Great Britain

This article is about the island. For the modern state, see United Kingdom. For the state that existed from 1707 to 1801, see Kingdom of Great Britain. For the ship, see SS Great Britain. For other uses, see Great Britain (disambiguation).

Great Britain

Native name: Names in native languages Great Britain (English) Prydain Fawr (Welsh) Breatainn Mhòr (Scottish Gaelic) Great Breetain (Scots) Breten Veur (Cornish)
True colour image of Great Britain, captured by a NASA satellite on 6 April 2002.
Geography
Location	North West Europe
Coordinates	53°49′34″N 2°25′19″W / 53.826°N 2.422°W / 53.826; -2.422
Archipelago	British Isles
Area	229,848 km2 (88,744.8 sq mi)[1]
Area rank	9th
Highest elevation	1,344 m (4,409 ft)
Highest point	Ben Nevis
Country
United Kingdom
England  Scotland  Wales
Largest city	London
Demographics
Population	60,003,000 (mid-2009 est.)[2][3]
Density	277 /km2 (717 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	British (Cornish, English, Scottish & Welsh)[4]

Great Britain or Britain^[8] (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island^[9] situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009,^[3][10] it is the third most populous island in the world after Java and Honshū.^[11] Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000^[12] smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.

All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.

The Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland with the Acts of Union 1707 on 1 May 1707 under Queen Anne. In 1801, under a new Act of Union, this kingdom merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After the Irish War of Independence most of Ireland seceded from the Union, which then became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The relatively limited variety of fauna and flora on the island is due to its size and the fact that wildlife has had little time to develop since the last glacial period. The high level of urbanisation on the island has contributed to a species extinction rate that is about 100 times greater than the background species extinction rate.

Political definition

Main articles: Kingdom of Great Britain and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Great Britain is the largest island of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Politically, Great Britain refers to England, Scotland and Wales in combination,^[13] and therefore also includes a number of outlying islands such as the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides, and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland. It does not include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands which are not part of the United Kingdom, instead being self-governing dependent territories of that state with their own legislative and taxation systems.^[13][14]

The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the two nations, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, which covered the entire island. Prior to this, a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and I of England.

Geographical definition

Further information: Geography of England, Geography of Scotland, and Geography of Wales

Great Britain lies to the northwest of Continental Europe and east of Ireland. It is separated from the continent by the North Sea and by the English Channel, which narrows to 34 kilometres (21 mi) at the Straits of Dover.^[15] It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer, north-south axis, and occupies an area of 209,331 km² (80,823 sq mi), excluding all the smaller surrounding islands of the archipelago.^[16] The North Channel, Irish Sea, St George's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west.^[17] The island is physically connected with continental Europe via the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world which was completed in 1993. Geographically, the island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The greatest distance between two points is 968 km / 601.5 miles (between Land's End, Cornwall and John O'Groats, Caithness), or 1,349 km / 838 miles using the national road network.

The English Channel is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge which held back a large proglacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea.^[18] Around 10,000 years ago, during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level, Great Britain was not an island, but an upland region of northwestern Europe, lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet. The sea level was about 120 metres (390 ft) lower than today, and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as a land bridge to Europe, now known as Doggerland. It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose after the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age, Doggerland became submerged beneath the North Sea, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500 BC.^[19]

History

Main articles: History of England, History of Scotland, History of Wales, and History of the United Kingdom

See also: Prehistoric Britain, Roman Britain, Medieval Britain (disambiguation), and Early Modern Britain

The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland. Traces of early humans have been found (at Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex) from some 500,000 years ago^[20] and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago. Until about 10,000 years ago, Great Britain was joined to Ireland, and as recently as 8,000 years ago it was joined to the continent by a strip of low marsh to what is now Denmark and the Netherlands. In Cheddar Gorge, near Bristol, the remains of animal species native to mainland Europe such as antelopes, brown bears, and wild horses have been found alongside a human skeleton, 'Cheddar Man', dated to about 7150 BC. Thus, animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing.^[21] Great Britain became an island at the end of the Pleistocene ice age when sea levels rose due to isostatic depression of the crust and the melting of glaciers.

According to John T. Koch and others, Britain in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal where Celtic languages developed,^{[22][23][24][25][26][27][are 6 citations necessary?]} but this stands in contrast to the more generally accepted view that Celtic origins lie with the Hallstatt culture.

