Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich

Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich ( _ru. Яков Борисович Зельдович) (March 8, 1914 – December 2, 1987) was a prolific Soviet Jewish physicist. He played an important role in the development of Soviet nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, and made important contributions to the fields of adsorption and catalysis, shock waves, nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics, physical cosmology, and general relativity.

He was born in Minsk (now Belarus). Four months later his family moved to Saint Petersburg (Leningrad from 1924–1991). They remained there until August 1941, when together with the institute where Zel'dovich worked, they were evacuated to Kazan to avoid the Axis Invasion of the Soviet Union. They remained in Kazan until the summer of 1943, when Zel'dovich moved to Moscow.

In May 1931, at age seventeen, Zel'dovich became a laboratory assistant at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was associated with the Institute until the end of his life. In 1936 he defended his dissertation, which was on the adsorption and catalysis on heterogeneous surfaces, for his "Candidate of Science" (equal to PhD). The most important point of it was the research on the "Freundlich (or classical) adsorption isotherm". Zel'dovich discovered the theoretical foundation of this empirical observation. In 1939 he received the degree of "Doctor of Science" (Physics and Mathematics), the doctor dissertation being on the oxidation of nitrogen. Zel'dovich discovered its mechanism, known in physical chemistry as "Thermal NO Mechanism" or "Zel'dovich Mechanism".

Between 1937 and 1948 he worked on the theory of ignition, combustion and detonation. From 1939–1940 together with Julii Khariton Zel'dovich achieved important results in the "Theory of Nuclear Chain Reactions". In 1943 he began his participation in the Soviet Atomic Project, working along with Igor Kurchatov. His work on nuclear weapons continued until October 1963.

In 1952 he began work in the field of elementary particles and their transformations. He predicted the beta decay of a p-meson. Together with S. Gershtein he noticed the analogy between the weak and electromagnetic interactions, and in 1960 predicted the muon catalysis (more precisely, the muon-catalysed dt-fusion) phenomenon. In 1977 Zel'dovich together with Fyodor Shapiro was awarded the Kurchatov Medal, the highest award in nuclear physics of the USSR. The citation was "for prediction of characteristics of ultracold neutrons, their detection and investigation". He was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences on June 20 1958. He was a head of division at the Institute of the Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1965 until January 1983.

In 1965, at age 49, he started working in astrophysics and physical cosmology. Since 1965 he was also a professor at the Department of Physics of the Moscow State University, and a head of the division of Relativistic Astrophysics at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute. Zel'dovich worked on the theory of the evolution of the hot universe, the properties of the microwave background radiation, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the theory of black holes. He predicted, with Rashid Sunyaev, that the cosmic microwave background should undergo inverse Compton scattering. This is called the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, and measuring it is, at present (2005), one of the biggest observational efforts in cosmology.

Igor Kurchatov once called him "genius" and Andrei Sakharov named him "a man of universal scientific interests." Stephen W. Hawking once said to Zel'dovich: "before I met you here, I believed you to be a 'collective author', like Bourbaki."

Awards and honors

*Bruce Medal (1983)
*Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1984).
*Kurchatov Medal (1977)
*Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1953, 1957)
*USSR State Prize (1943, 1949, 1951, 1953)
*Lenin Prize (1957)
*Three Orders of Lenin (1949, 1962, 1974)
*Two Orders of the Red Banner (1945,1964)
*Order of the October Revolution (1962)
*An asteroid 11438 Zel'dovich was named in his honor in 2001 [http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~mystery/html/Z/planet/planet.html]

References

* "Selected works of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich", Vol. 1 & 2. Princeton University Press, 1992-1993. ISBN 0-691-08743-1
* Overbye, D. "Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe". New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
* Zel'dovich, Ya. B. and Raizer, Yu. P. "Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena". Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002. ISBN 0-486-42002-7
* Zel'dovich, Ya. B. and Novikov, I. D. "Relativistic Astrophysics", Vol. 1: "Stars and Relativity". Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1996. ISBN 0-486-69424-0
* Zel'dovich, Ya. B. and Novikov, I. D. "Relativistic Astrophysics", Vol. 2: "The Structure and Evolution of the Universe". Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
* Zel'dovich, Ya. B. and Raizer, Yu. P. "Elements of Gasdynamics and the Classical Theory of Shock Waves". New York: Academic Press, 1968.

External links

* [http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~mystery/html/Z/z.engl.html Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich] – page at the Moscow State University dedicated to Zel'dovich