Bristol

Bristol
This article is about the British city. For other uses, see Bristol (disambiguation).
Bristol
—  Unitary, City, Ceremonial county  —
A view from above of office blocks and church spires adjacent to a river which is crossed by a road bridge. In the right foreground a city park and a ruined church. A small boat is moving on the river and a larger barge is moored against a wooded quay. In the distance on the right wooded hills and on the left a mass of predominantly red brick housing.
View of the city from a tethered helium balloon
A coat of arms, with a shield showing a sailing ship and a castle with maned lions on either side, surmounted by the helmet from a suit of arms and two hands holding a snake and scales of justice. The motto at the bottom is "Virtute et Industria"
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Motto: "Virtute et Industria" "Virtue and Industry"
A map showing the location of Bristol in England.
Coordinates: 51°27′N 2°35′W / 51.45°N 2.583°W / 51.45; -2.583
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region South West England
Ceremonial county Bristol
(County corporate)
Admin HQ Bristol
Royal Charter 1155
County status 1373
Government
 - Type Unitary authority, City
 - Governing body Bristol City Council
 - Leadership Leader & Cabinet
 - Executive Liberal Democrat (council NOC)
 - MPs Chris Skidmore (C)

Kerry McCarthy (L)
Charlotte Leslie (C)
Dawn Primarolo (L)

Stephen Williams (LD)
Area
 - Unitary, City, Ceremonial county 42.5 sq mi (110 km2)
Elevation[1] 36 ft (11 m)
Population (2010 est.)
 - Unitary, City, Ceremonial county 441,300 (Ranked 7th amongst English Districts / 43rd amongst Ceremonial Counties)
 - Density 9,425/sq mi (3,639/km2)
 - Urban 587,400 (2,006 ONS estimate)
 - Metro 1,006,600 (LUZ2,009)
 - Ethnicity[2] 86.5% White (80.6% White British)
5.2% S. Asian
3.4% Black
2.4% Mixed Race
2.6% E. Asian or Other
Time zone GMT (UTC0)
Postcode BS
Area code(s) 0117
ISO 3166 code GB-BST
ONS code 00HB
OS grid reference ST595726
NUTS 3 UKK11
Website bristol.gov.uk/
View westerly of vicinity of Bristol from NASA World Wind

Bristol Listeni/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009,[3] and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007.[4] It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city,[5] one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.

Bristol received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts,[6] until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.

Bristol is the largest centre of culture, employment and education in the region. Its prosperity has been linked with the sea since its earliest days. The commercial Port of Bristol was originally in the city centre before being moved to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth; Royal Portbury Dock is on the western edge of the city boundary. In more recent years the economy has depended on the creative media, electronics and aerospace industries, and the city centre docks have been regenerated as a centre of heritage and culture.[7] There are 34 other populated places on Earth named Bristol, most in the United States, but also in Peru, Canada, Jamaica, Barbados,[8][9] and Costa Rica, all presumably commemorating the original.[10][11]

People from Bristol are termed Bristolians[12]

Contents

History

Main article: History of Bristol

Archaeological finds believed to be 60,000 years old, discovered at Shirehampton and St Annes, provide "evidence of human activity" in the Bristol area from the Palaeolithic era.[13] Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down on the side of the Avon Gorge, and on Kingsweston Hill, near Henbury.[14] During the Roman era there was a settlement, Abona,[15] at what is now Sea Mills, connected to Bath by a Roman road, and another at the present-day Inns Court. There were also isolated Roman villas and small Roman forts and settlements throughout the area.[16]

The town of Brycgstow (Old English, "the place at the bridge")[17] appears to have been founded in c.1000 and by c.1020 was an important enough trading centre to possess its own mint, producing silver pennies bearing the town's name.[18] By 1067 the town was clearly a well fortified burh that proved capable of resisting an invasion force sent from Ireland by Harold's sons.[19] Under Norman rule the town acquired one of the strongest castles in southern England.[20]

A yellow water taxi on the water between stone quaysides. The far bank has large buildings and in the distance is a three arch bridge.
Bristol Bridge seen across the harbour

The area around the original junction of the River Frome with the River Avon, adjacent to the original Bristol Bridge and just outside the town walls, was where the port began to develop in the 11th century.[21] By the 12th century Bristol was an important port, handling much of England's trade with Ireland. In 1247 a new stone bridge was built, which was replaced by the current Bristol Bridge in the 1760s,[22] and the town was extended to incorporate neighbouring suburbs, becoming in 1373 a county in its own right.[23][24] During this period Bristol also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing.[25] By the 14th century Bristol was one of England's three largest medieval towns after London, along with York and Norwich, and it has been suggested that between a third and half of the population were lost during the Black Death of 1348–49.[26] The plague resulted in a prolonged pause in the growth of Bristol's population, with numbers remaining at 10,000–12,000 through most of the 15th and 16th centuries.

In the 15th century, Bristol was certainly the second most important port in the country, trading to Ireland,[27] Iceland,[28] and Gascony.[29] Bristol was the starting point for many important voyages, including that led by Robert Sturmy (1457/8) to try and break the Italian monopoly over trade to the Eastern Mediterranean.[30] Having been rebuffed in the east, Bristol merchants turned west, being involved in expeditions into the Atlantic, in search of the Isle of Hy-Brazil, by at least 1480. These Atlantic voyages were to culminate in John Cabot's 1497 voyage of exploration to North America and the subsequent expeditions undertaken by Bristol merchants to the new world up to 1508.[31][32] These include one led by William Weston of Bristol in 1499, which was the first English-led expedition to North America.[33] In the sixteenth century, however, Bristol merchants concentrated on developing their trade to Spain and its American colonies.[34] This included the smuggling of 'prohibited' wares, such as foodstuffs and iron ordnance, to Iberia,[35] even during the Anglo-Spanish war of 1585–1604.[36]

A stone built Victorian Gothic building with two square towers and a central arched entrance underneath a circular ornate window. A Victorian street lamp stands in front of the building and on the right part of a leafless tree, with blues skies behind.
The west front of Bristol Cathedral

The Diocese of Bristol was founded in 1542,[37] with the former Abbey of St. Augustine, founded by Robert Fitzharding in 1140,[38] becoming Bristol Cathedral. Traditionally this is equivalent to the town being granted city status. During the 1640s English Civil War the city was occupied by Royalist military, and they built the Royal Fort on the site of a earlier Parliamentarian stronghold.[39]

Renewed growth came with the 17th century rise of England's American colonies and the rapid 18th century expansion of England's part in the Atlantic trade in Africans taken for slavery in the Americas. Bristol, along with Liverpool, became a centre for the Triangular trade. In the first stage of this trade manufactured goods were taken to West Africa and exchanged for Africans who were then, in the second stage or middle passage, transported across the Atlantic in brutal conditions.[40] The third leg of the triangle brought plantation goods such as sugar, tobacco, rum, rice and cotton[40] and also a small number of slaves who were sold to the aristocracy as house servants, some eventually buying their freedom.[41] During the height of the slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2,000 slaving ships were fitted out at Bristol, carrying a (conservatively) estimated half a million people from Africa to the Americas and slavery.[42] The Seven Stars public house,[43] where abolitionist Thomas Clarkson collected information on the slave trade, still exists.

