Akrotiri and Dhekelia

"Akrotiri" redirects here. For the ancient Cycladic city, see Akrotiri (Santorini). For other uses, see Akrotiri (disambiguation).

The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "God Save the Queen" [1]
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas indicated in pink.
Capital		Episkopi (administrative centre)
Official language(s)		English, Greek
Government		Sovereign Base Areas
-	Administrator	[[Air Vice Marshal William Stacey, Commander, British Forces Cyprus]]
British overseas territory
-	Established	1960
Area
-	Total	254 km2  98 sq mi
Population
-	estimate	7,000 Cypriots, 7,500 British military personnel and families
-	Density	n/a/km2 (n/a) n/a/sq mi
Currency		Euro (EUR)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Calling code		357

The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are two British-administered areas comprising a British Overseas Territory on the island of Cyprus administered as Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom. The bases were retained by the British, under the 1960 treaty of independence, agreed and signed by (Greece, Turkey, United Kingdom and representatives from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities) to grant independence and transition Cyprus from a Crown colony to an independent sovereign state.

The bases are split into Akrotiri (Greek: Ακρωτήρι, IPA: [akro̞ˈtiri]; Turkish: Ağrotur), along with Episkopi Garrison, is part of an area known as the Western Sovereign Base Area or WSBA) and Dhekelia (Greek: Δεκέλεια, IPA: [ðe̞ˈke̞ʎa]; Turkish: Dikelya, along with Ayios Nikolaos, is part of the Eastern Sovereign Base Area or ESBA).

History

Main article: Modern history of Cyprus

The Sovereign Base Areas were created in 1960 by the Treaty of Establishment, when Cyprus achieved independence from the British Empire. The United Kingdom desired to retain sovereignty over these areas, as this guaranteed the use of UK military bases in Cyprus, including RAF Akrotiri, and a garrison of the British Army. The importance of the bases to the British is based on the strategic location of Cyprus, at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, close to the Suez Canal and the Middle East; the ability to use the RAF base as staging post for military aircraft; and for general training purposes.

In 1974, following a military coup by the Greek-Cypriot National Guard attempting to achieve enosis (union with Greece), Turkey invaded the north of Cyprus, leading to the establishment of the internationally unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. However, this did not affect the status of the bases, and despite being two of the three guaranteeing powers of the Republic of Cyprus, neither Greece nor Great Britain were involved in the fighting and neither has honoured the Treaty of Guarantee yet. Greek Cypriots fleeing from the Turks were permitted to travel through the Dhekelia base, and were given humanitarian aid. The Turkish advance halted when it reached the edge of the Sovereign Base Area to avoid military conflict with the United Kingdom.

Dispute with Cyprus

For four years after Cypriot independence in 1960, the British government supported the Republic of Cyprus financially. After the intercommunal conflict of 1963–64 it stopped, claiming there was no guarantee that both communities would benefit equally from that money. The Cypriot government is still claiming money for the years from 1964 to now although to date has taken no international legal action to test the validity of its claim. Estimates for the claimed debt range from several hundred thousand to over one billion euros.

In July 2001, violent protests were held at the bases by local Cypriots, angry at British plans to construct radio masts at the bases, as part of an upgrade of British military communication posts around the world. Locals had claimed the masts would endanger local lives and cause cancer, as well as have a negative impact on wildlife in the area. The British government denied these claims.^{[citation needed]}

The United Kingdom has shown no intention of surrendering the bases, although it has offered to surrender 117 square kilometres (45 sq mi) of farmland as part of the rejected Annan Plan for Cyprus. Today, around 3,000 troops of British Forces Cyprus are based at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Ayios Nikolaos Station, in the ESBA, is a GCHQ electronic intelligence listening station of the UKUSA intelligence network.^[2]

The election of left-wing Dimitris Christofias as Cypriot president in February 2008 has prompted concern in the United Kingdom. Christofias has pledged to remove all foreign military forces from the island as part of a future settlement of the Cyprus dispute, calling the British presence on the island a "colonial bloodstain".^[3]

Potential troop withdrawal

In January 2010, a newspaper article appeared in the mainstream British press ^[4] claiming that as a result of budgetary constraints arising from the Late 2000s recession, the British Ministry of Defence drew up controversial^[5] plans to withdraw the United Kingdom's 3,000 member infantry battalion from Cyprus, and end the use of Cyprus as a staging point for ground forces. Since this time the Labour government under whom the proposal appeared has been replaced in election by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition and in a defence review the issue was not mentioned.