Its Iron Age inhabitants are known as the Britons, a group speaking a Celtic language. The Romans conquered most of the island (up to Hadrian's Wall, in northern England) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia. For 500 years after the Roman Empire fell, the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, often referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons). At about the same time, Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north-west, absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed, until 1018, a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. Ultimately, the population of south-east Britain came to be referred to, after the Angles, as the English people.

Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. This term eventually came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales, but it also survives in names such as Wallace, and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry, a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales, but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria. The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times.^[28] At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain, many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany, where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known as the Danelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a French ruling élite that was eventually assimilated. Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.

On 20 October 1604 King James, who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland, proclaimed himself as "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland".^{[citation needed]} While that title was also used by many of his successors, England and Scotland each remained legally in existence as separate countries with their own parliaments until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year. This had the effect of creating a united kingdom, with a single, united parliament, from 1 May 1707. Though the Treaty of Union referred to the new all-island state as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain", many regard the term 'United Kingdom' as being descriptive of the union rather than part of its formal name (which the Treaty stated was to be 'Great Britain' without further qualification.) Most reference books, therefore, describe the all-island kingdom that existed between 1707 and 1800 as the "Kingdom of Great Britain".

Terminology

Toponymy

Main article: Britain

The oldest mention of terms related to the formal name of Britain was made by Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC), in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, "There are two very large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and lerne".^[29] The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2,000 years: the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. Pliny the Elder (c. 23–79 AD) in his Natural History (iv.xvi.102) records of Great Britain: "It was itself named Albion, while all the islands about which we shall soon briefly speak were called the Britanniae."^{[dubious – discuss]}

The earliest known name of Great Britain is Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albus meaning white (referring to the white cliffs of Dover, the first view of Britain from the continent) or the "island of the Albiones", first mentioned in the Massaliote Periplus and by Pytheas.^[30]

The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons. Old French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bretagne) and Middle English Bretayne, авBreteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten (also Breoton-lond, Breten-lond). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of the ancient Greek Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north as Thule (probably Norway).

The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρέττανοι, Priteni or Pretani.^[30] Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic speaking inhabitants of Ireland.^[31] The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans.

Derivation of "Great"

After the Old English period, Britain was used as a historical term only. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) refers to the island of Great Britain as Britannia major ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from Britannia minor ("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany. The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV of England, and James the son of James III of Scotland, which described it as "this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee." As noted above it was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland."

Use of the term Great Britain

The term Great Britain can refer either to the largest island within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or to England, Scotland and Wales as a unit (including many smaller islands associated with these three countries). It does not include Northern Ireland.^[32]

The term Britain, as opposed to Great Britain, has been used to mean the United Kingdom, for example in official government yearbooks between 1975 and 2001.^[33] Since 2002, however, the yearbooks have only used the term "United Kingdom".^[34]

The initials GB or GBR are used in some international codes instead of the initials UK to refer to the United Kingdom. Examples include: Universal Postal Union^{[dead link]}, international sports teams, NATO, the International Organization for Standardization country codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, and international licence plate codes.

On the Internet, .uk is used as a country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. A .gb top-level domain was also used to a limited extent in the past, but this is now effectively obsolete because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.

Biodiversity

Fauna

Main article: Fauna of Great Britain

The Robin is popularly known as "Britain's favourite bird".^[35]

Animal diversity is modest, as a result of factors including the island's small land area, the relatively recent age of the habitats developed since the last Ice Age and the island's physical separation from continental Europe, and the effects of seasonal variability.^[36] Great Britain also experienced early industrialisation and is subject to continuing urbanisation, which have contributed towards the overall loss of species.^[37] A DEFRA study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century, about 100 times the background extinction rate.^[38] However, some species, such as the brown rat, red fox, and introduced grey squirrel, are well adapted to urban areas.