An engraving showing at the top a sailing ship and paddle steamer in a harbour, with sheds and a church spire. On either side arched gateways, all above a scroll with the word "Bristol". Below a street scene showing pedestrians and a horse drawn carriage outside a large ornate building with a colonnade and arched windows above. A grand staircase with two figures ascending and other figures on a balcony. A caption reading "Exterior, Colston Hall" and Staircase, Colston Hall". Below, two street scenes and a view of a large stone building with flying buttresses and a square tower, with the caption "Bristol cathedral". At the bottom views of a church interior, a cloister with a man mowing grass and archways with two men in conversation.
An 1873 engraving showing sights around Bristol

Fishermen from Bristol had fished the Grand Banks of Newfoundland since the 15th century[44] and began settling Newfoundland permanently in larger numbers in the 17th century establishing colonies at Bristol's Hope and Cuper's Cove. Bristol's strong nautical ties meant that maritime safety was an important issue in the city. During the 19th century Samuel Plimsoll, "the sailor's friend", campaigned to make the seas safer; he was shocked by the overloaded cargoes, and successfully fought for a compulsory load line on ships.[45]

Competition from Liverpool from c. 1760, the disruption of maritime commerce caused by wars with France (1793) and the abolition of the slave trade (1807) contributed to the city's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of the North of England and the West Midlands. The passage up the heavily tidal Avon Gorge, which had made the port highly secure during the Middle Ages, had become a liability which the construction of a new "Floating Harbour" (designed by William Jessop) in 1804–9 failed to overcome, as the great cost of the scheme led to excessive harbour dues.[46] Nevertheless, Bristol's population (66,000 in 1801) quintupled during the 19th century, supported by new industries and growing commerce.[47] It was particularly associated with the noted Victorian engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Western Railway between Bristol and London Paddington, two pioneering Bristol-built ocean going steamships, the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western, and the Clifton Suspension Bridge. John Wesley founded the very first Methodist Chapel, called the New Room, in Bristol in 1739. Riots occurred in 1793[48] and 1831, the first beginning as a protest at renewal of an act levying tolls on Bristol Bridge, and the latter after the rejection of the second Reform Bill.[49]

An old ordnance survey map of Bristol, showing roads, railways, rivers and contours.
A map of Bristol from 1946

Bristol's city centre suffered severe damage from Luftwaffe bombing during the Bristol Blitz of World War II.[50] The original central shopping area, near the bridge and castle, is now a park containing two bombed out churches and some fragments of the castle. A third bombed church nearby, St Nicholas, has been restored and has been made into a museum which houses a triptych by William Hogarth, painted for the high altar of St Mary Redcliffe in 1756. The museum also contains statues moved from Arno's Court Triumphal Arch, of King Edward I and King Edward III taken from Lawfords' Gate of the city walls when they were demolished around 1760, and 13th century figures from Bristol's Newgate representing Robert, the builder of Bristol Castle, and Geoffrey de Montbray, Bishop of Coutances, builder of the fortified walls of the city.[51]

By 1901, some 330,000 people were living in Bristol and the city would grow steadily as the 20th century progressed. The city's docklands were enhanced in the early 1900s with the opening of Royal Edward Dock.[52] Another new dock – Royal Portbury Dock – was opened in the 1970s.[53]

Its education system received a major boost in 1909 with the formation of the University of Bristol,[54] though it really took off in 1925 when its main building was opened.[55] A polytechnic was opened in 1969 to give the city a second higher education institute, which would become the University of the West of England in 1992.[56] With the advent of air travel, aircraft manufacturers set up base at new factories in the city during the first half of the 20th century.[57]

Bristol suffered badly from Luftwaffe air raids in World War II, claiming some 1,300 lives of people living and working in the city, with nearly 100,000 buildings being damaged, at least 3,000 of them beyond repair.[58]

The rebuilding of Bristol city centre was characterised by large, cheap 1960s tower blocks, brutalist architecture and expansion of roads. Since the 1980s another trend has emerged with the closure of some main roads, the restoration of the Georgian period Queen Square and Portland Square, the regeneration of the Broadmead shopping area, and the demolition of one of the city centre's tallest post-war blocks.[59]

Bristol's road infrastructure was altered dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s with the development of the M4 and M5 motorways, which meet at an interchange just north of the city and give the city direct motorway links with London (M4 eastbound), Cardiff (M4 westbound across the Estuary of the River Severn), Exeter (M5 southbound) and Birmingham (M5 northbound).

The removal of the docks to Avonmouth Docks and Royal Portbury Dock, 7 miles (11.3 km) downstream from the city centre during the 20th century has also allowed redevelopment of the old central dock area (the "Floating Harbour") in recent decades, although at one time the continued existence of the docks was in jeopardy as it was viewed as a derelict industrial site rather than an asset. However the holding, in 1996, of the first International Festival of the Sea in and around the docks, affirmed the dockside area in its new leisure role as a key feature of the city.[60]

On the sporting scene, Bristol Rugby union club has frequently competed at the highest level in the sport since its formation in 1888.[61] Its home is the Memorial Ground, which it has shared with Bristol Rovers Football Club since 1996. Although the rugby club was landlord when the football club arrived at the stadium as tenants, a decline in the rugby club's fortunes shortly afterwards led to the football club becoming landlord and the rugby club becoming the stadium's tenants. Bristol Rovers had spent the previous 10 years playing their home games outside the city following the closure of their Eastville stadium in 1986, before returning to the city to play at the Memorial Ground.[62]

However, Bristol Rovers have generally been overshadowed by their local rivals Bristol City in terms of footballing success. Unlike Rovers, City have enjoyed top flight football. Their first spell in the Football League First Division began in 1906, and they ended their first season among the elite in fine form by finishing second and only narrowly missing out on league title glory. Two years later, they were on the losing side in the final of the FA Cup, and were relegated back to the Football League Second Division a year later. It would be another 65 years before First Division status was regained, in 1976. This time they spent four years among the elite before being relegated in 1980 – the first of a then unique third successive relegations which led to them slipping into the Fourth Division in 1982. Although promotion was secured in 1984, City enjoyed their third spell in the league's third tier until 2007 when they were promoted to the second tier, narrowly missing out on top flight promotion in their first season (Playoff final defeat against Hull City) English football. Since 1900 their home games have been played at Ashton Gate,[63] though in recent years a number of schemes have been mooted to relocate the club to a new, larger stadium.[64]

Government

A large brick building, built in a shallow curve, with a central porch. In front of that a pool and a water fountain. Autumn trees on the right and a blue sky with some clouds above.
The Council House, the seat of local government
A tall church spire over a quayside with wooden sheds and boats covered with tarpaulins. In front of these on the water a twin masted sailing boat and a narrowboat
St Mary Redcliffe church and the Floating Harbour, Bristol.
Main article: Politics of Bristol

Bristol City Council consists of 70 councillors representing 35 wards. They are elected in thirds with two councillors per ward, each serving a four-year term. Wards never have both councillors up for election at the same time, so effectively two-thirds of the wards are up each election.[65] The Council has long been dominated by the Labour Party, but recently the Liberal Democrats have grown strong in the city and as the largest party took minority control of the Council at the 2005 election. In 2007, Labour and the Conservatives joined forces to vote down the Liberal Democrat administration, and as a result, Labour ruled the council under a minority administration, with Helen Holland as the council leader.[66] In February 2009, the Labour group resigned, and the Liberal Democrats took office with their own minority administration.[67] At the council elections on 4 June 2009 the Liberal Democrats gained four seats and, for the first time, overall control of the City Council.[68] The Lord Mayor is Councillor Geoffrey Gollop.[69]

