Minsk

For other uses, see Minsk (disambiguation).

Minsk Мінск, Минск
Flag Seal
Minsk Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast
Coordinates: 53°54′N 27°34′E / 53.9°N 27.567°E / 53.9; 27.567
Country Subdivision	Belarus
Founded	1067
Government
– Mayor	Mikalai Ladutska (acting) (2009–)
Area
– City	307.895411 km2 (118.9 sq mi)
Elevation	280.4 m (920 ft)
Population (2009)
– City	1,836,808
– Density	5,966/km2 (15,451.9/sq mi)
– Urban	2,101,018
Time zone	EEST (UTC+3)
– Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Area code(s)	+375 17 +375 29 (mobile Velcom, MTS or Diallog) +375 25 (mobile Life) +375 33 (mobile MTS) +375 44 (mobile Velcom)
License plate	7
Website	www.minsk.gov.by

Coordinates: 53°54′N 27°34′E / 53.9°N 27.567°E / 53.9; 27.567

Minsk (Belarusian: Мінск, pronounced [minsk]; Russian: Минск, [mʲinsk]) is the capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Nemiga rivers. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). It has a population of 1,836,808 inhabitants (2009).

The earliest references to Minsk date to the 11th century (1067), when it was a provincial city within the principality of Polotsk. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and it received its town privileges in 1499. From 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was annexed by Russia in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. From 1919–1991, Minsk was the capital of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Geography

Minsk is located on the southeastern slope of the Minsk Hills, a region of rolling hills running from the southwest (upper reaches of the river Nioman) to the northeast – that is, to the Lukomskaye lake in northwestern [Belarus]. The average altitude above sea level is 220 metres (720 ft). The geography of Minsk was formed during the two most recent Ice Ages. The Svislach river, which flows across the city from the northwest to the southeast, is located in the urstromtal, an ancient river valley formed by water flowing from melting ice sheets at the end of the last Ice Age. Minsk was initially founded on the hills. However, in the 20th century, it grew to include the relatively flat plains in the southeast.^{[citation needed]} The western parts of the city are the most hilly.

Satellite view.

Minsk is located in the area of mixed forests typical for most of Belarus. Pinewood and mixed forests are still present at the edge of the city, especially in the north and east. Some of the forests were transformed into parks (for instance, the Chelyuskinites Park) as the city grew.

Climate

Minsk has a warm summer humid continental climate (Koppen Dfb), owing to its location between the strong influence of the moist air of the Atlantic Ocean and the dry air of the Eurasian landmass. Its weather is, however, unstable and tends to change often. The average January temperature is −6.1 °C (21.0 °F), while the average July temperature is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). The lowest temperature was recorded on 17 January 1940, at −40 °C (−40 °F) and the warmest on 29 July 1936, at 35 °C (95 °F). This results in frequent fogs, common in the autumn and spring. Minsk receives annual precipitation of 646 millimetres (25.4 in), of which one third falls during the cold period (as snow and rain) and two thirds in the warm period. Throughout the year, most winds are westerly and northwesterly, bringing cool and moist air from the Atlantic.

Climate data for Minsk
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	10.3 (50.5)	13.6 (56.5)	18.9 (66.0)	26.0 (78.8)	30.9 (87.6)	32.5 (90.5)	33.9 (93.0)	34.6 (94.3)	30.3 (86.5)	24.7 (76.5)	16.0 (60.8)	10.3 (50.5)	34.6 (94.3)
Average high °C (°F)	−2.7 (27.1)	−1.4 (29.5)	3.3 (37.9)	11.5 (52.7)	18.3 (64.9)	21.5 (70.7)	22.4 (72.3)	21.7 (71.1)	15.9 (60.6)	9.6 (49.3)	2.6 (36.7)	−1 (30.2)	10.1
Average low °C (°F)	−7.9 (17.8)	−7.2 (19.0)	−3.8 (25.2)	2.2 (36.0)	7.5 (45.5)	11.5 (52.7)	12.8 (55.0)	12.1 (53.8)	7.5 (45.5)	3.0 (37.4)	−1.8 (28.8)	−5.7 (21.7)	2.5
Record low °C (°F)	−39.1 (−38.4)	−35.1 (−31.2)	−30.5 (−22.9)	−18.4 (−1.1)	−5 (23.0)	0.0 (32.0)	3.8 (38.8)	1.7 (35.1)	−4.7 (23.5)	−12.9 (8.8)	−20.4 (−4.7)	−30.6 (−23.1)	−39.1 (−38.4)
Precipitation mm (inches)	40 (1.57)	34 (1.34)	42 (1.65)	42 (1.65)	62 (2.44)	83 (3.27)	88 (3.46)	72 (2.83)	60 (2.36)	49 (1.93)	52 (2.05)	53 (2.09)	677 (26.65)
Avg. precipitation days	10	9	10	9	9	11	11	9	9	9	11	12	119
Source: Pogoda & Climate (UN) [1]

Ecological situation

Power plant 2

The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Center of Radioactive and Environmental Control (Belarusian: Рэспубліканскі цэнтр радыяцыйнага кантролю і маніторынга прыроднага асяроддзя).^[2]

During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons.^[2] The change of gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened the ecological situation.^[2] However, the majority of overall air pollution is produced by cars.^[2] Belarusian traffic police DAI every year holds operation "Clean Air" to prevent the use of cars with extremely pollutive engines.^[3] Sometimes the maximum normative concentration of formaldehyde and ammonia in air is exceeded in Zavodski District.^[2] Other major contaminants are Chromium-VI and nitrogen dioxide.^[2] Zavodski, Partyzanski and Leninski districts, which are situated in the southeastern part of Minsk, are the most polluted areas in the city.^[4]

History

Main article: History of Minsk

Early history

The Saviour Church (1577) is part of an archaeological preservation in Zaslavl, 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Minsk.

