Keihanshin

Keihanshin Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto
Kobe
Osaka
Country	Japan
Major Cities	Osaka Kobe Kyoto Sakai
Area
– Metro	11,169 km2 (4,312 sq mi)
Population (Population Census of Japan 2000)[1]
– Metro	18,643,915
– Metro density	1,669/km2 (4,322/sq mi)

Keihanshin (京阪神^?, Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) is a Japanese metropolitan region encompassing the metropolitan areas of the cities of Osaka in Osaka prefecture, Kobe in Hyōgo Prefecture, and Kyoto in Kyoto prefecture. The entire region has a population (as of 2000) of 18,644,000 over an area of 11,170 km².^[2] It is Japan's second most populated urban region after the Greater Tokyo Area, containing approximately 15% of Japan's population.

The GDP in this area (Osaka and Kobe) is $341 billion, making it one of the world's most productive regions, a match with Paris and London.^[3] Mastercard Worldwide reported that Osaka is the 19th ranking city of the world's leading global cities and has an instrumental role in driving the global economy.^[4]

The name Keihanshin is constructed by extracting a representative kanji from Kyoto (京都), Osaka (大阪), and Kobe (神戸), but using the On-yomi (Chinese reading) instead of the corresponding Kun-yomi (Japanese reading) for each of the characters taken from Osaka and Kobe, and the kan-on Chinese reading of the character for Kyoto instead of the usual go-on Chinese reading.

Definitions

Osaka Bay

Range of distance

The Japan Statistics Bureau defines the set of municipalities that are entirely or mostly within 50 kilometers of the Municipal Office of Osaka as one measure of the metropolitan area. As of 2000, the population for this region was 16,566,704.^[5]

Urban Employment Area

The Urban Employment Area is a metropolitan area definition developed at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Tokyo.^[6] This definition is analogous to the Metropolitan Statistical Area concept used to delineate metropolitan areas in the United States. The basic building blocks are municipalities.

The core area is the set of municipalities that contain a densely inhabited district (DID) with a population of 10,000 or more. The Urban Employment Area is called Metropolitan Employment Area, when its core area has 50,000 DID population or more. Otherwise, the area is called Micropolitan Employment Area. A DID is a group of census enumeration districts inhabited at densities of 4,000 or more persons per km². Outlying areas are those municipalities where 10% or more of the employed population work in the core area or in another outlying area. Overlaps are not allowed and an outlying area is assigned to the core area where it has the highest commuter ratio.

This definition assigns a Metropolitan Employment Area to the following cities of the Keihanshin region: Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Himeji, and Wakayama. The lists below indicate which cities belong to which metropolitan area. Towns and villages are not listed.

A map showing Osaka , Kobe, and Kyoto Urban Employment Areas.

Osaka Metropolitan Employment Area

The Osaka Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2000) of 12,116,540^[7] and consists of the following cities:

• Core cities: Osaka, Higashiosaka, Kadoma, Moriguchi
• Outlying cities:
  • Osaka Prefecture (entire prefecture)
  • Hyōgo Prefecture (southeastern part): Amagasaki, Nishinomiya, Ashiya, Itami, Takarazuka, Kawanishi, Sanda
  • Nara Prefecture (northern part): Nara, Tenri, Yamatotakada, Yamatokoriyama, Kashihara, Sakurai, Gose, Ikoma, Kashiba, Katsuragi
  • Other cities: Nabari (Mie), Yawata (Kyoto), Hashimoto (Wakayama)

Kyoto Metropolitan Employment Area

The Kyoto Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2000) of 2,583,304^[7] and consists of the following cities:

• Core cities: Kyoto
• Outlying cities
  • Kyoto Prefecture (southern part): Uji, Kameoka, Joyo, Muko, Nagaokakyo, Kyotanabe
  • Shiga Prefecture (southwestern part): Otsu, Kusatsu

Kobe Metropolitan Employment Area

The Kobe Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2000) of 2,296,268^[7] and consists of the following cities:

• Core cities: Kobe
• Outlying cities
  • Hyōgo Prefecture (southern part): Akashi, Kakogawa, Takasago, Miki, and Awaji

Himeji Metropolitan Employment Area

The Himeji Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2000) of 741,759^[7] and consists of the following cities:

• Core cities: Himeji
• Outlying cities
  • Hyōgo Prefecture (southwestern part): Aioi, Tatsuno

Wakayama Metropolitan Employment Area

Wakayama

The Wakayama Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (as of 2000) of 573,308^[7] and consists of the following cities:

• Core cities: Wakayama
• Outlying cities
  • Wakayama Prefecture (northwestern part): Kainan

Immediate commuter sphere

Major Metropolitan Area

A map of Keihanshin Major Metropolitan Area.