Bristol constituencies in the House of Commons cross the borders with neighbouring authorities, and the city is divided into Bristol West, East, South and North-west and Kingswood. Northavon also covers some of the suburbs, but none of the administrative county. In the recent 2010 General Election in May, the boundaries were changed to coincide with the county boundary. Kingswood no longer covers any of the county, and a new Filton and Bradley Stoke constituency includes the suburbs in South Gloucestershire. There are two Labour Members of Parliament (MPs), one Liberal Democrat and three Conservatives.[70]

Bristol has a tradition of local political activism, and has been home to many important political figures. Edmund Burke, MP for the Bristol constituency for six years from 1774, famously insisted that he was a Member of Parliament first, rather than a representative of his constituents' interests. The women's rights campaigner Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954) was born in Bristol. Tony Benn, a veteran left-wing politician, was MP for Bristol South East from 1950 until 1983. In 1963, there was a boycott of the city's buses after the Bristol Omnibus Company refused to employ black drivers and conductors. The boycott is known to have influenced the creation of the UK's Race Relations Act in 1965.[71] The city was the scene of the first of the 1980s riots. In St. Paul's, a number of largely Afro-Caribbean people rose up against racism, police harassment and mounting dissatisfaction with their social and economic circumstances before similar disturbances followed across the UK. Local support of fair trade issues was recognised in 2005 when Bristol was granted Fairtrade City status.[72]

Bristol is unusual in having been a city with county status since medieval times. The county was expanded to include suburbs such as Clifton in 1835, and it was named a county borough in 1889, when the term was first introduced.[24] However, on 1 April 1974, it became a local government district of the short-lived county of Avon.[73] On 1 April 1996, it regained its independence and county status, when the county of Avon was abolished and Bristol became a Unitary Authority.[74]

Geography and environment

Boundaries

Suspension bridge between two brick built towers, over a wooded gorge, showing mud and water at the bottom. In the distance are hills.
Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge.

There are a number of different ways in which Bristol's boundaries are defined, depending on whether the boundaries attempt to define the city, the built-up area, or the wider "Greater Bristol". The narrowest definition of the city is the city council boundary, which takes in a large section of the Severn Estuary west as far as, but not including, the islands of Steep Holm and Flat Holm.[75] A slightly less narrow definition is used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS); this includes built-up areas which adjoin Bristol but are not within the city council boundary, such as Whitchurch village, Filton, Patchway, Bradley Stoke, and excludes non-built-up areas within the city council boundary.[76] The ONS has also defined an area called the "Bristol Urban Area," which includes Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford, Winterbourne, Frampton Cotterell, Almondsbury and Easton-in-Gordano.[77] The term "Greater Bristol", used for example by the Government Office of the South West,[78] usually refers to the area occupied by the city and parts of the three neighbouring local authorities (Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire), an area sometimes also known as the "former Avon area" or the "West of England".[79]

River flowing though a steep sided valley. In the distance is a suspension bridge supported by towers. In the left foreground is a handrail.
The Avon Gorge, home to several unique plant species.

Physical geography

Bristol is in a limestone area, which runs from the Mendip Hills to the south and the Cotswolds to the north east.[80] The rivers Avon and Frome cut through this limestone to the underlying clays, creating Bristol's characteristic hilly landscape. The Avon flows from Bath in the east, through flood plains and areas which were marshy before the growth of the city. To the west the Avon has cut through the limestone to form the Avon Gorge, partly aided by glacial meltwater after the last ice age.[81] The gorge helped to protect Bristol Harbour, and has been quarried for stone to build the city. The land surrounding the gorge has been protected from development, as The Downs and Leigh Woods. The gorge and estuary of the Avon form the county's boundary with North Somerset, and the river flows into the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth. There is another gorge in the city, in the Blaise Castle estate to the north.[81]

Climate

Situated in the south of the country, Bristol is one of the warmest cities in the UK, with a mean annual temperature of 10.2–12 °C (50–54 °F).[82] It is also amongst the sunniest, with 1,541–1,885 hours sunshine per year.[83] The city is partially sheltered by the Mendip Hills, but exposed to the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, Annual rainfall is similar to the national average, at 741–1,060 mm (29.2–41.7 in). Rain falls all year round, but autumn and winter are the wettest seasons. The Atlantic strongly influences Bristol's weather, maintaining average temperatures above freezing throughout the year, although cold spells in winter often bring frosts. Snow can fall at any time from mid-November through to mid-April, but it is a rare occurrence. Summers are drier and quite warm with variable amounts of sunshine, rain and cloud. Spring is unsettled and changeable, and has brought spells of winter snow as well as summer sunshine.[84]

Climate data for Bristol, England, United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7
(45)		 8
(46)		 11
(52)		 15
(59)		 18
(64)		 21
(70)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 20
(68)		 15
(59)		 11
(51)		 8
(46)		 {{{year high C}}}
(59)
Average low °C (°F) 3
(37)		 2
(36)		 4
(40)		 7
(45)		 9
(48)		 12
(54)		 14
(58)		 14
(57)		 12
(53)		 9
(48)		 5
(41)		 3
(37)		 {{{year low C}}}
(46)
Precipitation mm (inches) 97.7
(3.846)		 53.8
(2.118)		 85.9
(3.382)		 65.0
(2.559)		 92.5
(3.642)		 70.6
(2.78)		 79.8
(3.142)		 56.6
(2.228)		 64.5
(2.539)		 113.3
(4.461)		 118.6
(4.669)		 117.0
(4.606)		 1,015.3
(39.972)
Source no. 1: Weatherbase[1]
Source no. 2: Met Office- Yeovilton[85]

Energy

Main article: Energy in Bristol

Based on its environmental performance, quality of life, future-proofing and how well it is addressing climate change, recycling and biodiversity, Bristol was ranked as the UK's most sustainable city, topping environmental charity Forum for the Future's Sustainable Cities Index 2008.[86][87] Notable local initiatives include Sustrans, who have created the National Cycle Network, founded as Cyclebag in 1977,[88] and Resourcesaver established in 1988 as a non-profit business by Avon Friends of the Earth.[89]

Demographics

In 2008 the Office for National Statistics estimated the Bristol unitary authority's population at 416,900,[90][91] making it the 47th-largest ceremonial county in England.[92] Using Census 2001 data the ONS estimated the population of the city to be 441,556,[93] and that of the contiguous urban area to be 551,066.[94] and more recent 2006 ONS estimates put the urban area population at 587,400.[95] This makes the city England's sixth most populous city, and ninth most populous urban area.[94] At 3,599 inhabitants per square kilometre (9,321 /sq mi) it has the seventh-highest population density of any English district.[96]

According to 2009 estimates, 86.5% of the population were described as White, 5.2% as Asian or Asian British, 3.4% as Black or Black British, 2.4% as Mixed Race, 1.5% as Chinese and 1.1% Other. National averages for England were 87.5%, 6.0%, 2.9%, 1.9%, 0.8% and 0.8% for the same groups.[97]

Historical population records

Note: Only includes figures for Bristol Unitary Authority i.e. excludes areas that are part of the Bristol urban area (2006 estimated population 587,400) but are located in South Gloucestershire, BANES or North Somerset which border Bristol UA such as Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Filton, Warmley etc.[98] The figures for 2008, 2009 & 2010 are an estimate from the Office for National Statistics.

