Tajikistan

Republic of Tajikistan Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон Çumhuriji Toçikiston
Flag Emblem
Anthem: Surudi Milli National anthem of Tajikistan
Capital (and largest city)		Dushanbe 38°33′N 68°48′E / 38.55°N 68.8°E / 38.55; 68.8
Official language(s)		Tajik[1] (state) Russian (official inter-ethnic communication[2])
Demonym		Tajikistani[3]
Government		Unitary semi-presidential republic
-	President	Emomalii Rahmon
-	Prime Minister	Oqil Oqilov
Independence (from the Soviet Union)
-	Establishment of the Samanid Empire	875 AD
-	Declared	September 9, 1991
-	Completed	December 25, 1991
Area
-	Total	143,100 km2 (102nd) 55,251 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1.8
Population
-	2010 estimate	7,995,754[3] (96th)
-	2000 census	6,127,000
-	Density	48.6/km2 (155th) 125.8/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2009 estimate
-	Total	$13.666 billion[4]
-	Per capita	$2,103[4]
GDP (nominal)		2009 estimate
-	Total	$4.982 billion[4]
-	Per capita	$767[4]
Gini (2004)		33.59 (medium)
HDI (2011)		0.607[5] (medium) (127th)
Currency		Somoni (TJS)
Time zone		TJT (UTC+5)
Drives on the		right
ISO 3166 code		TJ
Internet TLD		.tj
Calling code		992
1	Estimate from State Statistical Committee of Tajikistan, 2008; rank based on UN figures for 2005.

Tajikistan (ⁱ/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔdʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik:Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east.

Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran . Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.

After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.

Etymology

Main article: Tajik people

Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The word Tajik was used by medieval Turks to refer to Iranian-speaking peoples.^{[citation needed]} From the 11th century, the term referred to East Iranian people, but by the 15th century came to be applied to Persian speakers.^{[citation needed]} In medieval Persian literature, Tajik appears as a synonym of "Persian".

As a self-designation, the term Tajik (Persian: تاجيک Tājīk; Tajik: Тоҷик), has become acceptable only during the last decades of the 20th century, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia.^[6] The term does not denote an ethnic group in the narrow sense, but remains a general designation of a variety of Persian-speaking peoples in Central Asia.

Tajikistan was frequently spelled as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English, transliterated from the Russian Таджикистан (in Russian the phoneme /d͡ʒ/ is spelled дж, that is, dzh or dj.) Tadzhikistan is the most common alternate spelling and is widely used in English literature derived from Russian sources. "Tadjikistan" is the spelling in French and can occasionally be found in English language texts.

History

Main article: History of Tajikistan

Early history

See also: Samanid dynasty

Modern Tajiks regard the Samanid Empire as the first Tajik state. This monument in Dushanbe honors Amir Ismail Samani.

The territory of what is now Tajikistan has been inhabited continuously since 4000 BC.^{[citation needed]} It has been under the rule of various empires throughout history, for the longest period being part of the Persian Empire. It was originally called Neb for a short period of time, before being given the name Tajikistan.

Acharya Yaska's Nirukta^[7] (7th century BC) attests that the verb Śavati in the sense "to go" was used by only the Kambojas.The Savati/Swati term is used for the people who had been living in ancient Swat state,The Gabari sultans,who claim their ancestor Sultan Samus the son of Kamboja. It has been shown that the modern Ghalcha dialects, Valkhi, Shigali, Sriqoli, Jebaka (also called Sanglichi or Ishkashim), Munjani, Yidga and Yaghnobi, mainly spoken in the Pamir mountains and countries on the headwaters of the Oxus, still use terms derived from ancient Kamboja Śavati in the sense "to go".^[8] The Yaghnobi language, spoken by the Yaghnobis in the Sughd Province around the headwaters of Zeravshan valley, also still contains a relic "Śu" from ancient Kamboja Śavati in the sense "to go".^[9]

Further, Sir George Abraham Grierson says that the speech of Badakshan was a Ghalcha until about three centuries ago when it was supplanted by a form of Persian.^[10] Thus, the ancient Kamboja, probably included the Badakshan, Pamirs and northern territories including the Yaghnobi region in the doab of the Oxus and Jaxartes.^[11] On the east it was bounded roughly by Yarkand and/or Kashgar, on the west by Bahlika (Uttaramadra), on the northwest by Sogdiana, on the north by Uttarakuru, on the southeast by Darada, and on the south by Gandhara.