The Japan Statistics Bureau defines the Major Metropolitan Area or MMA (大都市圏) as the set of municipalities where at least 1.5% of the resident population aged 15 and above commute to school or work in a designated city (defined as the core area).^[8] If multiple designated cities are close enough to have overlapping outlying areas, they are combined into a single multi-core area. In the 2000 census, the designated cities used to define the Keihanshin MMA were Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Sakai has subsequently become a designated city.

This region consists of the combination of the metropolitan areas of Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, and Himeji, and additionally includes several periurban areas (particularly in southern Shiga Prefecture) that are not part of the four metropolitan areas.

As of 2000, the entire Keihanshin region had a population of 18,643,915 over an area of 11,169 km².^[2]

Cities

Sakai

Core cities

The core cities formed Keihanshin are government ordinance cities. These cities designated the three largest cities as special cities with Tokyo in 1889. Kobe designated the six largest cities as special cities in 1922, and adopted the ward system in 1931. Following the World War II, the six largest cities was replaced by the government designated city system in 1956. Afterwards, Sakai became the government designated city in 2006.

The core cities of Keihanshin are:

• Osaka (population 2.65 million)
• Kobe (population 1.53 million)
• Kyoto (population 1.46 million)
• Sakai (population 830,000)

Cities outside core cities

Nara

Himeji

The other cities in Osaka, Hyogo, Kyoto and Nara Prefectures are:

Aioi Akashi Amagasaki (pop 460,000) Ashiya Awaji Daitō Fujiidera Gojō Gose Habikino Hannan Higashiōsaka (pop 510,000) Himeji (pop 540,000) Hirakata (pop 410,000) Ibaraki Ikeda Ikoma Itami Izumi Izumiōtsu Izumisano Jōyō Kadoma Kaizuka

Kakogawa Kameoka Kasai Kashiba Kashihara Kashiwara Katano Katō Katsuragi Kawachinagano Kawanishi Kishiwada Kizugawa Kyōtanabe Matsubara Miki Minoh Moriguchi Mukō Nagaokakyō Nantan Nara (pop 370,000) Neyagawa Nishinomiya (pop 480,000)

Nishiwaki Ono Ōsakasayama Sakurai Sanda Sasayama Sennan Settsu Shijōnawate Suita (pop 360,000) Takaishi Takarazuka Takasago Takatsuki (pop 350,000) Tatsuno Tenri Tondabayashi Toyonaka (pop 390,000) Uda Uji Yamatokōriyama Yamatotakada Yao Yawata

source: stat.go.jp census 2005

Additional cities

In the major metropolitan area (MMA) definition used by the Japanese Statistics Bureau, the following cities in Mie, Shiga, Wakayama Prefectures are included:

Mie Prefecture

• Nabari

Shiga Prefecture

Higashiōmi Hikone Kōka Konan Kusatsu Moriyama

Ōtsu (pop 350,000) Ōmihachiman Rittō Takashima Yasu

Wakayama Prefecture

• Hashimoto
• Iwade

Border areas

Keihanshin is bordered by metropolitan areas of Hikone-Nagahama (approx. 340,000) to the northeast, Iga (approx. 50,000) to the east, Himeji-Ako (approx. 800,000) to the west, Greater Wakayama (approx. 570,000 people) on the south, and Fukuchiyama (approx. 150,000) to the north. If these areas are included, Greater Keihanshin's population would be around 19-20 million.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Greater Osaka

Kansai International Airport

Special Rapid Service, the most used high speed commuter train in Japan.

The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge extends from Kobe to Awaji Island.

Air

Kansai International Airport opened in 1994 and is now the main international airport for the region. It sits on an artificial island off-shore in Osaka Bay and serves the city of Osaka and its surrounding cities of Nara, Kobe, and Kyoto. Kansai is the geographical term for the area of western Honshū surrounding Osaka. The airport is linked by direct train service to Osaka and Kyoto, and bus service to many major nearby centres, including Kobe.

Osaka International Airport, laid over the border between the cities of Itami and Toyonaka, still houses most of the domestic service from the metropolitan region.

Kobe Airport, built on a reclaimed island south of Port Island opened in 2006, offering domestic flights.

Rail

Greater Osaka has a very extensive network of railway lines, comparable to that of Greater Tokyo. Main rail terminals in the city include, Umeda, Namba, Tennoji, Kyobashi, and Yodoyabashi.

High Speed Rail

Main articles: Shin-Ōsaka Station, Tōkaidō Shinkansen, and Sanyō Shinkansen

See also: Central Japan Railway Company and West Japan Railway Company

JR Central and JR West operate high-speed trains on the Tōkaidō-Sanyō Shinkansen line. Shin-Ōsaka Station acts as the Shinkansen terminal station, though the two lines are physically joined, and many trains offer through service. This station is connected to Ōsaka Station at Umeda by the JR Kyoto Line and the subway Midōsuji Line. Shinkansen services also stop at Kyoto Station and Shin-Kobe Station.

