Politics of Malta

Malta

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Malta

Republic President (List) George Abela Constitution Government Prime Minister (List) Lawrence Gonzi Deputy Prime Minister (List) Tonio Borg Finance Minister (List) Tonio Fenech The Cabinet Parliament House of Representatives Speaker (List) Michael Frendo Deputy Speaker (List) Censu Galea Leader of the House (List) Tonio Borg Leader of the Opposition (List) Joseph Muscat Judiciary Chief Justice (List) Silvio Camilleri Law Courts and Tribunals Administration of Justice Political parties Nationalist Party Labour Party Democratic Alternative Imperium Europa Elections 1870 Referendum 1921 Legislative 1924 Legislative 1927 Legislative 1932 Legislative 1945 Legislative 1947 Legislative 1950 Legislative 1951 Legislative 1953 Legislative 1955 Legislative 1956 Referendum 1962 Legislative 1964 Referendum 1966 Legislative 1971 Legislative 1973 Referendum 1976 Legislative 1981 Legislative 1987 Legislative 1992 Legislative 1996 Legislative 1998 Legislative 2003 Referendum 2003 Legislative 2004 European 2008 Legislative 2009 European 2011 Referendum Subdivisions Local councils Districts Foreign policy Politics of the European Union Foreign relations

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The politics of Malta takes place within a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Malta is the constitutional head of state. Executive Authority is vested in the President of Malta with the general direction and control of the Government of Malta remaining with the Prime Minister of Malta who is the head of government and the cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament of Malta which consists of the President of Malta and the unicameral House of Representatives of Malta with the Speaker presiding officer of the legislative body. Judicial power remains with the Chief Justice and the Judiciary of Malta. Since Independence, the party electoral system has been dominated by the Christian democratic Nationalist Party (Partit Nazzjonalista) and the social democratic Labour Party (Partit Laburista).

Political developments since independence

Since independence, general elections have been held in 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1987, 1992, 1996, 1998 , 2003 and 2008. Two parties have dominated Malta's polarized and evenly-divided politics during this period: the Partit Nazzjonalista (Nationalist Party) and the Partit Laburista (Labour Party). Third parties have failed to score any electoral success: in the 2008 election the Alternattiva Demokratika (Democratic Alternative - a Green Party established in 1989) and the Azzjoni Nazzjonali (National Action) managed to secure only 1.31% and 0.5% of the first preference votes nationwide respectively. Elections have invariably generated a widespread voter turnout exceeding 90% of registered voters.

The 1996 elections resulted in the election of the Labour Party, by 8,000 votes, to replace the Nationalists who had won in 1987 and 1992. Voter turnout was characteristically high at 96%, with the Labour Party receiving 50.72%, the Nationalist Party 47.8%, the Democratic Alternative 1.46%, and independent candidates 0.02%. In 1998, the Labour Party's loss in a parliamentary vote led the Prime Minister to call an early election. The Nationalist Party was returned to office in September 1998 by a majority of 13,000 votes, holding a five-seat majority in Parliament. Voter turnout was 95%, with the Nationalist Party receiving 51.81%, the Labour Party 46.97%, the Democratic Alternative 1.21%, and independent candidates 0.01%.

The Nationalist government wrapped up negotiations for European Union membership by the end of 2002. A referendum on the issue was called in March 2003 for which the Nationalists and the Democratic Alternative campaigned for a "yes" vote while Labour campaigned heavily for "no" vote, invalidate their vote or abstain. Turnout was 91%, with more than 53% voting "yes".

The Labour Party argued that the "yes" votes amounted to less than 50% of the overall votes, hence, and citing the Integration referendum as an example, they claimed that the "yes" had not in fact won the referendum. The then MLP Leader Alfred Sant said that the General Elections that was to be held within a month would settle the affair. In the General Elections the Nationalists were returned to office with 51.79% of the vote to Labour's 47.51%. The Democratic Alternative managed 0.68%. The Nationalists were thus able to form a government and sign and ratify the EU Accession Treaty on 16 April 2003.

On 1 May 2004 Malta joined the EU and on 1 January 2008, the Eurozone with the euro as the national currency. The first elections after membership were held in March 2008 resulting in a narrow victory for the Nationalist Party with 49.34% of first preference votes.

Executive branch

Under its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was sovereign of Malta, and a Governor-General exercised executive authority on her behalf, while the actual direction and control of the government and the nation's affairs were in the hands of the cabinet under the leadership of a Maltese prime minister.

On December 13, 1974, the constitution was revised, and Malta became a republic within the Commonwealth, with executive authority vested in the President of Malta which can be exercised directly or through officers subordinate to him. The president is elected by the House of Representatives for a five-year term. He appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the party with a majority of seats in the unicameral House of Representatives, known in Maltese as Kamra tad-Deputati.

The President also nominally appoints, upon recommendation of the Prime Minister, the individual ministers. Ministers are selected from among the members of the House of Representatives, which usually consists of 65 members unless bonus seats are given to a party which gains an absolute majority of votes but not a Parliamentary majority. Elections must be held at least every 5 years and the electoral system used is single transferable vote.