The area of today's Minsk was settled by the Early East Slavs by the 9th century. The Svislach River valley was the settlement boundary between two Early East Slav tribes – the Krivichs and Dregovichs. By 980, the area was incorporated into the early mediaeval Principality of Polatsk, one of the earliest East Slav states. Minsk was first mentioned in the name form Měneskъ (Мѣнескъ) in the Primary Chronicle for the year 1067 in association with the Battle on the river Nemiga.^[5] 1067 is now widely accepted as the founding year of Minsk. City authorities consider the date of 2 September 1067, to be the exact founding date of the city,^[6] though the town (by then fortified by wooden walls) had certainly existed for some time by then. The origin of the name is unknown but there are several theories.

In the early 12th century, the Principality of Polatsk disintegrated into smaller fiefs. The Principality of Minsk was established by one of the Polatsk dynasty princes. In 1129, the Principality of Minsk was annexed by Kiev, the dominant principality of Kievan Rus; however in 1146 the Polatsk dynasty regained control of the principality. By 1150, Minsk rivalled Polatsk as the major city in the former Principality of Polatsk. The princes of Minsk and Polatsk were engaged in years of struggle trying to unite all lands previously under the rule of Polatsk.

Trayetskaye Pradmestsye contains the remains of pre-WWII Minsk on the Svislach bank.

Late Middle Ages

Minsk escaped the Mongol invasion of Rus in 1237–1239. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It joined peacefully and local elites enjoyed high rank in the society of the Grand Duchy. In 1413, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland entered into a union. Minsk became the centre of Minsk Voivodship (province). In 1441, the Lithuanian prince Kazimierz IV Jagiellon included Minsk in a list of cities enjoying certain privileges, and in 1499, during the reign of his son, Aleksander Jagiellon, Minsk received town privileges under Magdeburg law. In 1569, after the Union of Lublin, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland merged into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Afterwards, a Polish community including government clerks, officers, and craftsmen settled in Minsk.

The High Square as painted in the 1840s.

By the middle of the 16th century, Minsk was an important economic and cultural centre in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was also an important centre for the Eastern Orthodox Church. Following the Union of Brest, both the Uniate church and the Roman Catholic Church increased in influence.

In 1654, Minsk was conquered by troops of Tsar Alexei of Russia. Russians governed the city until 1667, when it was regained by Jan Kasimir, King of Poland. By the end of the Polish-Russian war, Minsk had only about 2,000 residents and just 300 houses. The second wave of devastation occurred during the Great Northern War, when Minsk was occupied in 1708 and 1709 by the army of Charles XII of Sweden and then by the army of Peter the Great. The last decades of the Polish rule involved decline or very slow development, since Minsk had become a small provincial town of little economic or military significance. By 1790, however, it had a population of 6,500–7,000 and was slowly re-expanding to the city limits of 1654. Most of the Minsk residents at the time were Jews and Poles, with a minority of Belarusians.^{[citation needed]}

Russian rule

Russian Orthodox church of St. Mary Magdalene (built in 1847).

Minsk was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. In 1796, it became the centre of the Minsk Governorate. All of the initial street names were replaced by Russian names, though the spelling of the city's name remained unchanged.

Throughout the 19th century, the city continued to grow and significantly improve. In the 1830s, major streets and squares of Minsk were cobbled and paved. A first public library was opened in 1836, and a fire brigade was put into operation in 1837. In 1838, the first local newspaper, Minskiye gubernskiye vedomosti (“Minsk province news”) went into circulation. The first theatre was established in 1844. By 1860, Minsk was an important trading city with a population of 27,000. There was a construction boom that led to the building of 2 and 3-story brick and stone houses in Upper Town.

Minsk's development was boosted by improvements in transportation. In 1846, the Moscow-Warsaw road was laid through Minsk. In 1871, a railway link between Moscow and Warsaw ran via Minsk, and in 1873, a new railway from Romny in Ukraine to the Baltic Sea port of Libava (Liepaja) was also constructed. Thus Minsk became an important rail junction and a manufacturing hub. A municipal water supply was introduced in 1872, the telephone in 1890, the horse tram in 1892, and the first power generator in 1894. By 1900, Minsk had 58 factories employing 3,000 workers. The city also boasted theatres, cinemas, newspapers, schools and colleges, as well as numerous monasteries, churches, synagogues, and a mosque. According to the 1897 Russian census, the city had 91,494 inhabitants, with some 47,561 Jews constituting more than half of the city population.

20th century

The Jesuit collegium in 1912.

In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement in Belarus. The 1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, the forerunner to the Bolsheviks and eventually the CPSU, was held there in 1898. It was also one of the major centres of the Belarusian national revival, alongside Vilnia. However, the First World War affected the development of Minsk tremendously. By 1915, Minsk was a battle-front city. Some factories were closed down, and residents began evacuating to the east. Minsk became the headquarters of the Western Front of the Russian army and also housed military hospitals and military supply bases.

The Russian Revolution had an immediate effect in Minsk. A Worker's Soviet was established in Minsk in October 1917, drawing much of its support from disaffected soldiers and workers. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German forces occupied Minsk in February 1918. On 25 March 1918, Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the Belarusian People's Republic. The republic was short-lived; in December 1918, Minsk was taken over by the Red Army. In January 1919 Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the Belorussian SSR, though later in 1919 (see Operation Minsk) and again in 1920, the city was controlled by the Second Polish Republic during the course of the Polish-Bolshevik war. Under the terms of the Peace of Riga, Minsk was handed back to the Russian SFSR and became the capital of the Belorussian SSR, one of the founding republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

The Railway station square, an example of Stalinist Minsk.

German troops marching through Minsk.

The monument on the Victory Square.

A programme of reconstruction and development was begun in 1922. By 1924, there were 29 factories in operation; schools, museums, theatres, libraries were also established. Throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, Minsk saw rapid development with dozens of new factories being built and new schools, colleges, higher education establishments, hospitals, theatres, and cinemas being opened. During this period, Minsk was also a centre for the development of Belarusian language and culture.

