Eurozone

Eurozone (euro area)

Eurozone as of 2011   Non-eurozone areas using the euro
Currency	euro
Union type	Economic & Monetary
Established	1 January 1999
Members	17 Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Future members Further usage
Governance
Political control	Euro Group
Group president	Jean-Claude Juncker
Issuing authority	European Central Bank
ECB president	Mario Draghi
Affiliated with	European Union
Statistics
Population (2011)	331,962,860[1]
GDP (2010)	€9.2 trillion[2]
Interest rate	1.5%[3][4]
Inflation	1.6%[5]
Unemployment	10%[6]
Trade balance	€0.9 bn surplus[7]

The eurozone ( pronunciation (help·info)), officially called the euro area,^[8] is an economic and monetary union (EMU) of seventeen European Union (EU) member states that have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender. The eurozone currently consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Most other EU states are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so. No state has left and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled.

Monetary policy of the zone is the responsibility of the European Central Bank (ECB) which is governed by a president and a board of the heads of national central banks. The principal task of the ECB is to keep inflation under control. Though there is no common representation, governance or fiscal policy for the currency union, some co-operation does take place through the Euro Group, which makes political decisions regarding the eurozone and the euro. The Euro Group is composed of the finance ministers of eurozone states, however in emergencies, national leaders also form the Euro Group.

Since the late-2000s financial crisis, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for the enactment of economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration, for example in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is highly political and in a state of flux as of 2011 in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone reform.

On occasion the eurozone is taken to include non-EU members who use the euro as their official currency. Some of these countries, like San Marino, have concluded formal agreements with the EU to use the currency and mint their own coins.^[9] Others, like Montenegro, have adopted the euro unilaterally. However, these countries do not formally form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the ECB or the Euro Group.^[10]

Members

In 1998 eleven European Union member states had met the convergence criteria, and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999. Greece qualified in 2000 and was admitted on 1 January 2001 before physical notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002 replacing all national currencies. Between 2007 and 2011, five new states acceded.

  EU Eurozone (17)

  EU states obliged to join the Eurozone (8)

  EU state with an opt-out on Eurozone participation (2)

  States outside the EU with issuing rights (3)

  Other non-EU users of euro (4)

v · d · e

State	Adopted	Population (Jan. 1, 2011)	Nominal GDP World Bank, 2009	Exceptions
Austria	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&100000000084042520000008,404,252	&10000000000384908000000384,908
Belgium	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000001091840500000010,918,405	&10000000000468522000000468,522
Cyprus	02008-01-01 1 January 2008	&10000000000804435000000804,435	&1000000000002491000000024,910	Northern Cyprus[note 1]
Estonia	02011-01-01 1 January 2011	&100000000013401940000001,340,194	&1000000000001912000000019,120
Finland	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&100000000053752760000005,375,276	&10000000000237512000000237,512
France	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000006507537300000065,075,373	&100000000026493900000002,649,390	New Caledonia[note 2]  French Polynesia[note 2]  Wallis and Futuna[note 2]
Germany	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000008175160200000081,751,602	&100000000033300320000003,330,032
Greece	02001-01-01 1 January 2001	&1000000001132589700000011,325,897	&10000000000329924000000329,924
Ireland	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&100000000044808580000004,480,858	&10000000000227193000000227,193
Italy	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000006062644200000060,626,442	&100000000021127800000002,112,780	Campione d'Italia[note 3]
Luxembourg	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&10000000000511840000000511,840	&1000000000005244900000052,449
Malta	02008-01-01 1 January 2008	&10000000000417617000000417,617	&100000000000074490000007,449
Netherlands	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000001665579900000016,655,799	&10000000000792128000000792,128	Aruba[note 4] Curaçao[note 5] Sint Maarten[note 5] Caribbean Netherlands[note 6]
Portugal	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000001063697900000010,636,979	&10000000000227676000000227,676
Slovakia	02009-01-01 1 January 2009	&100000000054352730000005,435,273	&1000000000008764200000087,642
Slovenia	02007-01-01 1 January 2007	&100000000020501890000002,050,189	&1000000000004847700000048,477
Spain	01999-01-01 1 January 1999	&1000000004615292600000046,152,926	&100000000014602500000001,460,250
Eurozone		&10000000331963357000000331,963,357	&1000000001246036200000012,460,362

Enlargement

Main article: Enlargement of the eurozone

Ten countries (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are EU members but do not use the euro. Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). As of 2011, the National Central Banks (NCBs) of Latvia, Lithuania, and Denmark have participated in ERM II; most remaining currencies are expected to follow soon.