Numerous Indologists locate original Kamboja in Pamirs and Badakshan and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian territories comprising Zeravshan valley, north up parts of Sogdhiana/Fargana — in the Sakadvipa or Scythia of the classical writers.^[12]

Thus, in the pre-Buddhist times (7th–6th century BCE), the parts of modern Tajikistan including territories as far as Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana formed parts of ancient Kamboja and the Parama Kamboja kingdoms when it was ruled by the Kambojas till it became part of Persian Achaemenid Empire. After the Persian Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great, the region became the northern part of Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.

Dushanbe government building

From the last quarter of 4th century BCE until the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE, it was part of the Bactrian Empire, from whom it was passed on to Scythian Tukharas and hence became part of Tukharistan. Contact with the Chinese Han Dynasty was made in the 2nd century BCE, when envoys were sent to the area of Bactria to explore regions west of China.

Arabs brought Islam in the 7th century CE^{[citation needed]}. The Samanid Empire supplanted the Arabs and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara, which became the cultural centers of Tajiks (both of which are now in Uzbekistan). The Mongols would later take partial control of Central Asia, and later the land that today comprises Tajikistan became a part of the Emirate of Bukhara. A small community of Jews, displaced from the Middle East after the Babylonian captivity, migrated to the region and settled there after 600 BCE, though the majority of the recent Jewish population did not migrate to Tajikistan until the 20th century.

Russian presence

See also: The Great Game and Basmachi Movement

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to spread into Central Asia during the Great Game. Between 1864 and 1885 it gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan from today's border with Kazakhstan in the north to the Caspian Sea in the west and the border with Afghanistan in the south. Tajikistan was eventually carved out of this territory, which historically had a large Tajik population.

After the overthrow of Imperial Russia in 1917, guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Muslims, Jews, and Christians were persecuted,^{[citation needed]} and mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed.

Soviet Tajikistan

Main article: Tajik SSR

The Palace of Unity (Vahdat Palace)

In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic (see also Shirinsho Shotemur). The predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.^[13] Some 120,000 inhabitants of Tajikistan died during the World War II.^[14]

In terms of living conditions, education and industry Tajikistan was behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, it had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,^[15] the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,^[16] and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people.^[17]

By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990.^{[citation needed]} The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

The first nation to establish an embassy in Dushanbe was Iran, which was also one of the first countries to immediately recognize Tajikistan as an independent state in 1991.

Post-independence

See also: Civil war in Tajikistan

The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. The non-Muslim population, particularly Russians and Jews, fled the country during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics.

Emomalii Rahmon came to power in 1994, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote.^[18] The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country.^[19] In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties (United Tajik Opposition).

Peaceful elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers. Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections were held again in 2006, with Rahmon winning a third term in office with 79% of the vote in a field of five candidates. Several opposition parties boycotted the election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was critical of it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections to be legal and transparent.

Rahmon's government came under criticism from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that lead to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.^[20]

Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik-Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.^[21] It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility,^[22] and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe and operate at least one military hospital in the capital city.

In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September,^[23] and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers,^[24] followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead.^[25] To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010.^[26]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Tajikistan

See also: Elections in Tajikistan, Foreign relations of Tajikistan, and Human rights in Tajikistan

President of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon

Almost immediately after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that saw various factions, allegedly backed by Russia and Iran^{[citation needed]}, fighting one another. All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had cooled down, and a central government began to take form, with peaceful elections in 1999.

"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country’s ruinous civil war," Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in The New York Times just before the country's November 2006 presidential election.^[27]

Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the Presidency and Parliament. It is, however, a one party dominant system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. The parliamentary elections in 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomali Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose 4 seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. OSCE election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."^[28][29] The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.^[28][29]

Freedom of the press is officially guaranteed by the government, although independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru and centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not get reported in the local media.^[30]

The presidential election held on November 6, 2006 was boycotted by "mainline" opposition parties, including the 23,000-member Islamic Renaissance Party. Four remaining opponents "all but endorsed the incumbent", Rahmon.^[27]

Tajikistan has given Iran its support in Iran's membership bid to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, after a meeting between the Tajik President and the Iranian foreign minister.^[31]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Provinces of Tajikistan and Districts of Tajikistan

Tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions. These are the provinces (viloyat) of Sughd and Khatlon, the autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan (abbreviated as GBAO), and the Region of Republican Subordination (RRP – Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in transliteration from Russian or NTJ – Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ in Tajik; formerly known as Karotegin Province). Each region is divided into several districts (Tajik: Ноҳия, nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into jamoats (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (qyshloqs). As of 2006, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan.^[32]