Before World War II, Minsk had had a population of 300,000 people. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, as part of Operation Barbarossa, Minsk immediately came under attack. The city was bombed on the first day of the invasion and came under Wehrmacht control four days later. However, some factories, museums and tens of thousands of civilians had been evacuated to the east. The Germans designated Minsk the administrative centre of Reichskomissariat Ostland. Communists and sympathisers were killed or imprisoned; both locally and after being transported to Germany. Homes were requisitioned to house invading German forces. Thousands starved as food was seized by the German Army and paid work was scarce. Some anti-soviet residents of Minsk, who hoped that Belarus could regain independence, did support the Germans, especially at the beginning of the occupation, but by 1942, Minsk had become a major centre of the Soviet partisan resistance movement against the invasion, in what is known as the German-Soviet War. For this role, Minsk was awarded the title Hero City in 1974.

Minsk was, however, the site of one of the largest Nazi-run ghettos in World War II, temporarily housing over 100,000 Jews (see Minsk Ghetto).

Main article: Minsk Offensive

House of Government in Minsk, with a statue of Vladimir Lenin in the foreground.

Minsk was recaptured by Soviet troops on 3 July 1944, during Operation Bagration. The city was the centre of German resistance to the Soviet advance and saw heavy fighting during the first half of 1944. Factories, municipal buildings, power stations, bridges, most roads and 80% of the houses were reduced to rubble. In 1944, Minsk's population was reduced to a mere 50,000. After World War II, Minsk was rebuilt, but not reconstructed. The historical centre was replaced in the 1940s and 1950s by Stalinist architecture, which favoured grand buildings, broad avenues and wide squares. Subsequently, the city grew rapidly as a result of massive industrialisation. Since the 1960s Minsk's population has also grown apace, reaching 1 million in 1972 and 1.5 million in 1986. Construction of Minsk Metro began on 16 June 1977, and the system was opened to the public on 30 June 1984, becoming the ninth metro system in the Soviet Union. The rapid population growth was primarily driven by mass migration of young, unskilled workers from rural areas of Belarus, as well as by migration of skilled workers from other parts of the Soviet Union^{[citation needed]}. To house the expanding population, Minsk spread beyond its historical boundaries. Its surrounding villages were absorbed and rebuilt as mikroraions, districts of high-density apartment housing.

Recent developments

Buildings in the South-East part of Prytytski square

Throughout the 1990s, after the fall of Communism, the city continued to change. As the capital of a newly independent country, Minsk quickly acquired the attributes of a major city. Embassies were opened, and a number of Soviet administrative buildings became government centres. During the early and mid-1990s, Minsk was hit by an economic crisis and many development projects were halted, resulting in high unemployment and underemployment. Since the late 1990s, there have been improvements in transport and infrastructure, and a housing boom has been underway since 2002. On the outskirts of Minsk, new mikroraions of residential development have been built. Metro lines have been extended, and the road system (including the Minsk BeltWay) has been improved. Owing to the small size of the private sector in Belarus, most development has so far been financed by the government. In January 2008, the city government announced several projects on its official web-site. Among them are the refurbishment of some streets and main avenues, the constructions of more up-to-date hotels (one near the Palace of the Republic and another on the shore of Lake Komsomolkye), the demolition of the out-of-date Belarus hotel and the erection in the same premises of a complex consisting of sport facilities, swimming pool, 2 hotel towers and one business center building with the help of potential foreign investors and the construction of a modern aquatic park in the outskirts of the city. On 8 September 2007, the city of Minsk celebrated 940 years since its founding.

Etymology and historical names

The Old East Slavic name of the town was Мѣньскъ (i.e. Měnsk < Early Proto-Slavic or Late Indo-European Mēnĭskŭ), derived from a river name Měn (< Mēnŭ, with the same etymology as German Main). The direct continuation of this name in Belarusian is Miensk (pronounced [mʲɛnsk]).

Independence Square in the centre of Minsk.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, however, the pronunciation of this name in the Ruthenian language common to the ancestors of Belarusians, Rusyns and Ukrainians was influenced by the pronunciation of *ě as /i/ in many Ukrainian dialects. The resulting form of the name, Minsk (spelled either Минскъ or Мѣнскъ), was taken over both in Russian (modern spelling: Минск) and Polish (Mińsk), and under the influence especially of Russian it also became official in Belarusian. However, some Belarusian-speakers continue to use Miensk (spelled Мeнск) as their preferred name for the city. Another explanation of the origins of the modern form of the name, Minsk, is the strong Ukrainian influence in the Belarusian lexicography in the 1920s, which resulted in the Ukrainian-like i vocalisation of then-deprecated ѣ.^[7]

When Belarus was under Polish rule, the names Mińsk Litewski 'Minsk of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania' and Mińsk Białoruski 'Minsk in Belarus' were used to differentiate this place name from Mińsk Mazowiecki 'Minsk in Masovia'. In modern Polish, Mińsk without an attribute is Minsk, which is about 50 times bigger than Mińsk Mazowiecki; (cf. Brest-Litovsk and Brześć Kujawski for a similar case).

The Belarusian rock band N.R.M. have recorded a song titled Miensk i Minsk (Miensk and Minsk) on their 2007 album "06".

Demographics

Population growth

Year Population 1450 5,000 1654 10,000 1667 2,000 1790 7,000 1811 11,000 1813 3,500

Year Population 1860 27,000 1897* 91,000 1917* 134,500 1941 300,000 1944 50,000

Year Population 1959* 509,500 1970* 907,100 1972 1,000,000 1979* 1,276,000 1986 1,500,000

Year Population 1989* 1,607,000 1999* 1,680,000 2007 1,814,000 2008 1,830,000 2009* 1,837,000

* Census

Ethnic groups

During the first centuries of its existence, Minsk was a city with a predominantly Early East Slavic population (the forefathers of modern-day Belarusians). After the 1569 Polish–Lithuanian union, the city became a destination for migrating Poles (who worked as administrators, clergy, teachers and soldiers) and Jews (who mainly found employment in trade and as craftsmen). During the last centuries of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth many locals were polonised and abandoned their Belarusian culture. After the Partitions of Poland, Minsk became part of the Russian Empire, the Russians essentially stepping in to the leadership role enjoyed by the Poles in earlier centuries. By the end of the 19th century Minsk was undergoing increasing russification. Many locals became russified and still claim Russian ethnicity today.^{[citation needed]}

At the time of the 1897 census, Jews were the largest ethnic group in Minsk, constituting 47,500 out of the population of 91,000 (52% of the population).^[8] Other substantial ethnic groups were Russians (25.5%), Poles (11.4%) and Belarusians (9%). The latter figure may be not accurate as some local Belarusians were likely to be counted as Russians. There was also a small traditional community of Lipka Tatars living in Minsk for centuries.

