List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty sovereign states are listed with territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, six states with limited or no recognition and eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.

Definition of Europe

Main article: Europe

Further information: Borders of the continents

The division between Asia and Europe is debated but under the commonly used definition, the border stretches along the Ural Mountains,^[1] Ural River, and Caspian Sea in the east,^[2] the Caucasus Mountains^[3] and the Black Sea, with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles, in the south.^[4][5][5] Based on that division, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory both in Europe and Asia.

The island of Cyprus in Southwest Asia is approximate to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and is on the Anatolian Plate ^[6] but is often considered part of Europe as a current member of the European Union (EU). Armenia is entirely in Southwest Asia but is a member of certain European organisations.^[7]

Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Sicily and Malta are located on the African continental plate.^[8] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.^[9]

Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland has sociopolitical connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is grouped with the continent of North America.^[10]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the French overseas departments,^[11] the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,^[12] and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.^[13]

Sovereign states

A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.^[14] According to the Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.^[15]

Recognised sovereign states

There are 50 internationally recognised sovereign states with territory located in common definitions Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their capital city within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the United Nations (UN),^[16] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.^[17] Since 2007, 27 of these countries are also member states of the EU, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with EU institutions.

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

*	= Member of the EU[18]

Flag	Map	English short and formal names [19][20][21]	Domestic short and formal names [19][20]	Capital [22][23][21]	Population [a][24]	Area [a][25]
		Albania Republic of Albania	Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë	Tirana Albanian: Tiranë	2,994,667	00028748 !28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi)
		Andorra Principality of Andorra	Catalan: Andorra — Principat d'Andorra	Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andora la Vella	84,825	00000468 !468 km2 (181 sq mi)
		Armenia[b] Republic of Armenia	Armenian: Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետությու (Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun)	Yerevan Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan)	2,967,975	00029743 !29,743 km2 (11,484 sq mi)
		Austria* Republic of Austria	German: Österreich — Republik Österreich	Vienna German: Wien	8,217,280	00083874 !83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi)
		Azerbaijan[b] Republic of Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası	Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı	8,372,373	00086600 !86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi)
		Belarus Republic of Belarus	Belarusian: Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь Russian: Беларусь — Республика Беларусь (Bielarus' — Respublika Belaruś)	Minsk Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk)	9,577,552	00207600 !207,600 km2 (80,155 sq mi)
		Belgium* Kingdom of Belgium	German: Belgien — Königreich Belgien French: Belgique — Royaume de Belgique Dutch: België — Koninkrijk België	Brussels German: Brüssel French: Bruxelles Dutch: Brussel	10,431,477	00030528 !30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi)
		Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина	Sarajevo Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Sarajevo Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево	4,622,163	00051197 !51,197 km2 (19,767 sq mi)
		Bulgaria* Republic of Bulgaria	Bulgarian: България — Република България (Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija)	Sofia Bulgarian: София (Sofia)	7,093,635	00110879 !110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi)
		Croatia Republic of Croatia	Croatian: Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska	Zagreb Croatian: Zagreb	4,483,804	00056594 !56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi)
		Cyprus*[c] Republic of Cyprus	Greek: Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratí) Turkish: Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti	Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosia) Turkish: Lefkoşa	1,120,489	00009251 !9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi)
		Czech Republic*	Czech: Česko — Česká republika	Prague Czech: Praha	10,190,213	00078867 !78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi)
		Denmark*[f] Kingdom of Denmark	Danish: Danmark — Kongeriget Danmark	Copenhagen Danish: København	5,529,888	00043094 !43,094 km2 (16,639 sq mi)
		Estonia* Republic of Estonia	Estonian: Eesti — Eesti Vabariik	Tallinn Estonian: Tallinn	1,282,963	00045228 !45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi)
		Finland* Republic of Finland	Finnish: Suomi — Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Finland — Republiken Finland	Helsinki Finnish: Helsinki Swedish: Helsingfors	5,259,250	00338145 !338,145 km2 (130,559 sq mi)
		France* French Republic	French: France — République française	Paris French: Paris	65,312,249	00643427 !643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi)
		Georgia[b]	Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo)	Tbilisi / T'bilisi Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi)	4,585,874	00069700 !69,700 km2 (26,911 sq mi)
		Germany* Federal Republic of Germany	German: Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland	Berlin German: Berlin	81,471,834	00357022 !357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)
