- Nenets Autonomous Okrug
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Nenets Autonomous Okrug Ненецкий автономный округ (Russian) — Autonomous okrug — 
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Coordinates: 68°50′N 54°50′E / 68.833°N 54.833°ECoordinates: 68°50′N 54°50′E / 68.833°N 54.833°E Political status Country Russia Federal district Northwestern[1] Economic region Northern[2] Established July 15, 1929 Administrative center Naryan-Mar Government (as of March 2011) - Governor Igor Fyodorov[3] - Legislature Assembly of Deputies Statistics Area (as of the 2002 Census)[4] - Total 176,700 km2 (68,224.3 sq mi) Area rank 20th Population (2010 Census)[5] - Total 42,628 - Rank 83rd - Density 0.24 /km2 (0.62 /sq mi) - Urban 67.2% - Rural 32.8% Population (2002 Census)[6] - Total 41,546 - Rank 83rd - Density 0.24 /km2 (0.62 /sq mi) - Urban 63.2% - Rural 36.8% Time zone(s) MSD (UTC+04:00)[7] ISO 3166-2 RU-NEN License plates 83 Official languages Russian[8] http://www.adm-nao.ru/ Nenets Autonomous Okrug[9] (Russian: Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг; Nenets: Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, Nenyotse avtonomnoy ɲokruk) is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast).
It has an area of 176,700 km2 and population of 42,628 as of the preliminary results of the 2010 Census (the smallest of all federal subjects by population), 21,296 of whom live in Naryan-Mar, the administrative center.[5]
Contents
Geography and ecology
The arctic ecology of this area has a number of unique features derived from the extreme temperatures and unique geologic province. Polar bears are found in this locale; in fact, the sub-population found here is a genetically distinct taxon associated with the Barents Sea region.[10] The autonomous okrug has a size of approximately 177,000 km2,[11] more than four times the size of Switzerland. The district is around 320 km from north to south and around 950 km from east to west, stretching from Mys Bolvansky Nos in the north to the source of the Oma River in the south and Cape Kanin Nos in the west to the banks of the Kara River in the east.[11]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Nenets Autonomous OkrugThe okrug is administratively divided into one district (Zapolyarny District) and one town of okrug significance (Naryan-Mar). The district is further divided into selsoviets.[12] Municipally, the town of Naryan-Mar is incorporated as Naryan-Mar Urban Okrug, while the district (including the settlement of Kharuta, which geographically is an exclave surrounded by the territory of the Komi Republic) is incorporated as Zapolyarny Municipal District.
History
Early history
The first recorded mention of the Nenets people is found in the 11th-century Primary Chronicle,[13] a chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113 by Nestor the Chronicler. At the time, Kievan Rus was under the influence of Novgorod, as was the whole of the North Eastern territories of Kievan Rus'.[13] By the end of the fifteenth century, Novgorod's influence was waning and the area fell under the control of Muscovy[13] and in 1499, they established, Pustozyorsk (Russian: Пустозёрск, literally meaning deserted lakes), and it became a military, commercial, cultural and administrative hub for the area.
By the 18th century, the area was part of Mezensky Uyezd.[13] In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd was established and in 1896, so was Neskaya Volost.[13] Prior to the formation of the autonomous okrug, this area belonged in part to Mezensky Uyezd in Arkhangelsk Oblast and partly to Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd in Komi (Zyriansky) Oblast.[13]
Soviet history
The area now known as Nenets Autonomous Okrug was officially created on July 15, 1929, and at that time included Kanino-Timansky District, Peshsky and Omsky Selsoviets, Mezenskaya Volost and Mezensky Uyezd, Telvisochno-Samoyedsky District, Pechorsky Uyezd, and Izhmo-Pechorsky Uyezd of Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast.[13] At this time, two administrative districts, Canino-Timansky and Bolshezemelsky were founded.[13] In December 1929, further additions were made to the Districts area, namely Pustozyorskaya Volost, Pechora District and a number of offshore islands.[13] In 1934, a number of islands, including Vaygach Island were subsumed into the district.[13] Naryan-Mar was elevated to town status in 1935.[13] In July 1940, a third administrative district was formed, Amderminsky, with its administrative headquarters in Amderma.[13] However, on November 23, 1959, all administrative districts were abolished and a number of areas, including the administrative area for Vorkuta, were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Komi Republic and the region took the shape that it still holds today.