Jewish holocaust memorial

Both World War I and World War II affected the demographics of the city. The Jewish community suffered catastrophic losses during the Nazi occupation — very few survived the Holocaust. In the post-war years Minsk's population grew primarily as a result of rural migrants from other parts of Belarus moving to the city, thus increasing the share of ethnic Belarusians. A number of Russians and other migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union moved to take jobs in the growing manufacturing sector.

In 1959 Belarusians made up 63.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.8%), Jews (7.8%), Ukrainians (3.6%), Poles (1.1%) and Tatars (0.4%). Migration of rural migrants from other parts of Belarus in the 1960s and 1970s changed the ethnic composition further. By 1979 Belarusians made up 68.4% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.2%), Jews (3.4%), Ukrainians (3.4%), Poles (1.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).

According to the 1989 census, 82% percent of Minsk residents have been born in Belarus. Of those, 43% have been born in Minsk and 39% – in other parts of Belarus. 6.2% of Minsk residents came from regions of western Belarus (Grodno and Brest Regions), and 13% – from eastern Belarus (Mogilev, Vitebsk and Gomel Regions). 21.4% of residents came from central Belarus (Minsk Region).

According to the 1999 census, Belarusians make up 79.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups include Russians (15.7%), Ukrainians (2.4%), Poles (1.1%) and Jews (0.6%). The Russian and Ukrainian populations of Minsk peaked in the late 1980s (at 325,000 and 55,000 respectively). After the break-up of the Soviet Union, many of them chose to move to their respective mother countries. Another factor in the numbers drop is a shifting identity of those Minsk residents who have mixed heritage – in independent Belarus they have chosen to identify themselves as Belarusians. The Jewish population of Minsk peaked in the early 1970s at 50,000 (according to official figures; independent estimates put the figure at 100–120,000), but then declined as a result of mass-scale emigration to Israel, the USA and Germany. Today there are only about 10,000 Jews living in Minsk. The traditional minorities of Poles and Tatars have remained at much the same size (17,000 and 3,000 respectively). There was migration of rural Poles from the western part of Belarus to Minsk, and many Tatars moved to Minsk from Tatarstan.

Some more recent ethnic minority communities are establishing themselves in the city. The most prominent are migrants from the Caucasus countries—Georgians, Armenians and Azerbaijanis each numbering about 2,000–5,000. They began migrating to Minsk back in the 1970s, and more migrants have joined them since. Many of them are employed in the retail trade in open-air markets. There is also a small but prominent Arab community in Minsk, primarily represented by recent migrants from Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Algeria, etc. (often graduates of Minsk universities who decide to settle in Belarus and bring over their families). There is also a small community of gypsies, numbering about 2,000, which is settled in suburbs of north-western and southern Minsk.

Languages

National Library of Belarus in Minsk.

Throughout its history Minsk has been a city of many languages. Initially most of its residents spoke Ruthenian (which later developed into modern Belarusian). However, after 1569 the official language was Polish. By the end of the 18th century most residents of Minsk were Polish-speakers (or Yiddish-speakers among the Jewish community).^{[citation needed]} Yiddish remained a major language in Minsk until the early 20th century.^{[citation needed]} In the 19th century Russian became the official language and by the end of that century it had become the language of administration, schools and newspapers. The Belarusian national revival increased interest in the Belarusian language—its use has grown since the 1890s, especially among the intelligentsia. In the 1920s and early 1930s Belarusian was the major language of Minsk, including use for administration and education (both secondary and tertiary). However, since the late 1930s Russian again began gaining dominance. This process accelerated after World War II —by the mid-1980s Minsk was almost exclusively Russian-speaking.^{[citation needed]}

A short period of Belarusian national revival in the early 1990s saw a rise in the numbers of Belarusian speakers. However, in 1994 the newly elected president Alexander Lukashenko slowly reversed this trend. Most residents of Minsk now use Russian exclusively in their everyday lives at home and at work, although Belarusian is understood as well. Substantial numbers of recent migrants from the rural areas use Trasyanka (a Russo-Belarusian mixed language) in their everyday lives.

The most commonly used and understood international language in Minsk, especially among the younger generation, is English. The second most widely spoken international language is German.^{[citation needed]}

Religion

There are no reliable statistics on religious affiliations in Minsk or in Belarus. According to various estimates, between 30% and 50% of Minsk's population do not practice any religion, while being either atheist, agnostic or simply spiritual, but not attached to a particular formal religious institution.^{[citation needed]} Of those Minsk residents who are religious, about 70% consider themselves to be Russian Orthodox, 15–20% – Roman Catholic, and about 5% – Protestants.^{[citation needed]} Most ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians from the central and eastern parts of Belarus are Russian Orthodox, while Poles and Belarusians from Western Belarus are often Roman Catholic. There are small religious communities of Jews and Muslims (the latter are primarily recent migrants from countries or regions with a predominantly Muslim population, such as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Syria, Iran, and Tajikistan). The total number of religious groups registered in Minsk is 116.^{[citation needed]}

Currently there are 24 churches of various denominations; another 10 are being built or reconstructed.