		Greece* Hellenic Republic	Greek: Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás — Elliniki Dimokratia)	Athens Greek: Αθήνα (Athína)	10,760,136	00131957 !131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)
		Hungary* Republic of Hungary	Hungarian: Magyarország — Magyar Köztársaság	Budapest Hungarian: Budapest	9,976,062	00093028 !93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi)
		Iceland Republic of Iceland	Icelandic: Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland	Reykjavík Icelandic: Reykjavík	311,058	00103000 !103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi)
		Ireland*[d][26]	English: Ireland Irish: Éire	Dublin English: Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath	4,670,976	00070273 !70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi)
		Italy* Italian Republic	Italian: Italia — Repubblica Italiana	Rome Italian: Roma	61,016,804	00301340 !301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi)
		Kazakhstan[e] Republic of Kazakhstan	Kazakh: Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy) Russian: Казахстан — Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan)	Astana Kazakh: Астана Russian: Астана (Astana)	15,522,373	02724900 !2,724,900 km2 (1,052,090 sq mi)
		Latvia* Republic of Latvia	Latvian: Latvija — Latvijas Republika	Riga Latvian: Rīga	2,204,708	00064589 !64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi)
		Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein	German: Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein	Vaduz German: Vaduz	35,236	00000160 !160 km2 (62 sq mi)
		Lithuania* Republic of Lithuania	Lithuanian: Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika	Vilnius Lithuanian: Vilnius	3,535,547	00065300 !65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi)
		Luxembourg* Grand Duchy of Luxembourg	German: Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg French: Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg	Luxembourg German: Luxemburg French: Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg	503,302	00002586 !2,586 km2 (998 sq mi)
		Macedonia Republic of Macedonia	Macedonian: Македонија — Република Македонија (Makedonija — Republika Makedonija)	Skopje Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje)	2,077,328	00025713 !25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi)
		Malta* Republic of Malta	English: Malta — Republic of Malta Maltese: Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta	Valletta English: Valletta Maltese: Valletta	408,333	00000316 !316 km2 (122 sq mi)
		Moldova Republic of Moldova	Romanian: Moldova — Republica Moldova	Chişinău Romanian: Chişinău	4,314,377	00033851 !33,851 km2 (13,070 sq mi)
		Monaco Principality of Monaco	French: Monaco — Principauté de Monaco	Monaco French: Monaco	30,539	00000002 !2 km2 (0.8 sq mi)
		Montenegro	Serbian: Црна Гора (Crna Gora)	Podgorica Serbian: Подгорица (Podgorica)	661,807	00013812 !13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi)
		Netherlands*[f][g][13] Kingdom of the Netherlands	Dutch: Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden	Amsterdam (capital) The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: Amsterdam Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag	16,847,007	00041543 !41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi)
		Norway Kingdom of Norway	Bokmål: Norge — Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg	Oslo Bokmål: Oslo	4,691,849	00323802 !323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi)
		Poland* Republic of Poland	Polish: Polska — Rzeczpospolita Polska	Warsaw Polish: Warszawa	38,441,588	00312685 !312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi)
		Portugal* Portuguese Republic	Portuguese: Portugal — República Portuguesa	Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa	10,760,305	00092090 !92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi)
		Romania*	Romanian: România	Bucharest Romanian: Bucureşti	21,904,551	00238391 !238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi)
		Russia[e] Russian Federation	Russian: Росси́я — Российская Федерация (Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija)	Moscow Russian: Москва (Moskva)	138,739,892	17098242 !17,098,242 km2 (6,601,668 sq mi)
		San Marino Republic of San Marino	Italian: San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino	San Marino Italian: San Marino	31,817	00000061 !61 km2 (24 sq mi)
		Serbia Republic of Serbia	Serbian: Србија — Република Србија (Srbija — Republika Srbija)	Belgrade Serbian: Београд (Beograd)	7,310,555	00088361 !88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi)
		Slovakia* Slovak Republic	Slovak: Slovensko — Slovenská republika	Bratislava Slovak: Bratislava	5,477,038	00049035 !49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi)
		Slovenia* Republic of Slovenia	Slovene: Slovenija — Republika Slovenija	Ljubljana Slovene: Ljubljana	2,000,092	00020273 !20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi)
		Spain* Kingdom of Spain	Spanish: España — Reino de España	Madrid Spanish: Madrid	46,754,784	00505370 !505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi)
		Sweden* Kingdom of Sweden	Swedish: Sverige — Konungariket Sverige	Stockholm Swedish: Stockholm	9,088,728	00450295 !450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi)
		Switzerland Swiss Confederation	German: Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Suisse — Confédération Suisse Italian: Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Svizra — Confederaziun svizra	Bern / Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian: Berna	7,639,961	00041277 !41,277 km2 (15,937 sq mi)
		Turkey[e] Republic of Turkey	Turkish: Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti	Ankara Turkish: Ankara	78,785,548	00783562 !783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)
		Ukraine	Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina)	Kiev Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv)	45,134,707	00602550 !603,550 km2 (233,032 sq mi)
		United Kingdom (UK)*[h] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	English: United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	London English: London	62,698,362	00243610 !243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi)
		Vatican City State of the Vatican City Holy See	Italian: Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano Latin: Santa Sede — Status Civitatis Vaticanæ[27]	Vatican City Italian: Città del Vaticano	832	00000000.44 !0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi)