Rodents make up 40% of the total number of mammal species in Great Britain. These include squirrels, mice, voles, rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver.^[37] There is also an abundance of rabbits, hares, hedgehogs, shrews, moles and several species of bat.^[37] Carnivorous mammals include the fox, badger, otter, weasel, stoat and elusive wildcat.^[39] Various species of seal, whale and dolphin are found on or around British shores and coastlines. The largest land-based wild animals today are deer. The red deer is the largest species, with roe deer and fallow deer also prominent; the latter was introduced by the Normans.^[39][40] Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer, have been introduced, muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to East Anglia. Habitat loss has affected many species. Extinct large mammals include the brown bear, grey wolf and wild boar; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in recent times.^[37]

There is a wealth of birdlife in Britain, 583 species in total,^[41] of which 258 breed on the island or remain during winter.^[42] Because of its mild winters for its latitude, Great Britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species, particularly ducks, geese and swans.^[43] Other well known bird species include the golden eagle, grey heron, kingfisher, pigeon, sparrow, pheasant, partridge, and various species of crow, finch, gull, auk, grouse, owl and falcon.^[44] There are six species of reptile on the island; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slow worm. One snake, the adder, is venomous but rarely deadly.^[45] Amphibians present are frogs, toads and newts.^[37]

Flora

Main article: List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland

Heather growing wild in the Highlands at Dornoch.

In a similar sense to fauna, and for similar reasons, the flora of Great Britain is impoverished compared to that of continental Europe.^[46] Great Britain's flora comprises 3,354 vascular plant species, of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have been introduced into the island.^[47] The island has a wide variety of trees, including native species of birch, beech, ash, hawthorn, elm, oak, yew, pine, cherry and apple.^[48] Other trees have been naturalised, introduced especially from other parts of Europe (particularly Norway) and North America. Introduced trees include several varieties of pine, chestnut, maple, spruce, sycamore and fir, as well as cherry plum and pear trees.^[48] The tallest species are the Douglas firs; two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet.^[49] The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe.^[50]

There are at least 1,500 different species of wildflower in Britain,^[51] Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. It is illegal to uproot any wildflowers without the landowner's permission.^[51][52] A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties.^[53] These include red poppies, bluebells, daisies, daffodils, rosemary, gorse, iris, ivy, mint, orchids, brambles, thistles, buttercups, primrose, thyme, tulips, violets, cowslip, heather and many more.^{[54][55][56][57]} There are also many species of algae, lichens, fungi and mosses across the island.^[58]

Religion

Main articles: Religion in England, Religion in Scotland, and Religion in Wales

Canterbury Cathedral, seat of the Anglican Church – the island's largest denomination

Christianity is the largest religion on the island and has been since the Early Middle Ages, though its existence on the island dates back to the Roman introduction in antiquity and continued through Early Insular Christianity. The largest form practised in present day Britain is Anglicanism (also known as Episcopalism in Scotland); dating from the 16th century Reformation, the religion regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed. Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom as the Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in Britain today,^[59], although the number of active adherents (those who regularly attend services) is only around one million. The second largest Christian practice in Britain is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church which traces its formal, corporate history in Great Britain to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion on the island for around a thousand years. There are over 5 million adherents in Britain today; 4.5 million in England and Wales^[60] and 750,000 in Scotland^[61], although less than a million Catholics regularly attend mass^[62].

Baitul Futuh – the largest mosque in Western Europe^[63]

The Church of Scotland, a form of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity is the third most numerous on the island with around 2.1 million members.^[64] Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox, it has the status of national church in Scotland. The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented prominently by a Lord High Commissioner. Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.^[65] It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, also amongst tin miners in Cornwall.^[66] The Presbyterian Church of Wales, which follow Calvinistic Methodism, is the largest denomination in Wales. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, the United Reformed Church (a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians), Unitarians and more.^[67] The first patron saint of Great Britain was Saint Alban.^[68] He was the first Christian martyr dating from the Romano-British period, condemned to death for his faith and was sacrificed to the pagan gods.^[69] In more recent times, some have suggested the adoption of Saint Aidan as another patron saint of Britain.^[70] Originally from Ireland, he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Riata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria.^[70]

The Swaminarayan Temple at Neasden, London - one of the largest Hindu Temples in Europe^[71]

Three constituent countries of the United Kingdom located on the island have patron saints; Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively.^[72] These two saintly flags combined form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604.^[72] Saint David is the patron saint of Wales.^[73] There are many other British saints, some of the best known include; Cuthbert, Columba, Patrick, Margaret, Edward the Confessor, Mungo, Thomas More, Petroc, Bede and Thomas Becket.^[73]

Numerous non-Christian religions are practised in Great Britain.^[74] Judaism has a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.^[75] The Jews were expelled from England in 1290 until being allowed to return in 1656.^[75] Their history in Scotland is quite obscure until later migrations from Lithuania.^[76] Especially since the 1950s religions from the former colonies have become more prevalent; Islam is the most common of these with around 1.5 million adherents in Britain.^[77] A total of more than 1 million people practise either Hinduism, Sikhism or Buddhism, religions introduced from India and South East Asia.^[77]

Settlements

See also: List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population

Capital cities

The capitals of the three countries of the United Kingdom which comprise Great Britain are:

• England: London
• Scotland: Edinburgh
• Wales: Cardiff

Other major cities

The largest cities in Great Britain by urban area population (not including the capital cities listed above) are Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield.