Year 1377[99] 1607[100] 1700[98] 1801[98] 1811[98] 1821[98] 1831[98] 1841[98] 1851[98]
Total population 9,518 10,549 20,000 68,944 83,922 99,151 120,789 144,803 159,945
Year 1861[98] 1871[98] 1881[98] 1891[98] 1901[98] 1911[98] 1921[98] 1931[98] 1941[98]
Total population 194,229 228,513 262,797 297,525 323,698 352,178 367,831 384,204 402,839
Year 1951[98] 1961[98] 1971[98] 1981[98] 1991[98] 2001[98] 2008[3] 2009[3] 2010[3]
Total population 422,399 425,214 428,089 384,883 396,559 380,615 426,100 433,100 441,300

Economy and industry

Main article: Economy of Bristol
Two ornate metal pillars with large dishes on top in a paved street, with a eighteenth century stone building behind upon which can be seen the words "Tea Blenders Estabklishec 177-". People sitting at cafe style tables outside. On the right iron railings.
The Nails in Corn Street, over which trading deals were made

As a major seaport, Bristol has a long history of trading commodities, originally wool cloth exports and imports of fish, wine, grain and dairy produce,[101] later tobacco, tropical fruits and plantation goods; major imports now are motor vehicles, grain, timber, fresh produce and petroleum products. Deals were originally struck on a personal basis in the former trading area around The Exchange in Corn Street, and in particular, over bronze trading tables, known as "The Nails". This is often given as the origin of the expression "cash on the nail", meaning immediate payment, however it is likely that the expression was in use before the nails were erected.[102]

As well as Bristol's nautical connections, the city's economy is reliant on the aerospace industry, defence, the media, information technology and financial services sectors, and tourism.[103] The former Ministry of Defence (MoD)'s Procurement Executive, later the Defence Procurement Agency, and now Defence Equipment & Support, moved to a purpose-built headquarters at Abbey Wood, Filton in 1995. The site employs some 7,000 to 8,000 staff and is responsible for procuring and supporting much of the MoD's defence equipment.[104]

In 2004 Bristol's GDP was £9.439 billion, and the combined GDP of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and North Somerset was £44.098 billion. The GDP per head was £23,962 (US$47,738, €35,124) making the city more affluent than the UK as a whole, at 40% above the national average. This makes it the third-highest per-capita GDP of any English city, after London and Nottingham, and the fifth highest GDP per capita of any city in the United Kingdom, behind London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast and Nottingham.[105] In March 2007, Bristol's unemployment rate was 4.8%, compared with 4.0% for the south west and 5.5% for England.[106]

Although Bristol's economy is no longer reliant upon the Port of Bristol, which was relocated gradually to the mouth of the Avon to new docks at Avonmouth (1870s)[107] and Royal Portbury Dock (1977) as the size of shipping increased, the city is the largest importer of cars to the UK. Since the port was leased in 1991, £330 million has been invested and the annual tonnage throughput has increased from 3.9 million long tons (4 million tonnes) to 11.8 million long tons (12 million tonnes).[108] The tobacco trade and cigarette manufacturing have now ceased, but imports of wines and spirits by Averys continue.[109]

The financial services sector employs 59,000 in the city,[110] and the high-tech sector is important, with 50 micro-electronics and silicon design companies, which employ around 5,000 people, including the Hewlett-Packard national research laboratories, which opened in 1983.[111] [112] Bristol is the UK's seventh most popular destination for foreign tourists, and the city receives nine million visitors each year.[113]

In the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton, by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, and aero-engine manufacture by Bristol Aero Engines (later Rolls-Royce) at Patchway. The aeroplane company became famous for the World War I Bristol Fighter,[114] and Second World War Blenheim and Beaufighter aircraft.[114] In the 1950s it became one of the country's major manufacturers of civil aircraft, with the Bristol Freighter and Britannia and the huge Brabazon airliner. The Bristol Aeroplane Company diversified into car manufacturing in the 1940s, producing hand-built luxury cars at their factory in Filton, under the name Bristol Cars, which became independent from the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1960.[115] The city also gave its name to the Bristol make of buses, manufactured in the city from 1908 to 1983, first by the local bus operating company, Bristol Tramways, and from 1955 by Bristol Commercial Vehicles.

A view from below of an aeroplane in flight, with a slender fuselage and swept back wings.
The last ever flight of any Concorde, 26 November 2003. The aircraft is seen a few minutes before landing on the Filton runway from which it first flew in 1969.

In the 1960s Filton played a key role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project. The Bristol Aeroplane Company became part of the British partner, the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Concorde components were manufactured in British and French factories and shipped to the two final assembly plants, in Toulouse and Filton. The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips, while the Olympus 593 engine's manufacture was split between Rolls-Royce (Filton) and SNECMA (Paris). The British Concorde prototype made its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, five weeks after the French test flight.[116] In 2003 British Airways and Air France decided to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. On 26 November 2003 Concorde 216 made the final Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection, which includes a Bristol Britannia aircraft.[117]

The aerospace industry remains a major segment of the local economy.[118] The major aerospace companies in Bristol now are BAE Systems, (formed by merger between Marconi Electronic Systems and BAe; the latter being formed by a merger of BAC, Hawker Siddeley and Scottish Aviation), Airbus[119] and Rolls-Royce are all based at Filton, and aerospace engineering is a prominent research area at the nearby University of the West of England. Another important aviation company in the city is Cameron Balloons, who manufacture hot air balloon.[120] Each August the city is host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot air balloon events.[121]

A new £500 million shopping centre called Cabot Circus opened in 2008 amidst claims from developers and politicians that Bristol would become one of England's top ten retail destinations.[122] Bristol was selected as one of the world's top ten cities for 2009 by international travel publishers Dorling Kindersley in their Eyewitness series of guides for young adults.[123]

In 2011 it was announced that the Temple Quarter near Bristol Temple Meads railway station will become an enterprise zone.[124]

A panoramic view looking over a cityscape of office blocks, old buildings, church spires and a multi-story car park. In the distance hills.
Panorama over Bristol, taken in 2004.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bristol

Arts

An imposing eighteenth century building with three entrance archways, large first floor windows and an ornate peaked gable end above. On the left a twentieth century grey brick building with a gilded crest and on the right a cream coloured building with four pitched roofs. In front a cobbled street.
The Coopers Hall, entrance to the Bristol Old Vic Theatre Royal complex
A long two storey building with 4 cranes in front on the quayside. Two tugboats are moored at the quay.
Bristol Industrial Museum.
A painting on a building showing a naked man hanging by one hand from a window sill. A man in a suit looks out of the window, shading his eyes with his right hand, behind him stands a woman in her underwear.
One of many Banksy artworks in the city, which has since been vandalised with blue paint (partly cleared by the city council)

The city is famous for its music and film industries, and was a finalist for the 2008 European Capital of Culture, but the title was awarded to Liverpool.[125]