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations.v • d • e

Denmark and the United Kingdom obtained special opt-outs in the original Maastricht Treaty. Both countries are legally exempt from joining the eurozone unless their governments decide otherwise, either by parliamentary vote or referendum. Sweden gained a de facto opt-out by using a legal loophole. It is required to join the eurozone as soon as it fulfils the convergence criteria, which include being part of ERM II for two years; joining ERM II is voluntary.^[11][12] Sweden has so far decided not to join ERM II.

The 2008 financial crisis increased interest in Denmark and initially in Poland to join the eurozone, and in Iceland to join the European Union, a pre-condition for adopting the euro.^[13] Since Latvia requested help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as a precondition, it may be forced to drop its currency peg. This would take Latvia out of ERM II and possibly move the euro adoption date even further from 2013 than currently planned.^[14] However, by 2010, the debt crisis in the euro zone caused interest from Poland and the Czech Republic to cool.^[15]

Non-member usage

Further information: International status and usage of the euro

The euro is also used in countries outside the EU. Three states—Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City—^[16][17] have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and mint their own coins. Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group. Andorra reached a monetary agreement with the EU in June 2011 which will allow it to use the euro as its official currency when ratified. Under the agreement it is intended that Andorra should gain the right to mint its own euro coins as of 1 July 2013, provided that Andorra implements relevant EU legislation.^[18]

Some states (viz. Kosovo,^{[note 7]} and Montenegro) officially adopted the euro as their sole currency without an agreement and, therefore, have no issuing rights. These states are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB. However, in some usage, the term eurozone is applied to all territories that have adopted the euro as their sole currency.^[19][20][21] Further unilateral adoption of the euro (euroisation), by both non-euro EU and non-EU members, is opposed by the ECB and EU.^[22]

Secession and expulsion

While the eurozone is open to all EU member states to join once they meet the criteria, there is no provision in the EU treaties for a state to leave the eurozone without also leaving the EU as a whole. Likewise there is no provision for a state to be expelled from the euro.^[23] However some, including the Dutch government, favour such a provision being created in the event there is a heavily indebted state in the eurozone that refuses to comply with an EU economic reform policy.^[24]

However, the benefits of leaving the euro would vary depending on the exact situations. If the replacement currency were expected to devalue, the state would experience a large scale exodus of money, whereas if the currency were expected to appreciate then more money would flow into the economy. A rapidly appreciating currency would be detrimental to the country's exports, however.^[25]

Administration and representation

Further information: European Central Bank, Euro Group, and Euro summit

Euro Group President Jean-Claude Juncker

The monetary policy of all countries in the eurozone is managed by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem which comprises the ECB and the central banks of the EU states who have joined the euro zone. Countries outside the eurozone are not represented in these institutions. Whereas all EU member states are part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). Non EU member states have no say in all three institutions, even those with monetary agreements such as Monaco. The ECB is entitled to authorise the design and printing of euro banknotes and the volume of euro coins minted, and its president is currently Mario Draghi.

The eurozone is represented politically by its finance ministers, known collectively as the Euro Group, and is presided over by a president, currently Jean-Claude Juncker. The finance ministers of the EU member states that use the euro meet a day before a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (Ecofin) of the Council of the European Union. The Group is not an official Council formation but when the full EcoFin council votes on matters only affecting the eurozone, only Euro Group members are permitted to vote on it.^[26][27][28]

Since the global financial crisis first began in 2008, the Euro Group has met irregularly not as finance ministers, but as heads of state and government (like the European Council). It is in this forum, the Euro summit, that many eurozone reforms have been agreed. French President Nicolas Sarkozy is pushing, as of 2011, for these summits to become regular and twice a year in order for it to be a 'true economic government'.

On 15 April 2008 in Brussels, Juncker suggested that the eurozone should be represented at the International Monetary Fund as a bloc, rather than each member state separately: "It is absurd for those 15 countries not to agree to have a single representation at the IMF. It makes us look absolutely ridiculous. We are regarded as buffoons on the international scene."^[29] However Finance Commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that before there is common representation, a common political agenda should be agreed.^[29]

Economy

Comparison table

Comparison of eurozone with other economies, 2006.^[30]

	Population	GDP	% world	Exports	Imports
eurozone	317 million	€8.4 trillion	14.6%	21.7% GDP	20.9% GDP
EU (27)	494 million	€11.9 trillion	21.0%	14.3% GDP	15.0% GDP
United States	300 million	€11.2 trillion	19.7%	10.8% GDP	16.6% GDP
Japan	128 million	€3.5 trillion	6.3%	16.8% GDP	15.3% GDP
GDP in PPP, exports/imports as goods and services excluding intra-EU trade.

