufen rule. In 1085 the Normans entered Syracuse, one of the last Arab strongholds, after a summer-long siege by Roger I of Sicily and his son Jordan of Hauteville, who was given the city as count. New quarters were built, and the cathedral was restored, as well as other churches.

In 1194 Henry VI of Swabia occupied Syracuse. After a short period of Genoese rule (1205–1220), which favoured a rise of trades, Syracuse was conquered back by emperor Frederick II. He began the construction of the Castello Maniace, the Bishops' Palace and the Bellomo Palace. Frederick's death brought a period of unrest and feudal anarchy. In the struggle between the Anjou and Aragonese monarchies, Syracuse sided with the Aragonese and defeated the Anjou in 1298, receiving from the Spanish sovereigns great privileges in reward. The pre-eminence of baronal families is also showed by the construction of the palaces of Abela, Chiaramonte, Nava, Montalto.

Modern Syracuse

The city was struck by two ruinous earthquakes in 1542 and 1693, and a plague in 1729. The 17th century destruction changed forever the appearance of Syracuse, as well as the entire Val di Noto, whose cities were rebuilt along the typical lines of Sicilian Baroque, considered one of the most typical expressions of art of Southern Italy. The spread of cholera in 1837 led to a revolt against the Bourbon government. The punishment was the move of the province capital seat to Noto, but the unrest had not been totally choked, as the Siracusani took part in the Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848.

After the Unification of Italy of 1865, Syracuse regained its status of provincial capital. In 1870 the walls were demolished and a bridge connecting the mainland to Ortygia island was built. In the following year a railway link was constructed.

Heavy destruction was caused by the Allied and the German bombings in 1943. Operation Husky, the allied invasion of Sicily was launched on the night of 9th/10th July 1943 with British forces attacking the west of the island. General Montgomery's Eighth Army captured Syracuse on the first day of the invasion almost unopposed. The port was then used as a base for the Royal Navy. [cite web|url=http://www.olive-drab.com/od_history_ww2_ops_battles_1943sicily.php|title=Operation Husky, Sicily 1943|publisher=olive-drab.com|date=April 12 2008] To the west of the city is a Commonwealth War Graves cemetery where about a 1000 men are buried. After the end of World War II the northern quarters of Syracuse experienced a heavy, often chaotic, expansion, favoured by the quick process of industrialization.

Syracuse today has about 125,000 inhabitants and numerous attractions for the visitor interested in historical sites (such as the Ear of Dionysius). A process of recovering and restoring the historical centre has been ongoing since the 1990s. Nearby places of note include Catania, Noto, Modica and Ragusa.

Main sights

Ancient buildings

* The "Temple of Apollo", adapted to a church in Byzantine times and to a mosque under Arab rule.
* The "Fountain of Arethusa", in the Ortygia island. According to a legend, the nymph Arethusa, hunted by Alpheus, took shelter here.
* The "Theatre", whose cavea is one of the largest ever built by the ancient Greeks: it has 67 rows, divided into nine sections with eight aisles. Only traces of the scene and the orchestra remain. The edifice (still used today) was modified by the Romans, who adapted it to their different style of spectacles, including also circus games. Near the theatre are the "latomìe", stone quarries, also used as prisons in ancient times. The most famous "latomìa" is the "Orecchio di Dionisio" ("Ear of Dionysius").
* The "Roman amphitheatre", of Roman Imperial age. It was partly carved out from the rock. In the centre of the area is a rectangular space which was used for the scenic machinery.
* The so-called "Tomb of Archimede", in the Grotticelli Nechropolis. Decorated with two Doric columns, it was a Roman tomb.
* The "Temple of Olympian Zeus", about 3 km outside the city, built around 6th century BC.

Churches

* The "Cathedral" was built by bishop Zosimo in the 7th century over the great "Temple of Athens" (5th century BC), on the Ortygia island. This was a Doric edifice with six columns on the short sides and 14 on the long ones: these can still be seen incorporated in the walls of the current church. The base of the Greek edifice had three steps. The interior of the church has a nave and two aisles. The roof of the nave is from Norman times, as well as the mosaics in the apses. The façade was rebuilt by Andrea Palma in 1725–1753, with a double order of Corinthian columns, and statues by Ignazio Marabitti. The most interesting pieces of the interior are a font with marble basin (12th–13th century), a silver statue of "St. Lucy" by Pietro Rizzo (1599), a ciborium by Luigi Vanvitelli, and a statue of the "Madonna della Neve" ("Madonna of the Snow", 1512) by Antonello Gagini.
* Basilica of "Santa Lucia extra Moenia", a Byzantine church built, according to tradition, in the same place of the martyrdom of the saint in 303 AD. The current appearance is from the 15th-16th centuries. The most ancient parts still preserved include the portal, the three half-circular apses and the first two orders of the belfry. Under the church are the "Catacombs of St. Lucy".
* Church of "San Paolo" (18th century).
* Church of "San Cristoforo" (14th century, rebuilt in the 18th century).
* Church of "Santa Lucìa alla Badìa", a Baroque edifice built after the 1693 earthquake.
* "Church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli" (13th century).
* "Church of the Spirito Santo" (18th century).
* Church of the "Jesuite College", a majestic, Baroque building.
* Church of "St. Benedict" (16th century, restored after 1693). It houses a painting of the "Death of Saint Benedict" by the Caravaggisti Mario Minniti.
* "Chiesa della Concezione" (14th century, rebuilt in the 18th century), with the annexed Benedictine convent.
* "Church of San Francesco all'Immacolata", with a convex façade intermingled by columns and pilaster strips. It housed and ancient celebration, the Svelata ("Revelation"), in which an image of the Madonna was unveiled at dawn of November 29.
* Basilica of "St. John the Evangelist", built by the Normans and destroyed in 1693. Only partially restored it was erected over an ancient crypt of the martyr San Marciano, later destroyed by the Arabs. The main altar is Byzantine. It includes the "Catacombs of San Giovanni", featuring a maze of tunnels and passages, with thousands of tombs and several frescoes.