The city's principal theatre company, the Bristol Old Vic, was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of the Old Vic company in London. Its premises on King Street consist of the 1766 Theatre Royal (607 seats), a modern studio theatre called the New Vic (150 seats), and foyer and bar areas in the adjacent Coopers' Hall (built 1743). The Theatre Royal is a grade I listed building[126][127] and is the oldest continuously operating theatre in England.[128] The Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, which had originated in King Street is now a separate company. The Bristol Hippodrome is a larger theatre (1,951 seats) which hosts national touring productions. Other theatres include the Tobacco Factory (250 seats), QEH (220 seats), the Redgrave Theatre (at Clifton College) (320 seats) and the Alma Tavern (50 seats). Bristol's theatre scene includes a large variety of producing theatre companies, apart from the Bristol Old Vic company, including Show of Strength Theatre Company, Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory and Travelling Light Theatre Company. Theatre Bristol is a partnership between Bristol City Council, Arts Council England and local theatre practitioners which aims to develop the theatre industry in Bristol.[129] There are also a number of organisations within the city which act to support theatre makers, for example Equity, the actors union, has a General Branch based in the city,[130] and Residence which provides office, social and rehearsal space for several Bristol-based theatre and performance companies.[131]

Since the late 1970s, the city has been home to bands combining punk, funk, dub and political consciousness, amongst the most notable have been Glaxo Babies,[132] The Pop Group[133] and trip hop or "Bristol Sound" artists such as Tricky,[134] Portishead[135] and Massive Attack;[136] the list of bands from Bristol is extensive. It is also a stronghold of drum & bass with notable artists such as the Mercury Prize winning Roni Size/Reprazent[137] as well as the pioneering DJ Krust[138] and More Rockers.[139] This music is part of the wider Bristol urban culture scene which received international media attention in the 1990s.[140] Bristol has many live music venues, the largest of which is the 2,000-seat Colston Hall, named after Edward Colston. Others include the Bristol Academy, Fiddlers, Victoria Rooms, Trinity Centre, St George's Bristol and a range of public houses from the jazz-orientated The Old Duke to rock at the Fleece and Firkin and indie bands at the Louisiana.[141][142] In 2010, PRS for Music announced that Bristol is the most musical city in the UK, based on the number of its members born in Bristol in relation to the size of its population.[143]

The Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection of natural history, archaeology, local glassware, Chinese ceramics and art. The Bristol Industrial Museum, featuring preserved dock machinery, closed in October 2006 for rebuilding and plans to reopen in 2011 as the Museum of Bristol.[144] The City Museum also runs three preserved historic houses: the Tudor Red Lodge, the Georgian House, and Blaise Castle House.[145] The Watershed Media Centre and Arnolfini gallery, both in disused dockside warehouses, exhibit contemporary art, photography and cinema, while the city's oldest gallery is at the Royal West of England Academy in Clifton.[146]

Stop frame animation films and commercials produced by Aardman Animations[147] and television series focusing on the natural world have also brought fame and artistic credit to the city.[148] The city is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West, and the BBC Natural History Unit.[149] Locations in and around Bristol have often featured in the BBC's natural history programmes, including the children's television programme Animal Magic, filmed at Bristol Zoo.[150]

In literature, Bristol is noted as the birth place of the 18th-century poet Thomas Chatterton,[151] and also Robert Southey,[152] who was born in Wine Street, Bristol in 1774. Southey and his friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge married the Bristol Fricker sisters;[153] and William Wordsworth spent time in the city,[154] where Joseph Cottle first published Lyrical Ballads in 1798.[155]

The 18th- and 19th-century portrait painter Sir Thomas Lawrence and 19th-century architect Francis Greenway, designer of many of Sydney's first buildings, came from the city, and more recently the graffiti artist Banksy, many of whose works can be seen in the city.[156] Some famous comedians are locals, including Justin Lee Collins,[157] Lee Evans,[158] Russell Howard,[159] and writer/comedian Stephen Merchant.[160]

University of Bristol graduates include magician and psychological illusionist Derren Brown;[161] the satirist Chris Morris;[162] Simon Pegg[163] and Nick Frost[164] of Spaced, Shaun of the Dead and Hot Fuzz; and Matt Lucas[165] and David Walliams[165] of Little Britain fame.[165] Hollywood actor Cary Grant was born in the city;[166] Patrick Stewart, Jane Lapotaire, Pete Postlethwaite, Jeremy Irons, Greta Scacchi, Miranda Richardson, Helen Baxendale, Daniel Day-Lewis and Gene Wilder are amongst the many actors who learnt their craft at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School,[167] opened by Laurence Olivier in 1946. The comedian John Cleese was a pupil at Clifton College.[168] Hugo Weaving studied at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School[169] and David Prowse (Darth Vader, Star Wars) attended Bristol Grammar School.[170]

Architecture

Main article: Buildings and architecture of Bristol
A seventeenth century timber framed building with three gables and a traditional inn sign showing a picture of a sailing barge. Some drinkers sit at benches outside on a cobbled street. Other old buildings are further down the street and in the background part of a modern office building can be seen.
The Llandoger Trow, an ancient public house in the heart of Bristol.

Bristol has 51 Grade I listed buildings,[127] 500 Grade II* and over 3,800 Grade II buildings,[171] in a wide variety of architectural styles, ranging from the medieval to the 21st century. In the mid-19th century, Bristol Byzantine, an architectural style unique to the city, was developed, of which several examples have survived. Buildings from most of the architectural periods of the United Kingdom can be seen throughout the city. Surviving elements of the fortified city and castle date back to the medieval era,[172] also some churches dating from the 12th century onwards.[173]

Outside the historical city centre there are several large Tudor mansions built for wealthy merchants.[174] Almshouses[175] and public houses of the same period still exist,[176] intermingled with modern development. Several Georgian-era squares were laid out for the enjoyment of the middle class as prosperity increased in the 18th century.[177]

During World War II, the city centre suffered from extensive bombing during the Bristol Blitz.[178] The central shopping area around Wine Street and Castle Street was particularly badly hit, and architectural treasures such as the Dutch House and St Peter's Hospital were lost. Nonetheless in 1961 Betjeman still considered Bristol to be 'the most beautiful, interesting and distinguished city in England'.[179]

The redevelopment of shopping centres, office buildings, and the harbourside continues apace.

Sport and leisure

Main article: Sport in Bristol
In the foreground twentieth century housing can be seen amidst trees and on the right a tower block of flats. In the middle distance a complex of red coloured buildings can be seen and behind that a steep sided gorge with a suspension bridge spanning it. Eighteenth century terraces on the right side of the gorge, the slopes of which are heavily wooded and a tower can be seen in the distance on the skyline.
Ashton Gate stadium with the Clifton Suspension Bridge in the background over the Avon Gorge

The city has two Football League clubs: Bristol City and Bristol Rovers, as well as a number of non-league clubs. Bristol City was formed in 1897, became runners-up in Division One in 1907, and losing FA Cup finalists in 1909. They returned to the top flight in 1976, but in 1980 started a descent to Division Four. They were promoted to the second tier of English football in 2007. The team lost in the play-off final of the Championship to Hull City (2007/2008 season). City announced plans for a new 30,000 all-seater stadium to replace their home, Ashton Gate.[180] Bristol Rovers is the oldest professional football team in Bristol, formed in 1883. During their history, Rovers have been champions of the (old) division Three (1952/53, 1989/90), Watney Cup Winners (1972, 2006/07), and runners-up in the Johnstone's Paint Trophy. The Club have planning permission to re-develop the Memorial Stadium into an 18,500 all-seat Stadium, but has yet to start due to financial difficulties.