Inflation

HICP figures from the ECB, taken from May of each year:^[31]

1999: 1.0% 2000: 1.7% 2001: 3.1% 2002: 2.0% 2003: 1.8%

2004: 2.5% 2005: 2.0% 2006: 2.5% 2007: 1.9%

2008: 3.7% 2009: 0.0% 2010: 1.7% 2011: 2.7%

Interest rates

Interest rates for the eurozone, set by the ECB since 1999. Levels are in percentages per annum. Between to June 2000 and October 2008, the main refinancing operations were variable rate tenders, as opposed to fixed rate tenders. The figures indicated in the table from 2000 to 2008 refer to the minimum interest rate at which counterparties may place their bids.^[4]

Date	Deposit facility	Main refinancing operations	Marginal lending facility
1 Jan 1999	2.00	3.00	4.50
4 Jan 1999[note 8]	2.75	3.00	3.25
22 Jan 1999	2.00	3.00	4.50
9 Apr 1999	1.50	2.50	3.50
5 Nov 1999	2.00	3.00	4.00
4 Feb 2000	2.25	3.25	4.25
17 Mar 2000	2.50	3.50	4.50
28 Apr 2000	2.75	3.75	4.75
9 Jun 2000	3.25	4.25	5.25
28 Jun 2000	3.25	4.25	5.25
1 Sep 2000	3.50	4.50	5.50
6 Oct 2000	3.75	4.75	5.75
11 May 2001	3.50	4.50	5.50
31 Aug 2001	3.25	4.25	5.25
18 Sep 2001	2.75	3.75	4.75
9 Nov 2001	2.25	3.25	4.25
6 Dec 2002	1.75	2.75	3.75
7 Mar 2003	1.50	2.50	3.50
6 Jun 2003	1.00	2.00	3.00
6 Dec 2005	1.25	2.25	3.25
8 Mar 2006	1.50	2.50	3.50
15 Jun 2006	1.75	2.75	3.75
9 Aug 2006	2.00	3.00	4.00
11 Oct 2006	2.25	3.25	4.25
13 Dec 2006	2.50	3.50	4.50
14 Mar 2007	2.75	3.75	4.75
13 Jun 2007	3.00	4.00	5.00
9 Jul 2008	3.25	4.25	5.25
8 Oct 2008	2.75		4.75
9 Oct 2008	3.25		4.25
15 Oct 2008	3.25	3.75	4.25
12 Nov 2008	2.75	3.25	3.75
10 Dec 2008	2.00	2.50	3.00
21 Jan 2009	1.00	2.00	3.00
11 Mar 2009	0.50	1.50	2.50
8 Apr 2009	0.25	1.25	2.25
13 May 2009	0.25	1.00	1.75
13 April 2011	0.50	1.25	2.00
13 July 2011	0.75	1.50	2.25
9 November 2011	0.50	1.25	2.00

Public debt

The following table states the ratio of public debt to GDP in percent for EU and other selected European states^{[dated info]}. Eurozone and non-eurozone EU members are marked as Euro and EU respectively. The euro convergence criterion is 60 %.

Country	CIA 2007[32]	OECD 2009[33][34]	IMF 2009[35]	CIA 2009[36]	EuroStat 2010[37]
Austria	59.10	72.7	67.10[38]	66.40	72.3
Belgium	84.60	100.4	93.70[39]	101.00	96.8
Cyprus	59.60		56.20[40]	56.20	60.8
Estonia	3.40			7.10	6.6
Finland	35.90	52.6	44.00[41]	40.30	48.4
France	63.90	87.1	78.10[42]	77.60	81.7
Germany	64.90	76.5	72.50[43]	77.20	83.2
Greece	89.50	120.2		113.40	142.8
Ireland	24.90	72.7	64.00[44]	64.80	96.2
Italy	104.00	127.7	115.8[45]	115.80	119.0
Luxembourg	6.40	18.0	16.40[46]	14.60	18.4
Malta				69.00	68.0
Netherlands	45.50	69.4	58.90[47]	60.90	62.7
Portugal	63.60	86.3	75.80[48]	76.80	93.0
Slovakia	35.90	39.8	35.70[49]	35.70	41.0
Slovenia	23.60	44.1		31.30	38.0
Spain	36.20	62.4	53.20[50]	53.20	60.1

Fiscal policies

The primary means for fiscal coordination within the EU lies in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines which are written for every member state, but with particular reference to the 17 current members of the eurozone. These guidelines are not binding, but are intended to represent policy coordination among the EU member states, so as to take into account the linked structures of their economies.