See also

• List of islands of England
• List of islands of Scotland
• List of islands of Wales
• Terminology of the British Isles

References

Footnotes

1. ^ "The British Isles and all that ...". Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles. Retrieved 7 March 2011. 
2. ^ ONS: Population Estimates, June 2010
3. ^ ^{a b} Figure refers to the population of the United Kingdom excluding Northern Ireland, and includes about 500,000 persons on smaller islands.
4. ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic group, national identity, religion and language consultation". Office for National Statistics. October 2007. p. 19. http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/consultations/eth-group-nat-iden/sum-rep-exp-com-grp.pdf. Retrieved 12 July 2011. 
5. ^ , Oxford English Dictionary, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Britain, "Britain:/ˈbrɪt(ə)n/ the island containing England, Wales, and Scotland. The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain, but the longer form is more usual for the political unit." 
6. ^ , Oxford English Dictionary, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Great+Britain, "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom." 
7. ^ Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 052162181X. "The term Britain is familiar shorthand for Great Britain" 
8. ^ Definitions and recommended usage varies. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defines Britain as an island and Great Britain as a political unit formed by England, Scotland and Wales.^[5][6] whereas the Cambridge Guide to English Usage gives Britain as "familiar shorthand for Great Britain, the island which geographically contains England, Wales and Scotland".^[7]
9. ^ Islands by land area, United Nations Environment Programme
10. ^ "Population Estimates". National Statistics Online. Newport, Wales: Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2010. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/pop0610.pdf. Retrieved 24 September 2010. 
11. ^ See Geohive.com Country data^{[dead link]}; Japan Census of 2000; United Kingdom Census of 2001. The editors of List of islands by population appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux, and totalled up the various administrative districts that comprise each island, and then done the same for less populous islands. An editor of this article has not repeated that work. Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced common knowledge.
12. ^ says 803 islands which have a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map, and several thousand more exist which are too small to be shown as anything but a dot.
13. ^ ^{a b} "Key facts about the United Kingdom". Direct.gov.uk. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517. Retrieved 11 October 2008. 
14. ^ Ademuni-Odeke (1998). Bareboat Charter (ship) Registration. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 367. ISBN 9041105131. http://books.google.com/?id=rvIWmznNEGYC&pg=PA367&dq=great+britan+political+definiton+isle+of+man. 
15. ^ accessed 14 November 2009
16. ^ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ISLAND DIRECTORY TABLES "ISLANDS BY LAND AREA". Retrieved from http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm on 13 August 2009
17. ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections". International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. p. 42 [corrections to page 13]. http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf. Retrieved 14 August 2010. 
18. ^ Gupta, Sanjeev; Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate & Graeme Potter (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel". Nature 448 (7151): 342–5. Bibcode 2007Natur.448..342G. doi:10.1038/nature06018. PMID 17637667. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7151/full/nature06018.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007. Lay summary – msnbc.com (18 July 2007). 
19. ^ Vincent Gaffney, "Global Warming and the Lost European Country"
20. ^ Gräslund, Bo (2005). "Traces of the early humans". Early humans and their world. London: Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9780415353441. 
21. ^ Lacey, Robert. Great Tales from English History. New York: Little, Brown & Co, 2004. ISBN 0-316-10910-X.
22. ^ . UK: Aber. 2008-5. http://www.aber.ac.uk/aberonline/en/archive/2008/05/au7608/ .
23. ^ "Appendix" (PDF). O'Donnell Lecture. 2008. http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-15. 
24. ^ Koch, John (2009). Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9. Palaeohispanica. pp. 339–51. ISSN 1578-5386. http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
25. ^ Koch, John. "New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal". http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146413465. Retrieved 10 May 2010. 
26. ^ Cunliffe, Karl, Guerra, McEvoy, Bradley; Oppenheimer, Rrvik, Isaac, Parsons, Koch, Freeman and Wodtko (2010). Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4. http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/88298//Location/DBBC. 
27. ^ "Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe" (PDF). University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies and Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. http://www.oxbowbooks.com/pdfs/books/Celtic%20West%20conf.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2010. 
28. ^ Ellis, Peter Berresford (1974). The Cornish language and its literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 20. ISBN 0-7100-7928-1. 
29. ^ Greek "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη, ...", transliteration "... en toutoi ge men nesoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo, Brettanikai legomenai, Albion kai Ierne, ...", Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b , page 360-361, Loeb Classical Library No. 400, London William Heinemann LTD, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard Univeristy Press MCMLV
30. ^ ^{a b} Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X. 
31. ^ Foster (editor), R F; Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor of Irish History at University College Cork: (Chapter 1: Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland) (1 November 2001). The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280202-X. 
32. ^ UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London: Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2004. pp. vii. ISBN 0-11-621738-3. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/UK2005/UK2005.pdf 
33. ^ Britain 2001:The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom, 2001. London: Office for National Statistics. August 2000. pp. vii. ISBN 011-621278-0. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/britain2001.pdf 
34. ^ UK 2002: The Official Yearbook of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London: Office for National Statistics. August 2001. pp. vi. ISBN 0-11-621738-3. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/UK2005/UK2005.pdf 
35. ^ "The Robin – Britain's Favourite Bird". BritishBirdLovers.co.uk. http://www.britishbirdlovers.co.uk/articles/the-robin-britains-favourite-bird.html. Retrieved 2011-08-15.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