Crime

Minsk has the highest crime rate in Belarus — 193.5 crimes per 10,000 citizens.^[9][10] 20–25% of all serious crimes in Belarus, 55% of bribes and 67% of mobile phone thefts are committed in Minsk.^[9][11] However, attorney general Grigory Vasilevich stated that homicide rate in Minsk in 2008 was "relatively fine".^[12]

Crime rate grew significantly in 2009 and 2010^[9]: for example, number of corruption crimes grew by 36% in 2009 alone.^[13] Crime detection level varies from 13% in burglary^[14] to 92% in homicide^[15] with an average 40.1%.^[16] Many dwellers are concerned for their safety at night and the strongest concern was expressed by residents of Chizhovka and Shabany microdistricts (both in Zavodski District).^[15]

In Minsk are situated detention center SIZO-1, general prison IK-1 and KGB special jail called "Amerikanka". In the KGB jail were imprisoned Alexander Lukashenko's rivals in the 2010 presidential election^[17] and other prominent politicians and civil activists. Ales Michalevic, who was kept in this jail, accused KGB of using torture.^[18][19]

Government and administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative subdivisions of Minsk

Currently Minsk is subdivided into 9 raions (districts):

1.   Tsentralny (Belarusian: Цэнтральны, Russian: Центральный), or "Central District"
2.   Savetski (Belarusian: Савецкі, Russian: Советский, Sovetsky), or "Soviet District
3.   Pershamayski (Belarusian: Першамайскі, Russian: Первомайский, Pervomaysky), named after 1 May
4.   Partyzanski (Belarusian: Партызанскі, Russian: Партизанский, Partizansky), named after the Soviet partisans
5.   Zavodski (Belarusian: Заводскі, Russian: Заводской, Zavodskoy), or "Factory district" (initially it included major plants, Minsk Tractor Works (MTZ) and Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ), later the Partyzanski District with MTZ was split off it)
6.   Leninski (Belarusian: Ленінскі, Russian: Ленинский, Leninsky), named after Lenin
7.   Kastrychnitski (Belarusian: Кастрычніцкі, Russian: Октябрьский, Oktyabrsky), named after the October Revolution
8.   Maskouski (Belarusian: Маскоўскі, Russian: Московский, Moskovsky), named after Moscow
9.   Frunzenski (Belarusian: Фрунзенскі, Russian: Фрунзенский, Frunzensky), named after Mikhail Frunze

In addition, a number of residential neighbourhoods are recognised in Minsk, called microdistricts, with no separate administration.

Economy

Minsk is the economic capital of Belarus. It has developed industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation. Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget.^[20] According to 2010 results, Minsk paid 15 trillion BYR to state budget while the whole income from all other regions was 19.9 trillion BYR.^[21]

Industry

Minsk Tractor Works, main entrance.

Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus. The city has over 250 factories and plants. Its industrial development started in the 1860s and was facilitated by the railways built in the 1870s. However, much of the industrial infrastructure was destroyed during World War I and especially during World War II. After the last war the development of the city was linked to the development of industry, especially of R&D-intensive sectors (heavy emphasis of R&D intensive industries in urban development in the USSR is known in Western geography as 'Minsk phenomenon').^{[citation needed]} Minsk was turned into a major production site for trucks, tractors, gears, optical equipment, refrigerators, television sets and radios, bicycles, motorcycles, watches, and metal-processing equipment. Outside machine-building and electronics, Minsk also had textiles, construction materials, food processing, and printing industries. During the Soviet period, development of the industries was linked to suppliers and markets within the USSR, and the break-up of the union in 1991 led to a serious economic meltdown in 1991–1994.^{[citation needed]}

However, since the adoption of the neo-Keynesean policies under Alexander Lukashenko's government in 1995, much of the gross industrial production was regained. Unlike many other cities in the CIS and Eastern Europe Minsk was not heavily de-industrialised in the 1990s. About 40% of the work force is still employed in the manufacturing sector. Over 70% of produced goods are exported from Belarus, especially to Russia and other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States^{[citation needed]}. However, the recent industrial revival did not lead to updating technologies and equipment (as FDI was discouraged), therefore much of the local industry is not highly competitive by international standards.^{[citation needed]}

Major industrial employers include:

• Minsk Tractor Plant – specialised in manufacturing tractors. Established in 1946 in eastern Minsk, is among major manufacturers of wheeled tractors in the CIS. Employs about 30,000 staff.
• Minsk Automobile Plant – specialising in producing trucks, buses and mini-vans. Established in 1944 in south-eastern Minsk, is among major vehicle manufacturers in the CIS.
• Minsk Refrigerator Plant (also known as Atlant) – specialised in manufacturing household goods, such as refrigerators, freezers, and recently also of washing machines. Established in 1959 in north-west of the city.
• Horizont – specialised in producing TV-sets, audio and video electronics. Established in 1950 in north-central Minsk.

Unemployment

According to official statistics, unemployment in Minsk is 0.3%, but analytics say very few are becoming officially recognised unemployed because of tiny unemployment benefits (70 000 BYR ≈ $14 per month) and obligatory public works.^[22] During 2009 census 5.6% Minsk residents of employable age called themselves unemployed.^[22]

Transport

Local transport

Tram in Minsk.

Minsk has an extensive public transport system. Passengers are served by 8 tramway lines, over 70 trolleybus lines, and over 100 bus lines. Trams were the first public transport used in Minsk (since 1892 – the horse-tram, and since 1929 – the electric tram). Public buses have been used in Minsk since 1924, and trolleybuses since 1952.

All public transport is operated by Minsktrans, a government-owned and -funded transport not-for-profit company. As of January 2008, Minsktrans used 1,420 buses, 1,010 trolleybuses and 153 tramway cars in Minsk.

The Minsk city government in 2003 decreed that local transport provision should be set at a minimum level of 1 vehicle (bus, trolleybus or tram) per 1,500 residents. Currently the number of vehicles in use by Minsktrans is 2.2 times higher than the minimum level.^{[citation needed]}

Public transport fares are controlled by city's executive committee (city council). Single trip ticket for bus, trolleybus, tramway or metro costs 900 BYR (before April 2, 2011 the price was 700 BYR^[23]) and 1350 BYR for express buses.^[24] Monthly ticket for one kind of transport costs 35 480 BYR and 63 910 BYR for all four.^[24] Commercial marshrutka's prices varies from 2200 to 2830 BYR.^[24]

Rapid transit

Uruchye station in the Minsk Metro.