A cricket match with fielders and batmen wearing coloured kit. A bowler delivers a ball to one of the batsman. Some of the crowd can be seen behind advertising hoardings and in front of trees and a scaffold construction.
The County Ground, Ashley Down

The city is also home to Bristol Rugby rugby union club,[181] a first-class cricket side, Gloucestershire C.C.C.[182] and a Rugby League Conference side, the Bristol Sonics. The city also stages an annual half marathon, and in 2001 played host to the World Half Marathon Championships. There are several athletics clubs in Bristol, including Bristol and West AC, Bitton Road Runners and Westbury Harriers. Speedway racing was staged, with breaks, at the Knowle Stadium from 1928 to 1960, when it was closed and the site redeveloped. The sport briefly returned to the city in the 1970s when the Bulldogs raced at Eastville Stadium.[183] In 2009, senior ice hockey returned to the city for the first time in 17 years with the newly formed Bristol Pitbulls playing out of Bristol Ice Rink.

The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, a major event for hot-air ballooning in the UK, is held each summer in the grounds of Ashton Court, to the west of the city.[184] The fiesta draws substantial crowds even for the early morning lift beginning at about 6.30 am. Events and a fairground entertain visitors during the day. A second mass ascent is made in the early evening, again taking advantage of lower wind speeds. Until 2007 Ashton Court also played host to the Ashton Court festival each summer, an outdoor music festival known as the Bristol Community Festival.

Mountain biking in Bristol, the main area is around the Ashton Court estate with the Timberland trails being the main route. There are also routes across the road in the Plantation and 50 acre wood and Leigh Woods.[185]

Media

A large number of hot air balloons taking off from a field which is surrounded by tents and stalls. The sun is low in the sky and balloons can be seen flying into the distance.
Bristol International Balloon Fiesta

Bristol has two daily newspapers, the Western Daily Press and the Bristol Evening Post; a weekly free newspaper, the Bristol Observer; and a Bristol edition of the free Metro newspaper, all owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust.[186] The local weekly listings magazine, Venue, covers the city's music, theatre and arts scenes and is owned by Northcliffe Media, a subsidiary of the Daily Mail and General Trust.[187] Bristol Media is the city's support network for the creative and media industries with over 1600 members.[188] The city has several local radio stations, including BBC Radio Bristol, Heart Bristol (previously known as GWR FM), Classic Gold 1260, Kiss 101, Star 107.2, BCfm (a community radio station launched March 2007), Ujima 98 FM,[189] 106 Jack FM (Bristol),[190] as well as two student radio stations, The Hub and BURST and Radio Salaam Shalom an online radio station from the Jewish and Muslim communities of the city. Bristol also boasts television productions such as The West Country Tonight for ITV West (formerly HTV West) and ITV Westcountry, Points West for BBC West, hospital drama Casualty (due to move to Cardiff in 2011)[191] and Endemol productions such as Deal Or No Deal. Bristol has been used as a location for the Channel 4 comedy drama Teachers, BBC drama Mistresses, E4 teen drama Skins and BBC3 comedy-drama series Being Human.

Dialect

A dialect of English is spoken by some Bristol inhabitants, known colloquially as Bristolian, "Bristolese" or even more colloquially as "Bristle" or "Brizzle". Bristol natives speak with a rhotic accent, in which the r in words like car is pronounced. The unusual feature of this dialect, unique to Bristol, is the Bristol L (or terminal L), in which an L sound is appended to words that end in an 'a' or 'o'.[192] Thus "area" becomes "areal", etc. The "-ol" ending of the city's name is a significant example of the occurrence of the so-called "Bristol L". Bristolians using the dialect, tend to pronounce "a" and "o" at the end of a word almost as "aw". To the stranger's ear this pronunciation sounds as if there is an "L" after the vowel. For example the statement "Africa is a malaria area", spoken with a Bristolian accent will sound like "Africal is a malarial areal".

A similar form of this pronunciation quirk has been in existence for centuries, even as far back as the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the Domesday Book, compiled by the Norman-French. In those days before the printing press, the city's name – "Bruggestowe" at the time – was rarely written. Consequently the Domesday Book information gatherers had to rely on oral answers to their questions and the city name was recorded as being "Bristolle". No other place names, in England, end in "-ol".

Further Bristolian linguistic features are the addition of an additional "to" in questions relating to direction or orientation (a feature also common to the coastal towns of South Wales), or using "to" instead of "at"; and using male pronouns "he", "him" instead of "it". For example, "Where's that?" would be phrased as "Where's he to?", a structure exported to Newfoundland English.[193]

An ornate brick tower surrounded by trees. The tower has balconies and is surmounted by a pitched roof with an ornate figure at the apex.
Cabot Tower viewed from Brandon Hill park.

Stanley Ellis, a dialect researcher, found that many of the dialect words in the Filton area were linked to work in the aerospace industry. He described this as "a cranky, crazy, crab-apple tree of language and with the sharpest, juiciest flavour that I've heard for a long time".[194]

Religion

In the United Kingdom Census 2001, 60% of Bristol's population reported themselves as being Christian, and 25% stated they were not religious; the national UK averages are 72% and 15% respectively. Islam accounts for 2% of the population (3% nationally), with no other religion above one percent, although 9% did not respond to the question.[195]

The city has many Christian churches, the most notable being the Anglican Bristol Cathedral and St. Mary Redcliffe and the Roman Catholic Clifton Cathedral. Nonconformist chapels include Buckingham Baptist Chapel and John Wesley's New Room in Broadmead.[196] St James's Presbyterian Church of England church (at 51°27′31″N 2°35′31″W / 51.4587°N 2.5920°W / 51.4587; -2.5920) was just south of the current coach station. The church was bombed on 24 November 1940 never to be used as a church again. The tower remains but the nave has been converted to offices.

In Bristol, other religions are served by four mosques,[197] several Buddhist meditation centres,[198] a Hindu temple,[199] Progressive and Orthodox synagogues,[200] and four Sikh temples.[201][202][203]

Education, science and technology

A Palladian style nineteenth century stone building with a large colonnaded porch. In front a large metal statue on a pedestal and fountains with decorations.
The Victoria Rooms, owned by the University
Main article: Education in Bristol

Bristol is home to two major institutions of higher education: the University of Bristol, a "redbrick" chartered in 1909, and the University of the West of England, formerly Bristol Polytechnic, which gained university status in 1992. The city also has two dedicated further education institutions, City of Bristol College and Filton College, and three theological colleges, Trinity College, Wesley College and Bristol Baptist College. The city has 129 infant, junior and primary schools,[204] 17 secondary schools,[205] and three city learning centres. It has the country's second highest concentration of independent school places, after an exclusive corner of north London.[206] The independent schools in the city include Colston's School, Clifton College, Clifton High School, Badminton School, Bristol Cathedral School, Bristol Grammar School, Redland High School, Queen Elizabeth's Hospital (the only all-boys school) and Red Maids' School, which claims to be the oldest girls' school in England, having been founded in 1634 by John Whitson.[207]

A tall stone nineteenth century with shields on the visible sides and a pepperpot upper storey. In front, traffic and pedestrians on a busy street.
The Wills Memorial Building on Park Street belongs to the University of Bristol. The tower was cleaned in 2006–2007.