36. ^ "Decaying Wood: An Overview of Its Status and Ecology in the United Kingdom and Europe". FS.fed.us. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/004_Butler.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-15.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
37. ^ ^{a b c d e} "A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna". ABDN.ac.uk. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mammal/history.shtml. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
38. ^ DEFRA, 2006
39. ^ ^{a b} Else, Great Britain, 85.
40. ^ The Fallow Deer Project, University of Nottingham
41. ^ "British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee". Interscience.wiley.com. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121577421/HTMLSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.  Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
42. ^ "Birds of Britain". BTO.org. http://www.bto.org/birdfacts/.  Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
43. ^ "Duck, Geese and Swan Family". NatureGrid.org.uk. http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiversity/birds/ducks.htm.  Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
44. ^ "Birds". NatureGrid.org.uk. http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/biodiversity/birdindex.html.  Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
45. ^ "The Adder's Byte". CountySideInfo.co.uk. http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/the1.htm.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
46. ^ "Plants of the Pacific Northwest in Western Europe". Botanical Electric News. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben195.html.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
47. ^ Frodin, Guide to Standard Floras of the World, 599.
48. ^ ^{a b} "Checklist of British Plants". Natural History Museum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/plants-fungi/postcode-plants/checklist-british-plants.html.  Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
49. ^ "Facts About Britain's Trees". WildAboutBritain.co.uk. http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/facts_about_britains_trees. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 2 March 2009.
50. ^ "The Fortingall Yew". PerthshireBigTreeCountry.co.uk. http://www.perthshirebigtreecountry.co.uk/index.asp?pg=26.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
51. ^ ^{a b} "Facts and Figures about Wildflowers". WildAboutFlowers.co.uk. http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/facts_and_figures_about_wildflowers. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
52. ^ "Endangered British Wild Flowers". CountryLovers.co.uk. http://www.countrylovers.co.uk/hort/edgrflwr.htm.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
53. ^ "County Flowers of Great Britain". WildAboutFlowers.co.uk. http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/county_flowers_great_britain. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
54. ^ "People and Plants: Mapping the UK's wild flora". PlantLife.org.uk. http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/assets/saving-species/saving-species-publications/People-and-plants-mapping-the-UKs-flora.pdf.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
55. ^ "British Wildflower Images". Map-Reading.co.uk. http://www.map-reading.co.uk/wildflowers/.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
56. ^ "List of British Wildlfowers by Common Name". WildAboutBritain.co.uk. http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/wildflower/common-names. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
57. ^ "British Plants and algae". Arkive.org. http://www.arkive.org/british-species/plants-and-algae/.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
58. ^ "Lichen". YorkshireDales.org.uk. http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/index/learning_about/nature_in_the_dales/species/fungi_and_lichen/lichen.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-15.  Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
59. ^ "Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads". PewResearch.org. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/896/global-anglicanism-at-a-crossroads. Retrieved 2011-08-15.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
60. ^ "People here 'must obey the laws of the land'". London: Telegraph. 9 February 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1578212/People-here-must-obey-the-laws-of-the-land.html. Retrieved 4 May 2010.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
61. ^ "Cardinal not much altered by his new job". Living Scotsman. http://living.scotsman.com/features/Cardinal-not-much-altered-by.2573781.jp. Retrieved 2011-08-15.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
62. ^ "How many Catholics are there in Britain?". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/11297461. Retrieved 2010-09-15.  Retrieved on 17 October 20011.
63. ^ "Western Europe's largest mosque opens in Morden". The Guardian (London: guardian.co.uk). 2 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/oct/02/religion.world. Retrieved 3 April 2010. 
64. ^ "Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census – Current Religion in Scotland". Scotland.gov.uk. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570. Retrieved 2011-08-15.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
65. ^ "The Methodist Church". BBC.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
66. ^ "Methodism in Britain". GoffsOakMethodistChurch.co.uk. http://www.goffsoakmethodistchurch.co.uk/page4.html.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
67. ^ "Cambridge History of Christianity". Hugh McLeod. http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521815000&ss=exc.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
68. ^ Dawkins, The Shakespeare Enigma, 343.
69. ^ Butler, Butler's Lives of the Saints, 141.
70. ^ ^{a b} "Cry God for Harry, Britain and... St Aidan". The Independent. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20080423/ai_n25349801/pg_1?tag=content;col1. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
71. ^ http://www.chiclondres.com/page/384/bien-vivre/articles/neasden-temple-the-largest-hindu-temple-outside-of-india
72. ^ ^{a b} "United Kingdom – History of the Flag". FlagSpot.net. http://flagspot.net/flags/gb-hist.html.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
73. ^ ^{a b} "Saints". Brits at their Best. http://www.britsattheirbest.com/heroes_adventurers/h_saints.htm.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
74. ^ "Guide to religions in the UK". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/page/0,,818217,00.html.  Retrieved on 16  August 2011
75. ^ ^{a b} "From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656): Jews and England". Goldsmiths.ac.uk. http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/history/350th-anniversary.pdf. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
76. ^ "Jews in Scotland". British-Jewry.org.uk. http://www.british-jewry.org.uk/britishjewry/geography/scotland.htm. ^{[dead link]} Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
77. ^ ^{a b} "Religion: Key Statistics for urban areas, results by population size of urban area". Statistics.gov.uk. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8288.  Retrieved on 1 February 2009.