Main article: Minsk Metro

Minsk is the only city in Belarus with an underground metro system. Construction of the metro began in 1977, soon after the city reached over a million people, and the first line with 8 stations was opened in 1984. Since then it has expanded into two lines: Moskovskaya and Avtozavodskaya, which are 12.2 and 18.1 km (7.6 and 11.2 mi) long with 11 and 14 stations, respectively. On 7 November 2007, two new stations on the Moskovskaya Line were opened; work continues on a 5.2 km (3.2 mi) extension, with 3 more stations slated to open in 2011.

There are plans for a network with three lines totalling (based on present expansion plans) 58.3 km (36.2 mi) of track with 45 stations and 3 train depots. For this to happen the third line should cut the city on a north-south axis crossing the existing two and thus forming a typical Soviet triangle layout; construction of the third line is expected to begin in 2011 and for the first stage to be delivered in late 2010s. Some layout plans speculate on a possible fourth line running from Vyasnyanka to Serabranka micro-rayons.

As of 2007 Minsk metro had 25 stations and 33 km of tracks. Trains use 243 standard Russian metro-cars. On a typical day Minsk metro is used by 800,000 passengers. In 2007 ridership of Minsk metro was 262.1 million passengers,^[25] making it the 5th busiest metro network in the former USSR (behind Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev and Kharkiv). During peak hours trains run each 2-2.5 minutes. The metro network employs 3,200 staff.

Currently most of the urban transport is being actively renovated and upgraded to modern standards. For instance, all metro stations built since 2001 have passenger lifts from platform to street level, thus enabling the use of the newer stations by disabled passengers.

Railway and intercity bus

Railway terminal.

Minsk is the largest transportation hub in Belarus. Minsk is located at the junction of the Warsaw-Moscow railway (built in 1871) running from the southwest to the northeast of the city and the Liepaja-Romny railway (built in 1873) running from the northwest to the south. The first railway connects Russia with Poland and Germany; the second connects Ukraine with Lithuania and Latvia. They cross at the Minsk-Passazhyrski railway station, the main railway station of Minsk. The station was built in 1873 as Vilenski vakzal. The initial wooden building was demolished in 1890 and rebuilt in stone. During World War II the Minsk railway station was completely destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1945 and 1946 and served until 1991. The new building of the Minsk-Passazhyrski railway station was built during 1991–2002. Its construction was delayed due to financial difficulties; now, however, Minsk boasts one of the most modern and up-to-date railway stations in the CIS. There are plans to move all suburban rail traffic from Minsk-Passazhyrski to the smaller stations, Minsk- Uskhodni (East), Minsk-Paudnyovy (South) and Minsk-Paunochny (North), by 2020.

There are three intercity bus stations that link Minsk with the suburbs and other cities in Belarus and the neighbouring countries. Frequent schedules of bus routes connect Minsk to Moscow, Smolensk, Vilnius, Riga, Kiev and Warsaw.

Airports

Minsk International Airport is located 42 km (26 mi) to the east of the city. It opened in 1982 and the current Train station opened in 1987. It is an international airport with flights to Europe and Middle East.

Airport Minsk-1.

Main building of Minsk-2 international airport

Minsk-1 opened in 1933 a few kilometres to the south of the historical centre. In 1955 it became an international airport and by 1970 served over 1 million passengers a year.

From 1982 it mainly served domestic routes in Belarus and short-haul routes to Moscow, Kiev and Kaliningrad. Minsk-1 was expected to be closed in 2008 because of the noise pollution in the surrounding residential areas, but in the mid-2010 it is still functioning. The land of the airport is planned to be redeveloped for residential and commercial real estate, currently branded as Minsk-City.

Education

Minsk is the major educational centre of Belarus. It has about 500 kindergartens, 258 schools, 28 further education colleges, and 36 higher education institutions, including 12 major national universities.^{[citation needed]}

Major higher educational institutions

Belarusian National Technical University branch

• Academy of Public Administration under the aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus. Leading higher educational establishment in a national education system and head establishment of education in system of training, retraining and in-service training of the personnel in management sphere. The Academy was established in 1991 and it acquired the status of a presidential institution in 1995. In structure of Academy 3 institutes: Institute of Administrative Personnel has 3 departments, Institute of Civil Service has also 3 departments and Research Institute of the Theory and Practice of Public Administration.
• Belarusian State University. Major Belarusian universal university, founded in 1921. In 2006 had 15 major departments (Applied Mathematics and Informatics; Biology; Chemistry; Geography; Economics; International Relations; Journalism; History; Humanitarian Sciences; Law; Mechanics and Mathematics; Philology; Philosophy and Social Sciences; Physics; Radiophysics and Electronics). It also included 5 R&D institutes, 24 Research Centres, 114 R&D laboratories. The University employs over 2,400 lecturers and 1,000 research fellows; 1,900 of these hold PhD or Dr. Sc. degrees. There are 16,000 undergraduate students at the university, as well as over 700 PhD students.
• Belarusian State University of Agricultural Technology. Specialised in agricultural technology and agricultural machinery.
• Belarusian National Technical University. Specialised in technical disciplines.
• Belarusian State Medical University. Specialised in Medicine and Dentistry. Since 1921 – Medicine Department of the Belarusian State University. In 1930 becomes separate as Belarusian Medical Institute. In 2000 upgraded to university level. Currently has 6 departments.
• Belarusian State Economic University. Specialised in Finance and Economics. Founded in 1933 as Belarusian Institute for National Economy. Upgraded to university level in 1992.
• Maxim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University. Specialised in teacher training for secondary schools.
• Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics. Specialised in IT and radioelectronic technologies. Established in 1964 as Minsk Institute for Radioelectronics.
• Belarusian State University of Physical Training. Specialised in sports, coaches and PT teachers training.
• Belarusian State Technological University. Specialised in chemical and pharmaceutical technology, in printing and forestry. Founded in 1930 as Forestry Institute in Homel. In 1941 evacuated to Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg. Returned to Gomel in 1944, but in 1946 relocated to Minsk as Belarusian Institute of Technology. Upgraded to university level in 1993. Currently has 9 departments.
• Minsk State Linguistic University. Specialised in foreign languages. Founded in 1948 as Minsk Institute for Foreign Languages. In 2006 had 8 departments. Major focus on English, French, German and Spanish.
• Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts. Specializes in cultural studies, visual and Performing Arts. Founded in 1975 as Minsk Institute of Culture. Reorganized in 1993.
• International Sakharov Environmental University. Specialised in environmental sciences. Established in 1992 with the support from the United Nations. Focus on study and research of radio-ecological consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster in 1986, which heavily affected Belarus.
• International Institute of Labor and Social Relations. Specializes in International Economic Relations, International Law, Marketing, Finance and Management. It is established by Federations of Trade Unions of Belarus.
• Minsk Institute of Management. The largest private higher educational institution in Belarus. Established in 1991. Specializes in Economics, Management, Marketing, Finance, Psychology and Information Technologies.