Other edifices and sights

* The "Castello Maniace", constructed between 1232 and 1240, is an example of the military architecture of Frederick II's reign. It is a square structure with circular towers at each of the four corners. The most striking feature is the pointed portal, decorated with polychrome marbles.
* The important "Archaeological Museum", with collections including findings from the mid-Bronze Age to 5th century BC.
* "Palazzo Lanza Buccheri" (16th century).
* "Palazzo Mergulese-Montalto" (14th century), which conserves the old façade from the 14th century, with a pointed portal.
* The "Archbishop's Palace" (17th century, modified in the following century). It houses the "Alagonian Library", founded in the late 18th century.
* The "Palazzo Vermexio", the current Town Hall, which includes fragments of an Ionic temple of the 5th century BC.
* "Palazzo Francica Nava", with parts of the original 16th century building surviving.
* "Palazzo Beneventano del Bosco", originally built in the Middle Ages but extensively modified between 1779 and 1788. It has a pleasant internal court.
* "Palazzo Migliaccio" (15th century), with notable lava inlay decorations.
* The "Senate Palace", housing in the court an 18th century coach.
* The "Castle of Euryalos", built nine kilometres outside the city by Dionysius the Elder and which was one of the most powerful fortresses of ancient times. It had three moats with a series of underground galleries which allowed the defenders to remove the materials the attackers could use to fill them.

Demographics

In 2007, there were 122,972 people residing in Syracuse, located in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, of whom 48.7% were male and 51.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 18.87 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 16.87 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Syracuse resident is 40 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Syracuse declined by 0.49 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent. The reason for decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and northern Italy. [http://demo.istat.it/bil2002/index.html] [http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html] The current birth rate of Syracuse is 9.75 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

As of 2006, 97.9% of the population was of Sicilian/Italian descent. The largest immigrant group came from other European nations (particularly those from Poland, and the United Kingdom): 0.61%, North Africa (mostly Tunisian): 0.51%, and South Asia: 0.37%.

Climate

Syracuse enjoys a typical Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. Infobox Weather
metric_first= Yes
single_line= Yes
location =Syracuse
Jan_Hi_°C =15
Feb_Hi_°C =16
Mar_Hi_°C =18
Apr_Hi_°C =21
May_Hi_°C =25
Jun_Hi_°C =30
Jul_Hi_°C =33
Aug_Hi_°C =33
Sep_Hi_°C =30
Oct_Hi_°C =25
Nov_Hi_°C =20
Dec_Hi_°C =16
Year_Hi_°C =23

Jan_Lo_°C =4
Feb_Lo_°C =4
Mar_Lo_°C =5
Apr_Lo_°C =7
May_Lo_°C =11
Jun_Lo_°C =15
Jul_Lo_°C =18
Aug_Lo_°C =18
Sep_Lo_°C =16
Oct_Lo_°C =13
Nov_Lo_°C =8
Dec_Lo_°C =6
Year_Lo_°C =11

Jan_Precip_mm =76
Feb_Precip_mm =48
Mar_Precip_mm =41
Apr_Precip_mm =38
May_Precip_mm =23
Jun_Precip_mm =10
Jul_Precip_mm =5
Aug_Precip_mm =15
Sep_Precip_mm =36
Oct_Precip_mm =99
Nov_Precip_mm =56
Dec_Precip_mm =86
Year_Precip_mm =533
source = Weatherbasecite news|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=495461&refer=|publisher =WeatherBase.com|title=Siracusa, Italy|date=8 January 2008]
accessdate = 2008-02-19

International relations

Infobox World Heritage Site
WHS = Syracuse & the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica


State Party = ITA
Type = Cultural
Criteria = ii, iii, iv, vi
ID = 1200
Region = Europe
Year = 2005
Session = 29th
Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1200Syracuse is involved in town twinning (known as "gemellaggio" in Italian), a mutual partnership with other cities. To date Syracuse is only twinned to one town, fittingly as Syracuse was founded by Corinthians as a Corinthian colony, the modern day city of Corinth in Greece is twinned with it; [cite news|url=http://www.libertasicilia.com/press/more.php?id=2477_0_1_0_M|publisher=Liberta Sicilia|title=Gemellaggio tra Siracusa e Corinto|date=8 January 2008]

Partner city:
* Corinth

Since 2005, the entire city of Syracuse, along with the Necropolis of Pantalica which falls within the province of Syracuse, has been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, a programme which aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. The deciding committee who evaluate potential candidates described their reasons for choosing Syracuse because "monuments and archeological sites situated in Syracuse are the finest example of outstanding architectural creation spanning several cultural aspects; Greek, Roman and Baroque", following on that Ancient Syracuse was "directly linked to events, ideas and literary works of outstanding universal significance".cite news|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1200|publisher=UNESCO|title=Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica|date=8 January 2008]

Although nowhere near the level of historic importance of the Sicilian city, around the world there are municipalities and a city named after Syracuse. The most numerous examples are in the United States, though the Sicilian city maintains no formal relationship with any transatlantic entities.

ee also

* House of Siracusa
* Peloponnesian League
* Sicilian Expedition
* Sicilian Wars

References

External links

* [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=54 Coins from ancient Syracuse and Sicily]
* [http://www.livius.org/su-sz/syracuse/syracuse_history01.html Livius.org: History of Syracuse]