Zapolyarny Municipal District, one of the youngest districts in Russia, was formed in 2006.[14] Zapolyarny translates as "Polar", and the district was given this name because the vast majority of the district's area lies north of the arctic circle.[11]
Economy
Oil and gas
The economy of Zapolyarny district is dominated by oil and gas, constituting around 99% of all industrial activity within the whole Okrug.[15] The dominance of oil and gas exploration within the Okrug has seen associated revenues increase dramatically, with €190 million generated in 2007 compared to only €6.7 million ten years prior,[15] with fuel industry's share of the districts GRP increasing from 65% in 2001 to 80% in 2005.[16] This increase in revenue has resulted from a marked increase in investment in the area by the parent companies of the concerns operating in the District, such as Rosneft, Lukoil, Total, Surgutneftegas and TNK-BP, whose input equates to approximately 90% of the total annual investment in the district.[15] This investment has included the construction of an oil terminal in the Barents Sea at a cost of approximately €700 million by an independent company especially created to oversea the construction and administration of the terminal,[15] a pipeline to connect the terminal to the ZPS Southern Khylchuyu oilfields at a cost of around €250 million,[15] the completion of the Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline and a gas plant near Khumzha.[15] This allows the transportation of oil and gas throughout the region and into the general Russian pipeline network.[11] There are currently more than 80 separate oil and gas sites of exploration,[11] and it is estimated that there is around 5 billion tons of oil and around 500 billion cubic meters of gas in the district.[11]
In the first quarter of 2009, industrial production grew by 34.7% compared with the same period last year[17] However, investments in industrial and housing construction decreased by 60.6% and 90.9% respectively,[17] in the first three months of 2009, oil production totaled 4,419 million tons, an increase of over 35% on the same period in the previous year[16]
Infrastructure
As a result of the significant and speedy increase in investment in the area, the district is faced with a widespread infrastructure problem meaning that progress at many of the oil and gas exploration sites is hampered by accessibility issues, compounded by the severe arctic climate of the district.[15] The Duma of Nenets Autonomous Okrug has stated their intention to address this issue as a priority, including the construction of the third phase of the Naryan-Mar-Usinsk road,[15] construction of a Naryan-Mar-Telviska-Velikovisochnoye pipeline[15] and a renovation of the wastewater treatment system in Iskateley.[15]
Further plans by Russian railways include the construction of two railways linking settlements in Zapolyarny Municipal District, one, a line running 210 km from Vorkuta, in the Komi Republic, to Ust-Kara in the far east of the district, and another running from Sosnogorsk, also in the Komi Republic, to Indiga in the west of the district.[15] Officials have also proposed that the line to Ust-Kara is extended to Amderma to provide adequate transportation routes to allow the economic extraction of several mineral deposits, with an estimated worth of between €100-135 billion.[15]
Without this investment in infrastructure, the main means of transportation is air, with regular flights to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Arkangelsk and Usa.[11] In the summer, the main river in the district, the Pechora is used to transport freight.[11]
Indigenous economy
Reindeer husbandry is considered central to the Nenets' way of life, despite only 14% of Nenets people being involved in herding directly at the end of the twentieth century[18] there are three "types" of Reindeer in the district: collective, personal and private.[19] The majority of reindeer are owned by collective farms, with Nenets people employed to look after them. Those employed in such a capacity are then permitted to own additional personal reindeer, which do not require registration, nor a permit for grazing.[19] The private reindeer are held by the association of reindeer herders, Erv, but these are very much the minority, with reports in 1997 indicating that over 70% of reindeer were held collectively, over 20% personally and only just over 2% privately.[19]