• 

  Building of the Department of Biology, Belarusian State University.

• 

  Belarusian National Technical University.

• 

  University of Informatics and Radioelectronics.

• 

  Pedagogical University.

Culture and religion

Statue of Francysk Skaryna.

Minsk is the major cultural centre of Belarus. Its first theatres and libraries were established in the middle of the 19th century. Now it has 11 theatres and 16 museums. There are 20 cinemas and 139 libraries.

Churches

• The Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Spirit is actually the former church of the Bernardine convent. It was built in the simplified Baroque style in 1642–87 and went through renovations in 1741–46 and 1869.
• The Cathedral of Saint Mary was built by the Jesuits as their monastery church in 1700–10, restored in 1951 and 1997; it overlooks the recently restored 18th-century city hall, located on the other side of the Independence Square;
• Two other historic churches are the cathedral of Saint Joseph, formerly affiliated with the Bernardine monastery, built in 1644–52 and repaired in 1983, and the fortified church of Sts. Peter and Paul, originally built in the 1620s and recently restored, complete with its flanking twin towers.
• The impressive Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic Red Church (Cathedral of Sts. Simeon and Helene) was built in 1906–10 immediately after religious freedoms were proclaimed in Imperial Russia and the tsar allowed dissidents to build their churches;
• The largest church built in the Russian imperial period of the town's history is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene;
• Many Orthodox churches were built after the dissolution of the USSR in a variety of styles, although most remain true to the Neo-Russian idiom. A good example is St. Elisabeth's Convent, founded in 1999.

• 

  Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (Russian Orthodox).

• 

  Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic).

• 

  Church of St. Joseph (formerly Uniate, currently used as an archive).

• 

  Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (Russian Orthodox).

• 

  The Red Church (Roman Catholic).

• 

  Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Russian Orthodox).

• 

  Church of Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholic).

• 

  Church of Holy Trinity (Saint Rochus) (Roman Catholic).

• 

  Church of All Saints (Russian Orthodox).

• 

  Church of St.Yevfrosinya of Polotsk (Russian Orthodox).

• 

  Church of St. Elizabeth Convent (Russian Orthodox)

• 

  Church of St. Sophia of Slutsk (Russian Orthodox)

Cemeteries

• Kalvaryja (Calvary Cemetery) is the oldest surviving cemetery in the city. Many famous people of Belarus are buried here. The cemetery was closed to new burials in the 1960s.
• Military Cemetery
• Eastern Cemetery
• Chizhovka Cemetery
• Northern Cemetery

Theatres

Major theatres are:

• National Academic Big Opera and Ballet Theatre of the Republic of Belarus
• Belarusian State Musical Theatre (performances in Russian)
• Maxim Gorky National Drama Theatre (performances in Russian)
• Yanka Kupala National Drama Theatre(performances in Belarusian)

Museums

The city hall (rebuilt in 2003) overlooks the Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary.

Major museums include:

• Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum
• Belarusian National Arts Museum
• Belarusian National History and Culture Museum
• Belarusian Nature and Environment Museum
• Maksim Bahdanovič Literary Museum
• Old Belarusian History Museum
• Yanka Kupala Literary Museum

Recreation areas

• Chelyuskinites Park
• Children's Railroad
• Gorky Park (Minsk)
• Forest Park
• Yanka Kupala Park

Minsk-Arena, with venues for bandy, speed skating, ice hockey and track cycling

Sports

• FC Dinamo Minsk
• FC Minsk
• HC Dinamo Minsk
• HC Junost Minsk
• HC Keramin Minsk
• Minsk (bandy club)

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus

Twin towns and Sister cities

As of 2009 Minsk maintains cultural links to 20 twin towns in various countries:^[26]

Milan in Italy Caracas in Venezuela Nottingham in the United Kingdom (since 1957)[26] Sendai in Japan (since 1973)[26] Bangalore in India (since 1973)[26] Lyon in France (since 1976)[26][27] Belo Horizonte in Brazil (since 1987) Detroit in the United States[28]

Changchun in China (since 1992)[26] Łódź in Poland (since 1993)[29][26] Bonn in Germany (since 1993)[26] Eindhoven in Netherlands (since 1994)[26] Dushanbe in Tajikistan (since 1998)[26] Chişinău in Moldova (since 2000)[26] Havana in Cuba (since 2005)[26]

Tehran in Iran (since 2006)[26] Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates (since 2007)[26] Ankara in Turkey (since 2007)[26][30] Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan (since 2008)[26] Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam (since November 4, 2008)[31] Riga in Latvia (since 2009)[32] Kathmandu in Nepal

Honors

A minor planet 3012 Minsk discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after the city.^[33]