Division	ISO 3166-2	Capital	Area (km²)[32]	Pop (2008)[32]
Sughd	TJ-SU	Khujand	25,400	2,132,100
Region of Republican Subordination	TJ-RR	Dushanbe	28,600	1,606,900
Khatlon	TJ-KT	Qurghonteppa	24,800	2,579,300
Gorno-Badakhshan	TJ-BG	Khorugh	64,200	218,000

Geography

Main article: Geography of Tajikistan

Satellite photograph of Tajikistan

Mountains of Tajikistan

Fann Mountains

Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Mountain	Height		Location
Ismoil Somoni Peak (highest)	7,495 m	24,590 ft	North-western edge of Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO), south of the Kyrgyz border
Ibn Sina Peak (Lenin Peak)	7,134 m	23,537 ft	Northern border in the Trans-Alay Range, north-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak
Peak Korzhenevskaya	7,105 m	23,310 ft	North of Ismoil Somoni Peak, on the south bank of Muksu River
Independence Peak (Revolution Peak)	6,974 m	22,881 ft	Central Gorno-Badakhshan, south-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak
Akademiya Nauk Range	6,785 m	22,260 ft	North-western Gorno-Badakhshan, stretches in the north-south direction
Karl Marx Peak	6,726 m	22,067 ft	GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range
Garmo Peak	6,595 m	21,637 ft	Northwestern Gorno-Badakhstan.
Mayakovskiy Peak	6,096 m	20,000 ft	Extreme south-west of GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan.
Concord Peak	5,469 m	17,943 ft	Southern border in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range
Kyzylart Pass	4,280 m	14,042 ft	Northern border in the Trans-Alay Range

The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometers.

About 2% of the country's area is covered by lakes, the best known of which are the following:

• Kayrakum (Qairoqqum) Reservoir (Sughd)
• Iskanderkul (Fann Mountains)
• Kulikalon (Kul-i Kalon) (Fann Mountains)
• Nurek Reservoir (Khatlon)
• Karakul (Tajik: Qarokul; eastern Pamir)
• Sarez (Pamir)
• Shadau Lake (Pamir)
• Zorkul (Pamir)

Lesser known lakes (all in the Pamir region) include

• Bulunkul
• Drumkul
• Rangkul
• Sasykkul
• Shorkul
• Turumtaikul
• Tuzkul
• Yashilkul

Economy

Main article: Economy of Tajikistan

See also: Agriculture in Tajikistan

A young man selling dried fruit at a local market

Tajik children

Tajikistan was the poorest republic of the Soviet Union and is the poorest country in Central Asia as well as in the former Soviet Union today. The current economic situation remains fragile, largely owing to corruption, uneven economic reforms, and economic mismanagement. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas, exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus helping keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production.

In 2006, GDP per capita of Tajikistan was 85% of 1990s level.,^[33] while population has increased from 5.3 million in 1991 to 7.3 million in 2009.

On August 21, 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since.^[34] Tajikistan is an active member of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).

The recently^[when?] completed Anzab tunnel which connects the previously hard to access Northern part of the country to the capital Dushanbe has been labeled as part of the new Silk Road. It is part of a road under construction that will connect Tajikistan to Iran and the Persian Gulf through Afghanistan.

A new^[when?] bridge between Afghanistan and Tajikistan has been built which will help the country have access to trade lines with South Asia. The bridge was built by the United States.^[35]

The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.^[36]

Aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company - the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.^[37]

Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek, the highest dam in the world.^[38] Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.^[39][40] Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion^[41][42] Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.

Tajik family celebrating Eid

Foreign remittance flows from Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in Russia, has become by far the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people and represents additional 36.2 % of country's GDP directly reaching the poverty-stricken population.^[43] According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.^[44] Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor.^[45] The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.^[46]

Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market.^[47] However with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.^[48]

Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006).^[49][50] Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade.^[47] UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.^[51]

Since the collapse of the USSR, there has been a significant and growing trend of Tajiks migrating abroad for jobs and seeking refuge. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated 2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Tajikistan

Demographic map of Tajikistan.

Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.)^[3] Tajiks who speak the Tajik language (a variety of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there is a sizable minority of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration.^[52] In 1989, ethnic Russians made up 7.6% of the population.^[53] The Pamiris of Badakhshan are considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajiks. ^[3]

The official and vernacular language of Tajikistan is Tajik although Russian is routinely used in business and communication. The use of Russian in official documents has been ruled out in 2009 ^[54] although the Constitution still mentions it as the "language for inter-ethnic communication".