Bibliography

• Pliny the Elder (translated by Rackham, Harris) (1938). Natural History. Harvard University Press. 
• Ball, Martin John (1994). The Celtic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 0415010357. 
• Butler, Alban (1997). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0860122557. 
• Frodin, DG (2001). Guide to Standard Floras of the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521790778. 
• Spencer, Colin (2003). British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231131100. 
• Andrews, Robert (2004). The Rough Guide to Britain. Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 1843533014. 
• Dawkins, Peter (2004). The Shakespeare Enigma. Polair Publishing. ISBN 0954538943. 
• Major, John (2004). History in Quotations. Cassell. ISBN 0304353876. 
• Else, David (2005). Great Britain. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1740599217. 
• Kaufman, Will & Macpherson Slettedahl, Heidi (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851094318. 
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). Origins of the British. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0786718900. 
• Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland. ISBN 0786422483. 
• Massey, Gerald (2007). A Book of the Beginnings, Vol.1. Cosimo. ISBN 1602068291. 
• Taylor, Issac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 0559296673. 

External links

• Interactive map of Great Britain
• Coast – the BBC explores the coast of Great Britain
• Administrative map of Great Britain – from the Ordnance Survey; various formats
• BBC Nations^{[dead link]}
• The British Isles
• 200 Major Towns and Cities in the British Isles
• CIA Factbook United Kingdom

Video links

• Pathe travelogue, 1960, Journey through Britain
• Pathe newsreel, 1960, Know the British
• Pathe newsreel, 1950, Festival of Britain

Coordinates: 53°49′34″N 2°25′19″W / 53.826°N 2.422°W / 53.826; -2.422