All Shinkansen trains including Nozomi stop at Shin-Ōsaka Station and provide connections to other major cities in Japan, such as Kyoto, Nagoya, Yokohama and Tokyo to the east, and Kobe, Okayama, Hiroshima, Kitakyushu and Fukuoka to the west.

Commuter Rail

See also: Keihan Electric Railway, Hankyu Railway, Hanshin Electric Railway, Kintetsu Corporation, and Nankai Electric Railway

Both JR West and private lines connect Osaka and its suburbs. The commuter rail network of JR West is called the Urban Network. Major stations on the JR Osaka Loop Line include Osaka (Umeda), Tennōji, Tsuruhashi, and Kyōbashi. JR West competes with such private rail operators as Keihan Electric Railway, Hankyu Railway, Hanshin Railway, Kintetsu Corporation, and Nankai Electric Railway. The Keihan and Hankyu lines connect to Kyoto; the Hanshin and Hankyu lines connect to Kobe; the Kintetsu lines connect to Nara, Yoshino, Ise and Nagoya; and the Nankai lines connect to Osaka's southern suburbs and Kansai International Airport as well as Wakayama and Mt. Koya. Many lines in Greater Osaka accept either ICOCA or PiTaPa contactless smart cards for payment.^[9]

Municipal Subway

The Osaka Municipal Subway system is a part of Osaka's extensive rapid transit system. The Metro system alone ranks 13th in the world by annual passenger ridership, serving over 912 million people annually (a quarter of Greater Osaka Rail System's 4 billion annual riders), despite being only 8 of more than 70 lines in the metro area (see map).

Economy

Keihanshin Area 2006

Osaka at night

• 2006 average exchange rate (1 US Dollar = 116.30 Yen)^[10]

Prefecture	Gross Prefecture Product (in billion Yen)	Gross Prefecture Product (in billion US$)
Osaka	38,809	334
Hyōgo	19,647	169
Kyoto	10,236	88
Shiga	6,086	52
Nara	3,738	32
Wakayama	3,469	30
Kansai Region	81,985	705

Source ^[11]

GDP(nominal) 2006

Keihanshin and Top 20 Countries.^[12]

Rank	Country	GDP (in billion US$)
1	United States	13,202
2	Japan	4,340
･･･
11	Russia	987
12	India	906
13	South Korea	888
14	Mexico	839
15	Australia	768
	(Kansai Region)	705
16	Netherlands	658
17	Turkey	403
18	Belgium	392
19	Sweden	385
20	Switzerland	380

GDP (purchasing power parity) 2005

Umeda Sky Building

Compared with other urban regions of the world, the agglomeration of Osaka is the seventh largest economy, in terms of gross metropolitan product at purchasing power parity (PPP), in 2005 according to a study by PricewaterhouseCoopers.^[13]

Rank	Urban agglomerations	Country	GDP(PPP) (in billion US$)
1	Tokyo	Japan	1,191
2	New York City	United States	1,133
3	Los Angeles	United States	639
4	Chicago	United States	460
5	Paris	France	460
6	London	United Kingdom	452
7	Osaka	Japan	341
8	Mexico City	Mexico	315
9	Philadelphia	United States	312
10	Washington, D.C.	United States	299

See also

Osaka portal

• Hanshin Industrial Region (Osaka and Kobe area)
• Kansai Science City
• Kansai region
• Kamigata
• List of metropolitan areas by population
• List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population
• List of metropolitan areas in Japan by population

References

1. ^ Statistics Bureau of Japan
2. ^ ^{a b} Japan Statistics Bureau - "2000 Census: Table 92. Population in Major Metropolitan Areas and Metropolitan Areas", retrieved February 8, 2007
3. ^ - PWC report 2007, retrieved October 9, 2007
4. ^ Mastercard Worldwide - "Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index 2008" page 8 and 22, retrieved June 11, 2008
5. ^ Japan Statistics Bureau - Basic Figures for Range of Distance
6. ^ University of Tokyo - Overview of Urban Employment Areas
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} University of Tokyo - Urban Employment Area Code Tables
8. ^ Japan Statistics Bureau - Definition of Major Metropolitan Area
9. ^ JR West. "JRおでかけネット - きっぷ・サービス案内 - ご利用可能エリア　近畿圏エリア" (in Japanese). http://www.jr-odekake.net/guide/icoca/areamap01.html. Retrieved 2008-02-25. 
10. ^ Annual Average Exchange Rate
11. ^ [1]
12. ^ GDP(nominal) 2006
13. ^ The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005