Tupolev

Public Stock Company Tupolev

Type	Division
Industry	Aerospace and defense
Founded	1922
Headquarters	Moscow, Russia
Products	Commercial airliners Military aircraft
Parent	United Aircraft Corporation
Website	Tupolev.ru

Tupolev (Russian: Ту́полев, IPA: [ˈtupəlʲɪf]) is a Russian aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Basmanny District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.^[1] Known officially as Public Stock Company Tupolev, it is the successor of the Tupolev OKB or Tupolev Design Bureau (OKB-156, design office prefix Tu) headed by the Soviet aerospace engineer A.N. Tupolev. The company celebrated its 80th anniversary on October 22, 2002. The Russian government is planning to merge Tupolev with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev as a new company named United Aircraft Corporation.^[2]

Introduction

The capabilities of PSC Tupolev include development, manufacturing and overhaul for both civil and military aerospace products such as aircraft and weapons systems. It is also active with missile and naval aviation technologies. More than 18,000 Tupolev aircraft were produced for the USSR and the Eastern Bloc.

History

Tupolev OKB was founded by Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev in 1922. Its facilities are tailored for aeronautics research and aircraft design only, manufacturing is handled by other firms. It researched all-metal airplanes during the 1920s.

Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky, the largest airplane of the 1930s, was used for Stalinist propaganda.

Among its notable results during the period was the heavy bomber, where Tupolev's design approach defined for many years the trends of heavy aircraft development, civil and military.

During World War II, the twin-engined, all-metal Tu-2 was one of the best front-line bombers of the Soviets. Several variants of it were produced in large numbers from 1942. During the war it used wooden rear fuselages due to a shortage of metal.

In 1945, three Boeing B-29 Superfortresses landed in Soviet territory after missions over Japan. They were quickly copied by the design bureau and formed the basis of the first Soviet intercontinental strategic bomber, the Tu-4, which first flew in 1947 and was produced in substantial numbers.

This was succeeded by the development of the jet-powered Tu-16 bomber, based on an enlarged version of the B-29/Tu-4 fuselage, which used a sweptback wing for good subsonic performance.

As turbojets were not fuel efficient enough to provide truly intercontinental range, the Soviets elected to design a new bomber, the Tu-20, more commonly referred to as the Tu-95. It, too, was based on the fuselage and structural design of the Tu-4, but with four colossal Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines providing a unique combination of jet-like speed and long range. It became the definitive Soviet intercontinental bomber, with intercontinental range and jet-like performance. In many respects the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, it served as a strategic bomber and in many alternate roles, including reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.

The Tu-16 was developed into the civil Tu-104, which was for some time the only jet-powered airliner due to the temporary grounding of the De Havilland Comet. The Tu-95 became the basis of the unique Tu-114 medium-to-long-range airliner, the fastest turboprop aircraft ever. One common feature found in many large subsonic Tupolev jet aircraft is large pods extending rearward from the trailing edge of the wings, holding the aircraft's landing gear. These allow the aircraft to have landing gears made up of many large low-pressure tires, which are invaluable for use on the poor quality runways that were common in the Soviet Union at the time. For example the Tu-154 airliner, the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing 727, has 14 tyres, the same number as Boeing's far larger 777-200.

Even before the first flights of the Tu-16 and Tu-20/Tu-95, Tupolev was working on supersonic bombers, culminating in the unsuccessful Tu-98. Although that aircraft never entered service, it became the basis for the prototype Tu-102 (later developed into the Tu-28 interceptor) and the Tu-105, which evolved into the supersonic Tu-22 bomber in the mid-1960s. Intended as a counterpart to the Convair B-58 Hustler, the Tu-22 proved rather less capable, although it remained in service much longer than the American aircraft. Meanwhile the "K" Department was formed in the Design Bureau, with the task of designing unmanned aircraft such as the Tu-139 and the Tu-143 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.

Tu-144 supersonic airliner

In the 1960s A. N. Tupolev's son, A. A. Tupolev, became active with management of the agency. His role included the development of the world's first supersonic airliner, the Tu-144, the popular Tu-154 airliner and the Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber. All these developments enabled the Soviet Union to achieve strategic military and civil aviation parity with the West.

In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu-22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions. It is the presence of these bombers in quantity that brought about the SALT I and SALT II treaties. Also the efficiency and performance of the Tu-154 was improved, culminating in the efficient Tu-154M.

In the 1980s the design bureau developed the supersonic Tu-160 strategic bomber. Features include variable-geometry wings.

Post Soviet Era

With the end of the Cold War, research work was concentrated on subsonic civil aircraft, mainly on operating economics and alternative fuels. The developments include fly-by-wire, use of efficient high-bypass turbofans and advanced aerodynamic layouts for the 21st century transport aircraft such as the Tu-204/Tu-214, Tu-330 and Tu-334.