Administrative divisions

Malta is divided into 68 elected local councils, with each council responsible for the administration of cities or regions of varying sizes. Administrative responsibility is distributed between the local councils and the central government in Valletta. The Local Councils Act, 1993 (Act XV of 1993) was published on June 30, 1993, subdividing Malta into 54 local councils in Malta and 14 in Gozo. The inhabitants who are registered elect the Council every three years, as voters in the Local Councils' Electoral Register. Elections are held by means of the system of proportional representation using the single transferable vote. The mayor is the head of the Local Council and the representative of the Council for all effects under the Act. The Executive Secretary, who is appointed by the Council, is the executive, administrative, and financial head of the Council. All decisions are taken collectively with the other members of the Council. Local councils are responsible for the general upkeep and embellishment of the locality, local wardens, and refuse collection, and carry out general administrative duties for the central government such as collection of government rents and funds, and answering government-related public inquiries.

There are also Administrative Committees elected with responsibility for smaller regions.

Legislative branch

Elections to the House of Representatives (Kamra tad-Deputati) are based on the single transferable vote system, which in turn is a variant of the proportional representation electoral system. First vacancies are filled through casual election and subsequent vacancies through co-option, meaning that no by-elections are held between one general election and the other. The Parliamentary term cannot exceed five years.

Ordinarily, 65 members are elected to the House from 13 multi-seat constituencies each returning 5 MPs. Additional MPs are elected in two circumstances:

• when a party achieves 50%+1 of first-preference valid votes in the election but does not secure a Parliamentary majority it is awarded enough seats (filled by the best runner-up candidates) to make a Parliamentary majority

• when in an election contested by more than two parties only two parties are elected to Parliament and the relative Parliamentary strength is not proportionate to the first preference votes obtained, additional seats are allocated to establish proportionality

A third electoral amendment has been enacted which guarantees strict-proportionality with respect to votes and seats to parliamentary political groups.

Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in Malta. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Malta.

e • d Summary of the 8 March 2008 House of Representatives of Malta election results

Parties	Votes	%	Change	Seats	Change
Nationalist Party (Partit Nazzjonalista)	143,468	49.34	–2.5	35	±0
Malta Labour Party (Partit Laburista)	141,888	48.79	+0.8	34	+4
Democratic Alternative (Alternattiva Demokratika)	3,810	1.31	+0.6	—	—
National Action (Azzjoni Nazzjonali)	1,461	0.50	+0.0	—	—
Imperium Europa	84	0.03	+0.0	—	—
Gozitan Party (Partit Għawdxi)	37	0.01	+0.0	—	—
Independents (Indipendenti)	22	0.01	+0.0	—	—
Alpha Liberal Democrats (Alfa Liberali Demokratiku)	21	0.01	+0.0	—	—
Forward Malta (Forza Malta)	8	0.00	+0.0	—	—
Total (turnout 93.3%)	290,799	100.0		69	+4
Source: DOI

Judicial branch

Courthouse, Valletta

The President appoints the Chief Justice of Malta and the judges of the superior courts on the advice of the Prime Minister of Malta. There are also inferior courts presided over by a Magistrates which have original jurisdiction in criminal and civil actions.

Malta's judiciary is independent and they have security of tenure until their mandatory retiring age currently set at 65 or impeachment. Members of the judiciary are impeached by the President upon a vote by the House of Representatives that is supported by a 2/3s majority of all the members on the grounds of proved inability to perform his functions in office (whether it is infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or proved misbehavior by the Commission for the Administration of Justice. Therefore, the Maltese court system safeguards both the positions of the judge and to a certain extent, the position of the courts, from political interference by government or by Parliament.

Judges’ security of tenure is also guaranteed by the constitutional requirement that the judiciary’s salaries are paid from the Consolidated fund and thus the government may not diminish or amend them to their prejudice. The government may increase their salary. Therefore any judgements would not be taken according to the influence of politics but the principles and rules of law i.e. the judiciary is subject only to law.

There is a Civil Court and a Criminal Court. In the latter, the presiding judge sits with a jury of nine. There are also Tribunals having Civil Jurisdiction. The Court of Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal hear appeals from decisions of the civil and criminal actions respectively.

The highest court, the Constitutional Court, has both original and appellate jurisdiction. In its appellate jurisdiction it listens to cases involving violations of human rights and interpretation of the constitution. It can also perform judicial review. In its original jurisdiction it has jurisdiction over disputed parliamentary elections and electoral corrupt practices.

International organization participation

Malta is member of C, CE, EBRD, ECE, EU (member from 1 May 2004), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Malta was a long-time member of NAM. It ceased to be part of the movement when it joined the European Union.

See also

	Malta portal
	Politics portal

• Malta
• Nationalist Party
• Labour Party
• Democratic Alternative
• Mass meeting

External links

• Local Councils of Malta
• Central Government of Malta
• House of Representatives
• Constitution of Malta (pdf file)
• Nationalist Party
• Malta Labour Party
• Alternativa Demokratika
• Alleanza Liberali
• Laws of Malta