For their mutual assurance and stability of the currency, members of the eurozone have to respect the Stability and Growth Pact, which sets agreed limits on deficits and national debt, with associated sanctions for deviation. The Pact originally set a limit of 3% of GDP for the yearly deficit of all eurozone member states; with fines for any state which exceeded this amount. In 2005, Portugal, Germany, and France had all exceeded this amount, but the Council of Ministers had not voted to fine those states. Subsequently, reforms were adopted to provide more flexibility and ensure that the deficit criteria took into account the economic conditions of the member states, and additional factors.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development downgraded its economic forecasts on 20 March 2008 for the eurozone for the first half of 2008. Europe does not have room to ease fiscal or monetary policy, the 30-nation group warned. For the euro zone, the OECD now forecasts first-quarter GDP growth of just 0.5%, with no improvement in the second quarter, which is expected to show just a 0.4% gain.

Bailout provisions

See also: History of the euro#Recession era

The late-2000s financial crisis prompted a number of reforms in the eurozone. One was a u-turn on the eurozone's bailout policy that led to the creation of a specific fund to assist eurozone states in trouble. The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) were created in 2010 to provide, alongside the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a system and fund to bailout members. However the EFSF and EFSM were temporary, small and lacked a basis in the EU treaties. Therefore, it was agreed in 2011 to establish a European Stability Mechanism (ESM) which would be much larger, funded only by eurozone states (not the EU as a whole as the EFSF/EFSM were) and would have a permanent treaty basis. As a result of that its creation involved agreeing an amendment to TEFU Article 136 allowing for the ESM and a new ESM treaty to detail how the ESM would operate. If both are successfully ratified according to schedule, the ESM would be operation by the time the EFSF/EFSM expire in mid-2013.

Peer review

See also: Euro Plus Pact

Strong EU oversight in the fields of taxation and budgetary policy and the enforcement mechanisms that go with it have sometimes been described as potential infringements on the sovereignty of eurozone member states^[51] However, in June 2010, broad agreement was finally reached on a controversial proposal for member states to peer review each others' budgets prior to their presentation to national parliaments. Although showing the entire budget to each other was opposed by Germany, Sweden and the UK, each government would present to their peers and the Commission their estimates for growth, inflation, revenue and expenditure levels six months before they go to national parliaments. If a country was to run a deficit, they would have to justify it to the rest of the EU while countries with a debt more than 60% of GDP would face greater scrutiny.^[52]

The plans would apply to all EU members, not just the eurozone, and have to be approved by EU leaders along with proposals for states to face sanctions before they reach the 3% limit in the Stability and Growth Pact. Poland has criticised the idea of withholding regional funding for those who break the deficit limits, as that would only impact the poorer states.^[52] In June 2010 France agreed to back Germany's plan for suspending the voting rights of members who breach the rules.^[53] In March 2011 was initiated a new reform of the Stability and Growth Pact aiming at straightening the rules by adopting an automatic procedure for imposing of penalties in case of breaches of either the deficit or the debt rules.^[54][55]

See also

European Union portal

• Special member state territories and the European Union

Notes

1. ^ The self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not recognised by the EU and uses the Turkish lira. However the euro does circulate widely.
2. ^ ^{a b c} French Pacific territories use the CFP franc, which is pegged to the euro.
3. ^ Uses the Swiss franc. However the euro is also accepted and circulates widely.
4. ^ Aruba is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but not the EU. It uses the Aruban florin, which is pegged to the US dollar.
5. ^ ^{a b} Currently uses the Netherlands Antillean guilder and plans to introduce the Caribbean guilder on 1 January 2012; both are pegged to the US dollar.
6. ^ Uses the US Dollar.
7. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, while Serbia claims it as part of its own sovereign territory. Its independence is recognised by 85 UN member states.
8. ^ The ECB announced on 22 December 1998 that, between 4 and 21 January 1999, there would be a narrow corridor of 50 base points interest rates for the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility in order to help the transition to the ECB's interest regime.

References

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2. ^ Gross domestic product at market prices
3. ^ World interest rates table, FX street
4. ^ ^{a b} Key ECB interest rates, ECB
5. ^ HICP – all items – annual average inflation rate Eurostat
6. ^ Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total – [teilm020,; Total % (SA) Eurostat
7. ^ For the whole of June 2011. Euroindicators 16 August 2011, Eurostat
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52. ^ ^{a b} EU agrees controversial peer review of national budgets, EU Observer
53. ^ Willis, Andrew (15 June 2010) Merkel: Spain can access aid if needed, EU Observer
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External links

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