The reindeer are kept, not only to provide for the families of the herders, but also to produce meat and antlers for sale[20] this meat is mainly sold within the district,[20] since the price of reindeer meat has traditionally been lower than pork or beef,[21] but there are other markets in the Komi Republic and Arkhangelsk Oblast. These outlets are used mainly by groups such as Erv, which have come into existence since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Those groups that effectively represent a continuity of the old collective farm economy, such as Vyucheiskiy and Kharp generally continue to provide their reindeer to a slaughterhouse as they have always done,[21] which results in lower profits than are generated through Erv's business plan, causing instability and debt amongst the collective farms though it is recognised that these collective farms do provide employment to those who would otherwise be without jobs.[21]
There has been little significant change in the organisation of the reindeer herding enterprises between Soviet times and today,[22] with little change in the number of businesses and those that continue to exist still practising the same business model, making changes only to the branding of the business.[22]
Demographics
Nenets Autonomous Okrug's Population per a 2002 estimate is 41,546.[23]
Statistics
Births Deaths Birth rate Death rate 1970 800 295 20.0 7.4 1975 894 389 20.3 8.8 1980 941 387 19.6 8.1 1985 1,049 371 19.8 7.0 1990 917 386 17.7 7.4 1991 852 376 16.7 7.4 1992 725 431 14.7 8.8 1993 588 531 12.4 11.2 1994 653 528 14.3 11.6 1995 602 570 13.7 13.0 1996 536 481 12.5 11.2 1997 546 427 13.0 10.1 1998 567 435 13.6 10.4 1999 518 433 12.5 10.5 2000 541 531 13.2 12.9 2001 598 560 14.6 13.7 2002 606 540 14.7 13.1 2003 665 590 15.9 14.1 2004 595 519 14.2 12.4 2005 607 513 14.5 12.2 2006 587 540 14.0 12.9 2007 653 528 15.6 12.6 2008 691 537 16.4 12.8 - Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Ethnic groups
According to the 2002 Census the ethnic composition was:
- Russians: 62.43%
- Nenets: 18.66%
- Komi: 10.85%
- Ukrainians: 3.16%
- Belarusians 1.03%
- Tatars: 0.51%
- a few other groups of less than one hundred persons each.
1.58% of the inhabitants declined to state their ethnicity on the census questionnaire.[23]
Historical figures are given below:
census 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 Nenets 5,602 (11.8%) 4,957 (10.9%) 5,851 (15.0%) 6,031 (12.8%) 6,423 (11.9%) 7,754 (18.7%) Komi 6,003 (12.6%) 5,012 (11.0%) 5,359 (13.7%) 5,160 (10.9%) 5,124 (9.5%) 4,510 (10.9%) Russians 32,146 (67.5%) 31,312 (68.8%) 25,225 (64.5%) 31,067 (65.8%) 35,489 (65.8%) 25,942 (62.4%) Others 3,866 (8.1%) 4,253 (9.3%) 2,684 (6.9%) 4,960 (10.5%) 6,876 (12.8%) 3,340 (8.0%) Ethnographic maps shows the Nenets living throughout the Okrug, with the east-central section of the okrug, along the Komi Republic border, showing mixed Nenets-Komi population.[24]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Official website of Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Igor Gennadyevich Fyodorov, Governor of Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russian)
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2010). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication).
- ^ Official the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Occasionally referred to as Nenetsia in English
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zapolyarny Municipal District Official Website - Background
- ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 100», в ред. изменения №168/2011 от 1 октября 2011 г. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 11 100, as amended by the Amendment #168/2010 of October 1, 2011. ).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nenets Autonomous Okrug Official Website - 80 Years of NAO
- ^ Russian: федерального закон № 131-ФЗ «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в РФ» (Federal law № 131-FZ "On general principles of local self-government in Russia").
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l M. Gardin et al. Barents Strategy for the Advancement of Finnish Enterprise in the Russian Barents Region, pp. 14 and 19
- ^ a b Barents Monitoring, p. 2
- ^ a b Barents Monitoring, p. 1
- ^ Tuisku, p. 190
- ^ a b c Tuisku, p. 191
- ^ a b Tuisku, p. 194
- ^ a b c Tuisku, p. 195
- ^ a b Tuisku, p. 203
- ^ a b (XLS) National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation. 2002 Russian All-Population Census. 2002. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ Map 3.2 (Nenetskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug) from the series prepared for the INSROP (International Northern Sea Route Programme) Working Paper No. 90 in 1997.
Sources
- T. Tuuisku, Transition Period in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Changing and Unchanging Life of Nenets People. First published in: ed. E. Kasten, People and the Land: Pathways to Reform in Post-Soviet Siberia, 2002, p. 189-205. Berlin: Deitrich Reimer Verlag
- The Norwegian Barents Secretariat - Barents Monitoring, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, First Quarter, 2009
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