Despite its poverty, Tajikistan has a high rate of literacy due to the old Soviet system of free education, with an estimated 99.5% of the population having the ability to read and write.^[3] The majority of the population follow Sunni Islam. There is also a sizeable minority of Ismailis.

Bukharan Jews had lived in Tajikistan since the 2nd century BC, but today almost none are left. There is also a small population of Yaghnobi people who have lived in the mountainous district of Sughd Viloyat for many centuries. The German population in Tajikistan was 38,853 in 1979.^[55] Nearly one million Tajik men worked abroad in 2009.^[56] More than 70% of the female population lives in villages where traditions still matter very much.^[57]

Health

Main article: Health in Tajikistan

Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.^[58] Public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the GDP in 2004.^[59]

In the early 2000s, there were 203 physicians per 100,000 people.^[59] Infant mortality was 59 for 1,000 live births in 2005.^[59] Tajikistan is the only country in world where polio is on the increase. From zero cases in 2008 and 2009, 458 confirmed cases have been reported for 2010 (of 976 cases worldwide). A large part of the population have poor access to Health Care.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Tajikistan

Tajik woman in national dress

See also: Music of Tajikistan, Public holidays in Tajikistan, and Cuisine of Tajikistan

Historically, Tajiks and Persians come from very similar stock, speaking variants of the same language and are related as part of the larger group of Iranian peoples. The Tajik language is the mother tongue of around 80% of the citizens of Tajikistan. The main urban centers in today's Tajikistan include Dushanbe (the capital), Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent and Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities.

The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.

The Yaghnobi people live in mountainous areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is now about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the only direct modern descendant of the ancient Sogdian language.

Tajikistan artisans created the Dushanbe Tea House, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city of Boulder, Colorado.^[60]

In 2010 a Tajik citizen Nilufar Sherzod became Miss United Nations, representing Tajik culture.^[61]

Education

2002-2005 public spending on education was 3.5 % of the GDP.^[59] According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25 percent of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias, although ^[62] literacy is generally high in Tajikistan.^[59]

Religion

See also: Religion in Tajikistan and Islam in Tajikistan

A mosque in Isfara, Tajikistan

Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school is official religion in Tajikistan since 2009.^[63] Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a 2009 U.S. State Department release, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim, (approximately 95% Sunni and 3% Shia).^[64] The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, a variety of Protestant denominations, Catholicism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders^[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir (Party of Emancipation), a party, controversial for its antisemitic views, which today aims for a nonviolent overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.^[65] Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some feel this is discriminatory.

By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. As noted above, religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain.^[66]

Sport

See also: Rugby union in Tajikistan

Tajikistan's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor activities, such as hill climbing, biking, rock climbing, skiing, hiking, and mountain climbing. Facilities are limited so tourists must expect to be largely self-sufficient and plan carefully. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Fann and Pamir Mountains, including the 7,000 m peaks in the region, are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies.

Football is the most popular sport in Tajikistan. The Tajikistan national football team competes in the FIFA and AFC leagues. It also hosts many football clubs.

Government

Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Government

• Pres. Emomali RAHMON
• Prime Min. Oqil OQILOV
• Dep. Prime Min. Murodali ALIMARDON
• Dep. Prime Min. Asadullo GHULOMOV
• Dep. Prime Min. Ruqiya QURBANOVA
• Min. of Agriculture Qosim QOSIMOV
• Min. of Culture Mirzoshohrukh ASRORI
• Min. of Defense Sherali KHAYRULLOYEV, Col. Gen.
• Min. of Economic Development & Trade Farrukh HAMRALIEV
• Min. of Education Abdujabbor RAHMONOV
• Min. of Energy & Industry Sherali GUL
• Min. of Finance Safarali NAJMUDDINOV
• Min. of Foreign Affairs Hamrokhon ZARIFI
• Min. of Health Nusratullo SALIMOV
• Min. of Internal Affairs Abdurahim QAHOROV
• Min. of Justice Bakhtiyor KHUDOYOROV
• Min. of Labor & Social Security Shukhurjon ZUHOROV
• Min. of Land Reclamation & Water Resources Rahmat BOBOKALONOV
• Min. of Transport & Communications Olimjon BOBOEV
• Chmn., State Committee on National Security Khayridin ABDURAHIMOV
• Chmn., State Committee on State Property Davlatali SAIDOV
• Chmn., State Committee on Statistics Mirgand SHABOZOV
• Prosecutor Gen. Sherhon SALIMZODA
• Dir., Drug Control Agency Rustam NAZAROV, Lt. Gen.
• Chmn., National Bank Sharif RAHIMZODA
• Ambassador to the US Abdujabbor SHIRINOV
• Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Sirojidin ASLOV