Among current Tupolev projects:

• further development of Tu-204/214 and TU-334 aircraft family
• development of cargo aircraft Tu-330, regional and executive Tu-324 aircraft
• research on practical aspects of aircraft operation using alternative fuels
• modernization of Russian Naval Aviation and Air Force

On 19 August 2009, Tupolev announced that it had a contract with the Russian Defense Ministry to develop a new-generation strategic bomber which "will be a conceptually new plane based on the most advanced technologies".^[3]

Directors

• Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev was a leading designer at the Moscow-based Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) from 1929 until his death in 1972. This design bureau produced mostly bombers and airliners.
• Alexei Andreyevich Tupolev, son of Andrei Tupolev, was also a famous aircraft designer. His most famous design was the supersonic airliner Tupolev Tu-144. He managed Tupolev until his death in 2001.

Tupolev aircraft

Many designs were developed by the design bureau. Those in production series may manufacture as many as 4,500 units as for the Tu-2. However many are also dead-ends or experimental, with as little as a single copy being produced. They were terminated by changing military or political situations. Many of these experimental variants enabled series production versions.

Early piston-powered

• ANT-1: The first aircraft by A.N.T. and the first Soviet-built aircraft. Mixed materials design. The work started in 1921. Assembly began in 1922. The tests were cancelled due to engine malfunction.
• ANT-2: Two passenger aircraft. The first Soviet all-metal aircraft, 1924.
• ANT-3/R-3: All-metal two-seats recce biplane, 1925. About 100 were built.
• ANT-3 Pervenets: torpedo boat (not an aircraft!). It was put afloat 14 March 1928.
• ANT-4/TB-1: All-metal twin-engined (M-17B) monoplane heavy bomber, 1925. There were 212 aircraft built. There was a G-1 cargo version.
• ANT-5/I-4: Prototype of I-4 fighter. The first aircraft designed by Pavel Sukhoi, 1927. 369 were built. I-4 was in service in 1928-1933.
• ANT-6/TB-3: Four-engine development of TB-1, 1930. There was a G-2 cargo version.
• ANT-7/R-6/KR-6/MR-6: Development of TB-1 as reconnaissance (R-6), "cruiser" (escort fighter, KR-6), and maritime patrol/torpedo bomber (MR-6), 1931.
• ANT-8/MDR-2: Maritime long range recce flying boat, 1931.
• ANT-9: Three-engined passenger airliner, 1929.
• ANT-10/R-7: Reconnaissance/light bomber aircraft prototype, 1930.
• ANT-13/I-8: Fighter/interceptor prototype, 1930.
• ANT-14 Pravda: Large five-engined propaganda monoplane, 1931.
• ANT-16/TB-4: Six-engine version of TB-3, predecessor of ANT-20, 1933.
• ANT-20 Maxim Gorky: Eight-engine huge cargo/propaganda aircraft, 1934.
• ANT-21/MI-3: Multiseat fighter. Development of R-6, 1933.
• ANT-22/MK-1: Armoured six-engine recce flying boat, 1934.
• ANT-23/I-12: Experimental twin-engined fighter equipped with two recoilless 75mm cannons, 1931.
• ANT-25: Single engine monoplane long range bomber. Designed by Pavel Sukhoi. ANT-25RD (RD for "Rekord Dalnosty", i.e. "Range Record") was used in a record flight from Moscow to San Jacinto, California, USA over the North Pole—10,148 km, 1933 (one was built in 1989).
• ANT-27/MDR-4/MTB-1: Patrol flying-boat for the Soviet Navy, 1934.
• ANT-26/TB-6: 12-engined heavy-bomber aircraft project.
• ANT-29/DIP-1: Twin-engined fighter, 1935.
• ANT-31/I-14: All metal monoplane fighter, 1935.
• ANT-35/PS-35: Twin-engined passenger transport aircraft developed from the SB, 1936.
• ANT-36/DB-1: Long-range bomber, 1936.
• ANT-37/DB-2: Long-range bomber, 1935.
• ANT-40/SB/PS-40/PS-41: Medium bomber, also erroneously known as SB-2, 1934.
• ANT-44/MTB-2: Heavy-bomber flying-boat, 1937.
• ANT-46/DI-8: Two-seat fighter prototype, developed from the SB, 1935.
• Tu-2 (ANT-58/ANT-61) "Bat": Medium bomber, 1939.
• Tu-4 "Bull": copied from seized Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Initial name is B-4 (the A.N.T. want not give his name to the aircraft designed outside of his OKB), 1947.
• Tu-10 (ANT-68): General-purpose bomber prototype, developed from the Tu-2.