Constitution and governance

The SBAs were retained in 1960 as military bases under British sovereignty,^[6][7] not as ordinary colonial territories.

This is the basic philosophy of their administration as declared by Her Majesty's Government in 'Appendix O' to the 1960 treaty with Cyprus, which provided that the British government intended:

• Not to develop the Sovereign Base Areas for other than military purposes.
• Not to set up and administer "colonies".
• Not to create customs posts or other frontier barriers between the Sovereign Base Areas and the Republic.
• Not to set up or permit the establishment of civilian commercial or industrial enterprises except insofar as these are connected with military requirements, and not otherwise to impair the economic commercial or industrial unity and life of the Island.
• Not to establish commercial or civilian seaports or airports.
• Not to allow new settlement of people in the Sovereign Base Areas other than for temporary purposes.
• Not to expropriate private property within the Sovereign Base Areas except for military purposes on payment of fair compensation.^[8]

The bases have their own legal system, distinct from the United Kingdom and Cyprus. This consists of the laws of the Colony of Cyprus as at August 1960, amended as necessary. The laws of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are kept, as far as possible, the same as the laws of Cyprus. The Court of the Sovereign Base Areas is concerned with non-military offences committed by any person within Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and law and order is maintained by the Sovereign Base Areas Police, while military law is upheld by the Cyprus Joint Police Unit.

Amateur Radio

The bases are issued different amateur radio call signs from the Republic of Cyprus. Amateurs on the bases use the International Telecommunication Union prefix of "ZC4" which is assigned to Great Britain. There are about 52 amateurs licensed in this manner. The ITU prefix for the Republic of Cyprus is mainly "5B". The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus uses the unallocated call sign prefix of "1B", but this is only recognized internationally by Turkey. Under ITU regulations it is illegal for an amateur radio operator to communicate via radio with a call sign issued by a state not recognised as a member of the ITU, with the exception of a true emergency.

Politics

According to the Ministry of Defence, "Because the SBAs are primarily required as military bases and not ordinary dependent territories, the Administration reports to the Ministry of Defence in London. It has no formal connection with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office or the British High Commission in Nicosia, although there are close informal links with both offices on policy matters."^[9]

The bases are administered by the Administrator of the Sovereign Base Areas, who is the Commander of British Forces Cyprus (from 2010 AVM Graham Stacey). The Administrator is officially appointed by the British monarch, on the advice of the Ministry of Defence. The Administrator has all the executive and legislative authority of a Governor of an overseas territory. A Chief Officer is appointed, and is responsible to the Administrator for the day-to-day running of the civil government. No elections are held in the Bases, although British citizens are normally entitled to vote in United Kingdom elections (as British Forces or overseas electors).

Geography

Episkopi Bay is on the west coast of Akrotiri

Map of Akrotiri (Western) SBA

Map of Dhekelia (Eastern) SBA

Akrotiri and Dhekelia cover 3% of the land area of Cyprus, a total of 254 km² (98 sq mi) (123 km² (47.5) at Akrotiri and 131 km² (51 sq mi) (50.5) at Dhekelia). 60% of the land is privately owned, either by British or Cypriot citizens. The other 40% is owned by the Ministry of Defence, or is classed as Crown land. In addition to Akrotiri and Dhekelia themselves, the Treaty of Establishment also provides for the continued use by the British Government of certain facilities within Cyprus, known as Retained Sites.

Akrotiri is located in the south of the island, near the city of Limassol (or Lemesos). Dhekelia is in the southeast, near Larnaca. Both of these areas include military bases, as well as farmland and some residential land. Akrotiri is surrounded by territory controlled by the Republic of Cyprus, but Dhekelia also borders on the United Nations (UN) buffer zone and the area controlled by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Ayia Napa lies to the East of Dhekelia. The villages of Xylotymbou and Ormidhia, also in the Republic of Cyprus, are enclaves surrounded by Dhekelia SBA. The Dhekelia Power Station, divided by a British road into two parts, also belongs to Cyprus. The northern part is an enclave, like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea, and therefore not an enclave, though it has no territorial waters of its own.