In 2005, the then Chancellor of the Exchequer recognised Bristol's ties to science and technology by naming it one of six "science cities", and promising funding for further development of science in the city,[208] with a £300 million science park planned at Emerson's Green.[209] As well as research at the two universities, Bristol Royal Infirmary, and Southmead Hospital, science education is important in the city, with At-Bristol, Bristol Zoo, Bristol Festival of Nature and the Create Centre[210] being prominent local institutions involved in science communication. The city has a history of scientific luminaries, including the 19th-century chemist Sir Humphry Davy,[211] who worked in Hotwells. Bishopston gave the world Nobel Prize winning physicist Paul Dirac[212] for crucial contributions to quantum mechanics in 1933. Cecil Frank Powell was Melvill Wills Professor of Physics at Bristol University when he was awarded the Nobel prize for a photographic method of studying nuclear processes and associated discoveries in 1950. The city was birth place of Colin Pillinger,[213] planetary scientist behind the Beagle 2 Mars-lander project, and is home to the psychologist Richard Gregory.[214] Initiatives such as the Flying Start Challenge help encourage secondary school pupils around the Bristol area to take an interest in Science and Engineering. Links with major aerospace companies promote technical disciplines and advance students' understanding of practical design.[215]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Bristol

Bristol has two principal railway stations. Bristol Temple Meads is near the centre and sees mainly First Great Western services including regular high speed trains to London Paddington as well as other local and regional services and CrossCountry trains. Bristol Parkway is located to the north of the city and is mainly served by high speed First Great Western services between Cardiff and London, and CrossCountry services to Birmingham and the North East. There is also a limited service to London Waterloo from Bristol Temple Meads, operated by South West Trains. There are also scheduled coach links to most major UK cities.[216]

A railway station with curved platforms under an arched iron framed roof with roof-lights. A passenger train stands at the platform on the right and on the left passengers waiting for a train.
Temple Meads station

The city is connected by road on an east–west axis from London to West Wales by the M4 motorway, and on a north–southwest axis from Birmingham to Exeter by the M5 motorway. Also within the county is the M49 motorway, a short cut between the M5 in the south and M4 Severn Crossing in the west. The M32 motorway is a spur from the M4 to the city centre.[216]

The city is served by Bristol Airport (BRS), at Lulsgate, which has seen substantial investments in its runway, terminal and other facilities since 2001.[216]

An aerial view of an airport with one main runway, car parks on the left and right, and aircraft parked outside terminal buildings on the right.
Bristol Airport, Lulsgate

Public transport in the city consists largely of its bus network, provided mostly by First Group, formerly the Bristol Omnibus Company – other services are provided by Abus,[217] Buglers,[218] Ulink (Operated by Wessex Connect for the 2 Universities),[219] and Wessex Connect.[220] Buses in the city have been widely criticised for being unreliable and expensive, and in 2005 First was fined for delays and safety violations.[221][222] Private car usage in Bristol is high, and the city suffers from congestion, which costs an estimated £350 million per year.[223] Bristol is motorcycle friendly; the city allows motorcycles to use most of the city's bus lanes, as well as providing secure free parking.[224] Since 2000 the city council has included a light rail system in its Local Transport Plan, but has so far been unwilling to fund the project. The city was offered European Union funding for the system, but the Department for Transport did not provide the required additional funding.[225] As well as support for public transport, there are several road building schemes supported by the local council, including re-routing and improving the South Bristol Ring Road.[226] There are also three park and ride sites serving the city, supported by the local council.[227] The central part of the city has water-based transport, operated by the Bristol Ferry Boat, Bristol Packet and Number Seven Boat Trips providing leisure and commuter services on the harbour.[228]

Bristol's principal surviving suburban railway is the Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach. The Portishead Railway was closed to passengers under the Beeching Axe, but was relaid for freight only in 2000–2002 as far as the Royal Portbury Dock with a Strategic Rail Authority rail-freight grant. Plans to relay a further three miles (5 km) of track to Portishead, a largely dormitory town with only one connecting road, have been discussed but there is insufficient funding to rebuild stations.[229] Rail services in Bristol suffer from overcrowding and there is a proposal to increase rail capacity under the Greater Bristol Metro scheme.[230]

Bristol was named "England's first 'cycling city'" in 2008,[231] and is home to the sustainable transport charity Sustrans. It has a number of urban cycle routes, as well as links to National Cycle Network routes to Bath and London, to Gloucester and Wales, and to the south-western peninsula of England. Cycling has grown rapidly in the city, with a 21% increase in journeys between 2001 and 2005.[223]

Twin cities

The walls and tower of an old ruined church set in a paved area and surrounded by a park. On the left is water with some pontoons morred and in the background office blocks, streets and church spires.
St Peter's ruined church in Castle Park, Bristol.

Bristol was among the first cities to adopt the idea of town twinning. In 1947 it was twinned with Bordeaux and then with Hannover,[232] the first post-war twinning of British and German cities. Twinnings with Porto, Portugal (1984),[233] Tbilisi, Georgia (1988),[234] Puerto Morazan, Nicaragua (1989), Beira, Mozambique (1990) and Guangzhou, China (2001),[235] Lecce (2011) have followed.[236]

See also

Geography image Geography portal
Europe image Europe portal
United Kingdom image United Kingdom portal
England image England portal
Bristol image Bristol portal