Experimental aircraft

• Tu-1 (ANT-63P): prototype night-fighter variant of the Tu-2, 1946
• Tu-6: prototype reconnaissance variant of the Tu-2
• Tu-8 (ANT-69): prototype long-range bomber variant of the Tu-2
• Tu-12 (also known as the Tu-77): medium bomber prototype, developed from the Tu-2, 1947
• Tu-70: prototype airliner variant of the Tu-4, 1946
• Tu-72: prototype jet bomber
• Tu-73: three-engined development of the Tu-72, 1947
• Tu-74: proposed reconnaissance variant of the Tu-73
• Tu-75: prototype cargo/transport variant of the Tu-4, 1950
• Tu-80: prototype long-range variant of the Tu-4, 1949
• Tu-82: experimental swept-wing jet bomber, 1949
• Tu-85 "Barge": prototype strategic bomber variant of the Tu-4, 1951
• Tu-91 "Boot": prototype naval attack aircraft, 1954
• Tu-93
• Tu-96: prototype long-range intercontinental high altitude strategic bomber variant of the Tu-95, 1955
• Tu-98 "Backfin": prototype swept-wing jet bomber, 1956
• Tu-102: development test variant of the Tu-28, 1959
• Tu-105: initial prototype of the Tu-22, 1954
• Tu-107: prototype military transport variant of the Tu-104
• Tu-110 "Cooker": prototype long-range airliner, 1957
• Tu-114: prototype airliner variant of the Tu-95, entered production
• Tu-116: two Tu-95's fitted with passenger cabins, 1958
• Tu-117: proposed military transport version of the Tu-110
• Tu-119 (also known as the Tu-95LAL): prototype nuclear reactor-powered variant of the Tu-95, 1961
• Tu-125: proposed long-range supersonic bomber, 1958
• Tu-155: a Tu-154 converted into a testbed for alternative fuels, 1988
• Tu-156
• Tu-206: a Tu-204 converted into a testbed for alternative fuels
• Tu-216

Bombers and other military types

Tu-160, the last of the Soviet bombers

• Tu-14 "Bosun" (also known as the Tu-81) torpedo bomber
• Tu-16 "Badger" strategic bomber
• Tu-20/Tu-95 "Bear" long-range strategic bomber and modifications
  • Tu-142 "Bear F/Bear J", anti-submarine/reconnaissance
• Tu-22 "Blinder" supersonic medium bomber
• Tu-22M/Tu-26 "Backfire" supersonic swing-wing long range/maritime strike bomber
• Tu-126 "Moss" airborne early warning (AEW) and control aircraft variant of the Tu-114
• Tu-160 "Blackjack" supersonic swing-wing bomber

Interceptors

• Tu-28/Tu-128 "Fiddler"

Airliners/transport

Tupolev Tu-154M.

• Tu-104 "Camel"
• Tu-114 Rossiya "Cleat" long range airliner developed from the Tu-95
• Tu-124 "Cookpot" a short haul jet airliner developed from the Tu-104
• Tu-134 "Crusty" a rear engine evolution of the Tu-124
• Tu-144 "Charger" a supersonic airliner similar to Concorde
• Tu-154 "Careless"
• Tu-204 a narrow-body jet airliner
• Tu-214, Tu-204-200's built at a different factory
• Tu-244, an SST concept developed from the Tu-144
• Tu-324, a regional airliner concept
• Tu-330, medium transport aircraft based on the Tu-204/Tu-214
• Tu-334, a short haul jet airliner
• Tu-444, a supersonic business jet concept.

Unmanned aircraft

• Tu-121C
• Tu-123 Yastreb-1
• Tu-139 Yastreb-2, reusable version of the Tu-123
• Tu-141 Strizh
• Tu-143 Reis
• Tu-243 Reis-D, improved version of the Tu-143
• Tu-300 Korshun, modernized version of the Tu-143, 1995

Planned aircraft

• PAK DA: next generation stragetic bomber based on the Tu-160
• Tu-2000: proposed long-range heavy bomber, 1986

Aerosledge

• Tupolev A-3 Aerosledge

See also

	Russia portal
	Companies portal
	Aviation portal

• List of aircraft
• List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

References

1. ^ "Contacts." (Direct map image link) Tupolev. Retrieved on 8 December 2010. "Address in Moscow: Russia, Moscow, Academician Tupolev Embankment 17 " Address in Russian: "105005 г. Москва Набережная Академика Туполева д.17"
2. ^ "Russian Aircraft Industry Seeks Revival Through Merger." The New York Times. February 22, 2006.
3. ^ Tupolev aircraft maker to develop Russia's new strategic bomber

External links

• Tupolev company website
• Tupolev company website (Russian)