Notable residents

• Andrei Arlovski, grew up and lived in Minsk before moving to the United States to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship promotion
• Dmitry Koldun, and known as Dima, Singer.
• Red Auerbach, American basketball coach
• Svetlana Boginskaya, gold medal winning gymnast at the 1988 and 1992 Olympics, birthplace
• Isaac Boleslavsky, chess Grandmaster
• Masha Bruskina, World War II partisan
• Benjamin Dubrow, founder of Dubrow's Cafeteria in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Miami Beach, was a resident until he emigrated in his early twenties^{[citation needed]}
• Dimitry Elyashkevich, producer and camera operator, birthplace
• Avraham Even-Shoshan (1906–84), Israeli linguist and lexicographer
• Boris Gelfand, chess Grandmaster
• Moisei Ginzburg, constructivist architect
• Marina Gordon, soprano, birthplace
• Maria Leontyavna Itkina, world-record-holding runner
• Oleg Karavayev, wrestler and Olympic Champion
• Boris Khaykin, conductor
• Maryna Linchuk
• Louis Burt Mayer, American film producer. One of the founders of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
• Isaak Mazel, chess master
• Lee Harvey Oswald, alleged assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, was a resident of Minsk for 30 months in the late 1950s-early 1960s, sent there to work in a factory after defecting from the United States to the Soviet Union
• Yulia Raskina, Individual Rhythmic Gymnast who won the All-Around Silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics
• Alexander Rybak, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, birthplace
• Yuri Shulman, chess grandmaster
• Vanda Skuratovich, Roman Catholic activist
• Mark Slavin, Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler and victim of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics
• Anna Smashnova, tennis player
• Rachel Wischnitzer, architect and art historian
• Worf, of Star Trek; adopted hometown
• Alexey Yanushevsky, professional Quake player
• Sasha Zaretsky, ice dancer
• Roman Zaretsky, ice dancer
• Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, physicist
• Simcha Zorin, World War II partisan

References

Notes

1. ^ "pogoda.ru.net – Minsk 1971–2000". United Nations. August 2011. http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/26850.htm. Retrieved 5 February 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Не сосновый бор, но дышать можно смело". naviny.by. 18.09.2009. http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/09/18/ic_articles_116_164550/. 
3. ^ "Минская ГАИ проводит акцию "Чистый воздух"". naviny.by. 09.06.2007. http://naviny.by/rubrics/auto/2007/06/09/ic_news_120_272008/. 
4. ^ "Самый загрязненный воздух в Минске — на улице Тимирязева". naviny.by. 03.06.2009. http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/06/03/ic_news_116_312342/. 
5. ^ "Въ лЂто 6563 [1055] – [6579 1071]]. Іпатіївський літопис"]. Litopys.org.ua. http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat08.htm#r1067. Retrieved 5 May 2009. 
6. ^ "The Celebration of the 940th anniversary of Minsk will start with ringing of bells – Minsk City Executive Committee". Minsk.gov.by. http://www.minsk.gov.by/news/4.09.2007/5/8411/eng. Retrieved 5 May 2009. 
7. ^ Such influence is also evidenced in some Belarusian linguistic terminology constructed at that time, like words for 'verb' (дзеяслоў) and others. Per Uladzimir Anichenka, "Ukrainisms" in Encyclopedia of literature and arts of Belarus, vol. 5, p.351 (У. В. Анічэнка. Украінізмы // Энцыклапедыя літаратуры і мастацтва Беларусі. У 5 т. Т.5. С.351).
8. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
9. ^ ^{a b c} "Лукашенко недоволен минскими властями" (in Russian). TUT.BY. 29 June 2010. http://news.tut.by/society/175052.html. 
10. ^ "Уровень преступности в Минской области – один из самых высоких в стране" (in Russian). TUT.BY. 25 January 2011. http://news.tut.by/society/212780.html. 
11. ^ "Кражи составляют в Минске около 70% преступлений" (in Russian). TUT.BY. 18 April 2011. http://news.tut.by/society/223781.html. 
12. ^ "Генпрокуратура анализирует состояние с преступностью в Беларуси по коэффициенту преступности" (in Russian). interfax.by. 2 October 2008. http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/46593. 
13. ^ "В Минске увеличивается число выявленных коррупционных преступлений – Генпрокуратура" (in Russian). interfax.by. 10 March 2010. http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/68970. 
14. ^ "Я из ЖЭСа. Разрешите вас обокрасть!" (in Russian). interfax.by. 2 January 2009. http://www.interfax.by/article/36323. 
15. ^ ^{a b} Рейтинг всех служб и подразделений ГУВД Мингорисполкома вырос, National Law Portal of Belarus (10 February 2006).
16. ^ "В Минске снижается число хищений сотовых телефонов – Генпрокуратура" (in Russian). interfax.by. 27 October 2009. http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/62597. 
17. ^ Lukashenka`s presidential rivals held in KGB jail, Belarus News (21.12.2010)
18. ^ Mikhalevich to complain to UN Committee Against Torture about his detention conditions in KGB jail, Belarus News (28.02.2011)
19. ^ Belarus 'tortured protesters in jail', BBC News (1 March 2011)
20. ^ Четвертую часть поступлений в бюджет Минска обеспечили 5 плательщиков (Russian)
21. ^ Минск – основной плательщик НДС (Russian)
22. ^ ^{a b} Сколько реально безработных в Минске? (Russian)
23. ^ Public transport fares raised in Minsk
24. ^ ^{a b c} C 4 августа проезд в Минске будет стоить 900 рублей (Russian)
25. ^ "CIS Metro Statistics". Mrl.ucsb.edu. 21 June 2010. http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/~yopopov/rrt/maps/statistics.html. Retrieved 4 July 2010. 
26. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} "Twin towns of Minsk". 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng. Retrieved 8 December 2008. 
27. ^ "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". 2008 Mairie de Lyon. http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1. Retrieved 17 July 2009. 
28. ^ "City of Detroit website". City of Detroit. http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/SisterCitiesProgram/tabid/710/Default.aspx. Retrieved 3 September 2011. 
29. ^ "Twin Cities". The City of Łódź Office. (in English and Polish) 2007 UMŁ. http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029. Retrieved 23 October 2008. 
30. ^ "Ankara Metropolitan Municipality: Sister Cities of Ankara". 2007 Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Kullanım Koşulları & Gizlilik.. http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx. Retrieved 8 December 2008. 
31. ^ "CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM". www.mofahcm.gov.vn. 2010-10-09. http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/#2O2JGVsVDHhB. Retrieved 2011-01-08. 
32. ^ "Twin cities of Riga". Riga City Council. http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2009. 
33. ^ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – p.248. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&q=3012+minsk+1979+QU9. Retrieved 4 July 2010. 

External links

• Minsk city on the Official Website of Belarus