Partially recognised sovereign states

The following four entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states, and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag	Map	English short and formal names	Status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital	Population[a]	Area[a]
		Abkhazia[b] Republic of Abkhazia	Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by five UN states.	Abkhaz: Аҧсны (Apsny) Russian: Абха́зия (Abhazia)	Sukhumi Abkhaz: Аҟəа (Akwa) Russian: Сухуми	250,000 [28]	8,660 km2 (3,344 sq mi)[29]
		Kosovo Republic of Kosovo[19]	Claimed as an autonomous province of Serbia. Recognised by 84 UN states.	Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës Serbian: Косово — Република Косово (Kosovo — Republika Kosovo)	Pristina[22] Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian: Приштина (Priština)	1,825,632[24]	10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)[25]
		Northern Cyprus[c] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey.	Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti	Nicosia Turkish: Lefkoşa	285,356[30]	3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi)[25]
		South Ossetia[b] Republic of South Ossetia	Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by five UN states.	Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон — Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston) Russian: Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya)	Tskhinvali Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba)	70,000[31]	3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi)[32]

Unrecognised sovereign states

The following two geo-political entities in Europe have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member states but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. Neither is a member of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag	Map	English short and formal names	Status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital	Population[a]	Area[a]
		Nagorno-Karabakh[b] Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	Claimed as part of Azerbaijan. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states.	Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ — Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն (Lernayin Gharabaghi — Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yun)[33]	Stepanakert Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi)	141,400[34]	7,000 km2 (2,703 sq mi)[35]
		Transnistria / Trans-Dniester Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic	Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states.	Moldovan: Нистрянэ — Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Transnistria — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană) Russian: Приднестрóвье — Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респýблика (Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika) Ukrainian: Придністрóв'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika)	Tiraspol Moldovan: Тираспол Russian: Тирáсполь Ukrainian: Тирáсполь	530,000[36]	3,500 km2 (1,351 sq mi)[37]

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.^[38]

*	= Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements

Flag	Map	English short and formal names[19][21]	Legal status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital[22]	Population[24]	Area[25]
		Akrotiri and Dhekelia [c] Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia[citation needed]	British overseas territory	English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia — Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Episkopi Cantonment English: Episkopi Cantonment	15,700	254 km2 (98 sq mi)
		Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands	Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark	Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne	Tórshavn Faroese: Tórshavn Danish: Thorshavn	49,267	1,393 km2 (538 sq mi)
		Gibraltar*[39]	British overseas territory	English: Gibraltar	Gibraltar English: Gibraltar	28,956	6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
		Guernsey[h] Bailiwick of Guernsey	Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom	English: Guernsey — Bailiwick of Guernsey French: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey Guernésiais: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey	Saint Peter Port English: Saint Peter Port French: Saint Pierre Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port	65,068	78 km2 (30 sq mi)
		Isle of Man[h]	Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom	English: Isle of Man Manx: Mannin — Ellan Vannin	Douglas English: Douglas Manx: Doolish	84,655	572 km2 (221 sq mi)
		Jersey[h] Bailiwick of Jersey	Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom	English: Jersey — Bailiwick of Jersey French: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri Jèrriais: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri	Saint Helier English: Saint Helier French: Saint-Hélier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi	94,161	116 km2 (45 sq mi)

Special areas of internal sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.

*	= Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements

Flag	Map	English short and formal names	Legal status	Domestic short and formal names	Capital	Population	Area
		Åland*[40] Åland Islands[21]	Self-governing area of Finland, determined by the result of the Åland crisis[41]	Swedish: Åland — Landskapet Åland	Mariehamn[21] Swedish: Mariehamn	27,500[42]	6,787 km2 (2,620 sq mi)[42]
		Svalbard[19]	Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[43]	Bokmål: Svalbard	Longyearbyen[22][21] Bokmål: Longyearbyen	2,019[24]	62,045 km2 (23,956 sq mi)[25]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
3. ^ ^{a b c} The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Asian Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
4. ^ The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the state from the island.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
6. ^ ^{a b} Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and Netherlands are often used as short forms of their respective kingdoms as a whole.
7. ^ The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this is the improper name of the whole country as it refers only to a small region inside the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
8. ^ ^{a b c d} The United Kingdom (UK) consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. The mainlands of England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.