Demographics

See also: Languages of Cyprus and Languages of Akrotiri and Dhekelia

When the bases were being established, the boundaries were drawn up to avoid centres of population. However, around 14,000 people live in the bases. Around 7,000 native Cypriots live in the bases, who either work in the bases themselves, or on farmland within the boundaries of the bases. The British military and their families make up the rest of the population.

There is no specific citizenship available for the bases, although some people may be able to claim British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC) status. Unlike all other British territories, BOTCs connected solely with the Sovereign Base Areas do not have any entitlement to full British citizenship.

Under the terms of the 1960 agreement with Cyprus establishing the Sovereign Base Areas, the United Kingdom is committed not to use the Areas for civilian purposes. This was stated in 2002 as the primary reason for the exclusion of the Areas from the scope of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002.

Economy

There are no economic statistics gathered for Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The main economic activities are the provision of services to the military, as well as limited agriculture. On 1 January 2008 Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopted the euro along with the rest of Cyprus, despite not being part of the European Union. The Sovereign Base Areas are the only areas under British sovereignty to use the euro.^[10]

Media

A monthly magazine 'CFL - Cyprus Forces Life' is published in both SBAs and in shops. BFBS Radio 1 and 2 are broadcast on FM and can be widely received in Cyprus, but the BFBS Television signal has been confined to the SBAs or encrypted since 1997, for copyright reasons. Limassol BBC Relay is situated here.

See also

Geography portal Asia portal Mediterranean portal Middle East portal Cyprus portal

• Outline of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
  
• Index of Akrotiri and Dhekelia-related articles
  
• British overseas territories
• Sovereign Base Areas Customs
• Sovereign Base Areas Police
• United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus

References

• Vassilis K. Fouskas. 2003. Zones of Conflict: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Balkans and the Greater Middle East. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-2030-9. Pp. 93, 111

Footnotes

1. ^ ben cahoon. "Cyprus". Worldstatesmen.org. http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cyprus.html. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 
2. ^ The UKUSA signals intelligence system is sometimes known as 'ECHELON,' which is a codeword used by the system whose exact status is not clear. Jeffrey Richelson & Desmond Ball, The Ties the Bind: Intelligence Cooperation between the UKUSA Countries, Unwin Hyman, Boston/London and others, 1990, p.194 note 145.
3. ^ "Cyprus elects its first communist president", The Guardian, 25 February 2008.
4. ^ Oliver, Jonathan; Smith, Michael (24 January 2010). "Officer Training Corps faces the axe". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6999920.ece. Retrieved 23 April 2010. 
5. ^ Withdrawal of forces from Cyprus, where 3,000 British troops are based, would be controversial.
6. ^ CIA world factbook; Akrotiri
7. ^ CIA world factbook; Dhekelia
8. ^ "SBA website". Sba.mod.uk. http://www.sba.mod.uk/web_pages/appdx-o.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 
9. ^ "SBA website". Sba.mod.uk. http://www.sba.mod.uk/web_pages/admin_background.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 
10. ^ Theodoulou, Michael. (27 December 2007). Euro reaches field that is for ever England, Times Online. Retrieved 4 January 2008.

External links

Wikimedia Atlas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia

• Sovereign Base Areas Administration web-pages
• BBC News – "UK offers to cede Cyprus land"
• BBC News – "Cyprus protesters clash at UK base"
• Cyprus Mail, Nathan Morley – "Mystery of Dhekelia Cemetery"
• Cyprus Mail, Nathan Morley – "Dhekelia at 60"
• Akrotiri entry at The World Factbook
• Dhekelia entry at The World Factbook
• The Princess Mary's Hospital RAF Akrotiri
• Cyprus Independence Agreement - Hansard Official UK Parliament Record
• James Rogers and Luis Simón. The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union and Their Potential Role for the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Brussels: European Parliament, 2009. 25 pp.