Transport

Eu 733 0-10-0 locomotive in a Park near the main railway station Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Main article: Transportation in Tajikistan

See also

Geography portal Asia portal Tajikistan portal

• Outline of Tajikistan
  
• Index of Tajikistan-related articles
  
• 2006 Tajikistan earthquake
• Central Asian Union
• Communications in Tajikistan
• Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston
• Kingdom of Balhara
• List of cities in Tajikistan
• List of universities in Tajikistan
• Military of Tajikistan
• Mount Imeon
• Yagnob Valley

References and footnotes

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.

1. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, November 6, 1994, Article 2.
2. ^ В Таджикистане русскому языку вернули прежний статус
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9. ^ Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118; Indian Culture, 1934, p 193, Indian Research Institute; Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson; cf: History and Archeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries from the... , 1976, p 152, Dr Shashi P. Asthana - Social Science; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 39, Dr Moti Chandra - India; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 128, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
10. ^ Linguistic Survey of India, X, p. 456, Sir G Grierson; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, pp 107-108.
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12. ^ See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
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24. ^ http://www.rferl.org/content/Tajikistan_Says_Kills_Three_Suspected_Islamist_Militants/2193377.html
25. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5jgLdqI0OO2p668hzze8vqDxO9bbw
26. ^ http://enews.ferghana.ru/news.php?id=1903&mode=snews
27. ^ ^{a b} Greenberg, Ilan, "Media Muzzled and Opponents Jailed, Tajikistan Readies for Vote," The New York Times, November 4, 2006 (article dateline November 3, 2006), page A7, New York edition
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29. ^ ^{a b} "Tajikistan elections criticised by poll watchdog". BBC. 2010-03-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8543214.stm. Retrieved 2010-03-05. 
30. ^ "Tajik Government’s Fury Over Conflict Reporting". Iwpr.net. 2010-10-22. http://iwpr.net/report-news/tajik-government%E2%80%99s-fury-over-conflict-reporting. Retrieved 2011-01-14. 
31. ^ "Press TV - Iran makes move to join SCO". Presstv.ir. 2008-03-24. http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=48781&sectionid=351020101. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 
32. ^ ^{a b c} Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2008, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 (Russian)
33. ^ "GDP per capita in current US dollars per person". EarthTrends. http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html. Retrieved 2006-11-01. 
34. ^ "BBC's Guide to Central Asia". BBC News. 2005-06-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456938/html/nn4page1.stm. Retrieved 2006-11-01. 
35. ^ "US Army Corps of Engineer, Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge". US Army Corps of Engineer. http://www.aed.usace.army.mil/Snapshots.asp?PageNo=2. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
36. ^ "Background Note: Tajikistan". US Department of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs. December 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
37. ^ "Алюминий по-таджикски (Tajikistani Aluminium)" (in Russian). "Эксперт Казахстан" (Ekspert Kazakhstan) #23. 2004-12-06. http://www.expert.ru/printissues/kazakhstan/2004/23/23ka-kpov3/. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
38. ^ "Highest Dams (World and U.S.)". ICOLD World Register of Dams. 1998. http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
39. ^ "Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января (First stage of the Sangtuda HPS launched on 18 January)" (in Russian). Vesti. 2007-12-25. http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
40. ^ "Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008". Today Energy. 2008-01-05. http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
41. ^ "Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan". IRNA. 2007-04-24. http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
42. ^ "Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 2007-01-18. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
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63. ^ Hanafi Islam declared official religion of Tajikistan (Russian)
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Further reading

• Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh
• Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia by Monica Whitlock
• Tajikistan: Disintegration or Reconciliation by Shirin Akiner
• Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence by Shirin Akiner, Mohammad-Reza Djalili and Frederic Grare
• Tajikistan and the High Pamirs by Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas and Markus Hauser, Odyssey Books, Hong Kong 2008 (ISBN 978-9-622177-73-4)

External links

Government

• The President of Tajikistan
• Travel information resource
• Travel To Tajikistan
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
• Tajikistan at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Tajikistan entry at The World Factbook
• Tajikistan at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Tajikistan
• Tajikistan travel guide from Wikitravel
• Tajikistan, an external wiki

Media

• Central Asian News Service news in Russian
• Central Asian News Service news in English
• Miss UN Pageant website