See also

• Lists of European countries:
  • by date of achieving sovereignty
  • by GDP
    • by GDP per capita
    • by GDP PPP
  • by geographic area
• International organisations in Europe
• List of former sovereign states in Europe
• Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
• Timeline of European nations

References

1. ^ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Ural Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Urals.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
2. ^ "The Ural River". Geography.howstuffworks.com. 2008-03-30. http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/the-ural-river.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
3. ^ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Caucasus Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Caucasus.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
4. ^ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Black Sea". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Black.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. "Europe". Europe. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html. Retrieved 2007-12-27. 
6. ^ Shimon Wdowinski; Zvi Ben-Avraham; Ronald Arvidsson; Goran Ekström (2006). "Seismotectonics of the Cyprian Arc". Geophysics Journal International (164): 176–181. Bibcode 2006GeoJI.164..176W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02737.x. http://www.geodesy.miami.edu/articles/2006/Wdowinski_et_al_2006_JGI.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-05. 
7. ^ "Council of Europe in Brief". Coe.int. http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe&. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
8. ^ "Geological Development of the Sicilian-Tunisian Platform held in Italy (University of Urbino) on November 4, 5, 6, 1992". Oai.dtic.mil. 1992-11-06. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA269141. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
9. ^ "Understanding plate motions [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". Pubs.usgs.gov. 1994-06-09. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html. Retrieved 2011-03-03. 
10. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
11. ^ Richard Connor (2010-01-11). "French overseas territories vote to remain close to Paris". Dw-world.de. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5106531,00.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
12. ^ "Regions and territories: Ceuta, Melilla". BBC News. 2010-10-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4209538.stm. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
13. ^ ^{a b} "Netherlands". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
14. ^ "Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique". Mil.sagepub.com. 1988-06-01. http://mil.sagepub.com/content/17/2/227.short. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 
15. ^ "Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. http://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/montevideo-convention-rights-duties-states/p15897. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 
16. ^ "United Nations Member States". Un.org. http://www.un.org/en/members/. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 
17. ^ "47 countries, 1 Europe". Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/aboutcoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
18. ^ "Member States". Europa.eu. http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
19. ^ ^{a b c d e} "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Names". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
20. ^ ^{a b} "UNGEGN List of Country Names". United Nations Statistics Division. 2007. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 
21. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1. Retrieved 10 August 2011. 
22. ^ ^{a b c d} "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Capital". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
23. ^ "UNGEGN World Geographical Names". Un.org. 2010-09-13. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 
24. ^ ^{a b c d} "CIA - The World Factbook - Country Comparison :: Population". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
25. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Field Listing :: Area". Cia.gov. 1991-11-26. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html. Retrieved 2011-03-03. 
26. ^ "Republic of Ireland Act, 1948". No. 22/1948. 1948. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/index.html. Retrieved 2008-12-16. 
27. ^ "Holy See (Vatican City)". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html. Retrieved 2011-02-24. 
28. ^ "Regions and territories: Abkhazia". BBC News. 2011-02-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
29. ^ "Abkhazia (autonomous republic, Georgia)". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1358/Abkhazia. Retrieved 2011-03-03. 
30. ^ "DPÖ: "2009 sonu itibarıyla nüfus 285 bin 356"". Kibris Postasi. 2010-10-08. http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/news/40123/PageName/KIBRIS_HABERLERI. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
31. ^ "Regions and territories: South Ossetia". BBC News. 2011-02-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3797729.stm. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
32. ^ "South Ossetia". Hartford-hwp.com. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/129.html. Retrieved 2011-03-09. 
33. ^ "Country Overview". nkrusa.org. http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/overview.shtml. Retrieved 2011-03-07. 
34. ^ "Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic". President.nkr.am. 2010-01-01. http://www.president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
35. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh (region, Azerbaijan)". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401669/Nagorno-Karabakh. Retrieved 2011-03-03. 
36. ^ "Trans-Dniester profile". BBC News. 2011-01-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm#facts. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
37. ^ "Transdniestria (separatist enclave, Moldova)". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1003890/Transdniestria. Retrieved 2011-03-03. 
38. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Dependency status". Cia.gov. 1920-02-09. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
39. ^ Mark Oliver, Sally Bolton, Jon Dennis and Matthew Tempest (2004-08-04). "Gibraltar; Politics". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/aug/04/qanda.foreignpolicy. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
40. ^ European Commission for Democracy through Law (1996). Local self-government, territorial integrity, and protection of minorities: proceedings of the UniDem Seminar organised in Lausanne on 25–27 April 1996, in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. pp. 32–35. ISBN 92-871-3173-2. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TF5JDsGeJuUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
41. ^ "Independence". Visitaland.com. http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts/facts/independence. Retrieved 2011-03-03. 
42. ^ ^{a b} "Åland Official Tourist Gateway - Facts". Visitaland.com. http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
43. ^ "The Svalbard Treaty". Governor of Svalbard. 2008-04-09. http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45301. Retrieved 2011-03-03.