References

  1. ^ a b "Historical Weather for Bristol, England, United Kingdom". Weatherbase. Canty & Associates. June 2011. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=062730&refer=. Retrieved 3 August 2007. 
  2. ^ "Lead View Table: Bristol, City of (Local Authority)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930b30d59ced1e53dcc84d8784f2c8337bdd7245?a=5&b=276834&c=bristol&d=13&e=13&g=398712&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1306549942589&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1440. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c d "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – current datasets" (ZIP). National Statistics Online. Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/mid-09-uk-eng-wales-scot-northern-ireland-24-06-10.zip. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  4. ^ "Population and living conditions in Urban Audit cities, larger urban zone (LUZ) (tgs00080)". Eurostat. European Commission. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban/data_cities/tables_sub1. Retrieved 18 June 2011. 
  5. ^ "Bristol Facts". University of the West of England. http://www1.uwe.ac.uk/whyuwe/unbeatablebristol/aboutbristol/bristolfacts.aspx. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  6. ^ Manco, Jean (25 July 2009). "The Ranking of Provincial Towns in England 1066–1861". Delving into building history. Jean Manco. http://www.buildinghistory.org/town-rank.shtml. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  7. ^ Norwood, Graham (30 October 2007). "Bristol: seemingly unstoppable growth". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2007/oct/30/property. Retrieved 18 December 2007. 
  8. ^ staff writer (2011) "Run Barbados – History" Run Barbados http://www.runbarbados.org/about/history.aspx. Retrieved 17 January 3022 "Speightstown, the northern commercial centre, took its name from an English Family which owned property in the area. It is also known as "Little Bristol" because several of the old sailing ships traded – since 1630 – directly with the English port, Bristol where resides a museum and artefacts of Barbadian and African trade and Slavery." 
  9. ^ Staff writer (2009) "Speightstown" http://www.totallybarbados.com/barbados/About_Barbados/Local_Information/Towns_and_Places_of_Interest/Speightstown/. Retrieved 17 January 2011 
  10. ^ "Bristol on Geody". Geody. http://www.geody.com/geolook.php?world=terra&map=col&q=bristol&subm1=submit. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
  11. ^ Malvern, Jack (29 December 2008). "Richmond, in Surrey, is the most widely copied British place name worldwide". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5409039.ece. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
  12. ^ http://www.mintinit.com/famousbristolians.php
  13. ^ "The Palaeolithic in Bristol". Bristol City Council. 24 April 2007. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Local-History-Heritage/archaeology/palaeolithic-in-bristol.en. Retrieved 6 May 2007. 
  14. ^ "Bristol in the Iron Age". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Local-History-Heritage/archaeology/bristol-in-the-iron-age.en. Retrieved 10 March 2007. 
  15. ^ "Abona – Major Romano-British Settlement". www.Roman-Britain.org. http://www.roman-britain.org/places/abona.htm. Retrieved 17 December 2008. 
  16. ^ "Bristol in the Roman Period". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Local-History-Heritage/archaeology/bristol-in-the-roman-period.en. Retrieved 10 March 2007. 
  17. ^ Little, Bryan (1967). The City and County of Bristol. Wakefield: S. R. Publishers. p. ix. ISBN 0854095128. 
  18. ^ Lobel, M. D.; Carus-Wilson, E. M. (1975). "Bristol". In M. D. Lobel (ed.). The Atlas of Historic Towns. 2. London. pp. 2–3. 
  19. ^ Lobel; Carus-Wilson. "Bristol". p. 3. 
  20. ^ "The Impregnable City". Bristol Past. http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/castle.shtml. Retrieved 7 October 2007. 
  21. ^ Brace, Keith (1976). Portrait of Bristol. London: Robert Hale. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0709154358. 
  22. ^ "Bristol Bridge". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=378988. Retrieved 22 December 2006. 
  23. ^ Staff (2011 [last update]). "High Sheriff - City of Bristol County History". highsheriffs.com. http://www.highsheriffs.com/City%20of%20Bristol/City%20of%20BristolHistory.htm. Retrieved 19 June 2011. 
  24. ^ a b Rayfield, Jack (1985). Somerset & Avon. London: Cadogan. ISBN 0947754091. [page needed]
  25. ^ Carus Wilson, E.M. (1933). "The overseas trade of Bristol". In E. Power & M.M. Postan (eds.). Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century. London. 
  26. ^ McCulloch, John Ramsay (1839). A Statistical Account of the British Empire. London: Charles Knight and Co. pp. 398–399. 
  27. ^ W.R. Childs, 'Ireland's trade with England in the Later Middle Ages', Irish Economic & Social History, IX (1982)
  28. ^ Carus-Wilson, E.M. (1966). "The Iceland trade". In Power, Eileen; Postan, M.M.. Studies in English Trade in Fifteenth Century. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul PLC. ISBN 978-0710019707. 
  29. ^ E.M. Carus Wilson, 'The overseas trade of Bristol' in E. Power & M.M. Postan (eds.), Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933)
  30. ^ Jenks, S. (2006). Robert Sturmy's Commercial Expedition to the Mediterranean (1457/8). 58. Bristol Record Society Publications. 
  31. ^ Jones, Evan T. (2008). "Alwyn Ruddock: 'John Cabot and the Discovery of America'". Historical Research 81 (212): 231–34. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00422.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119408885/HTMLSTART. 
  32. ^ Williamson, J.A. (1962). The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII. (Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 120, CUP. 
  33. ^ Jones, Evan T. (August 2010). "Henry VII and the Bristol expeditions to North America: the Condon documents". Historical Research 83 (221): 444–454. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2009.00519.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122579649/HTMLSTART. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  34. ^ Connell-Smith, Gordon K. (1954). Forerunners of Drake: A Study of English Trade with Spain in the Early Tudor period. Published for the Royal Empire Society by Longmans, Green. 
  35. ^ Jones, Evan T. (February 2001). "Illicit business: accounting for smuggling in mid-sixteenth-century Bristol". The Economic History Review 54 (1): 17–38. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.00182. http://rose.bris.ac.uk/dspace/handle/1983/870. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  36. ^ Croft, Pauline (June 1989). "Trading with the Enemy 1585-1604". The Historical Journal 32 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00012152. JSTOR 2639602. 
  37. ^ Horn, Joyce M (1996). "BRISTOL: Introduction". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: volume 8: Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough dioceses (Institute of Historical Research): 3–6. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=35299. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  38. ^ Bettey, Joseph (1996). St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol. Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0901388726. 
  39. ^ "Royal Fort dig". Bristol University. 21 April 2009. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2009/6291.html. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  40. ^ a b "Triangular trade". National Maritime Museum. http://www.nmm.ac.uk/freedom/viewTheme.cfm/theme/triangular. Retrieved 22 March 2009. 
  41. ^ "Black Lives in England : The Slave Trade and Abolition". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612095123/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.17488. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  42. ^ "Lottery Fund rejects Bristol application in support of a major exhibition to commemorate the 200th Anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade" (PDF). British Empire & Commonwealth Museum. http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/pdf/pressoffice/press_release_13_12_05.pdf. Retrieved 10 March 2007. 
  43. ^ "Seven Stars, Slavery and Freedom!". Bristol Radical History Group. http://www.brh.org.uk/articles/seven_stars.html. Retrieved 18 December 2008. 
  44. ^ Cathcart, Brian (19 March 1995). "Rear Window: Newfoundland: Where fishes swim, men will fight" (fee required). The Independent, archived at Nexis (Independent News and Media). http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7005994385&format=GNBFI&sort=DATE,A,H&startDocNo=201&resultsUrlKey=29_T7005994368&cisb=22_T7006006002&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8200&docNo=220. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 
  45. ^ "Samuel Plimsoll – the seaman's friend". BBC – Bristol – History. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/05/14/plimsoll_feature.shtml. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  46. ^ Buchanan, R A; Cossons, Neil (1969). "2". The Industrial Archaeology of the Bristol Region. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0715343944. 
  47. ^ "A vision of Bristol UA/City". A Vision of Britain. University of Portsmouth. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/GBH_match_page.jsp?ons=Bristol. Retrieved 29 January 2007. 
  48. ^ Hunt, Henry (original circa 1818). Memoirs of Henry Hunt, Esq.. 3. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8hnt310.txt. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  49. ^ "BBC – Made in Bristol – 1831 Riot facts". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/madeinbristol/2004/04/riot/riot.shtml. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  50. ^ Penny, John. "The Luftwaffe over Bristol". Fishponds Local History Society. http://fishponds.org.uk/luftbrim.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  51. ^ "Four figures on Arno's Gateway". National Recording Project. Public Monument and Sculpture Association. http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/BL/BR137.htm. Retrieved 19 March 2007. 
  52. ^ Staff (2010 [last update]). "Bristol City Council: Record Office - catalogue: Bristol Record Office Film Collection". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/records-and-archives/bristol-record-office-film-collection.en. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  53. ^ Wessex Archaeology (November 2008). "Appendix_H_Cultural_Heritage.pdf (application/pdf Object)" (PDF). eon-uk.com. p. H-4. http://www.eon-uk.com/downloads/Appendix_H_Cultural_Heritage.pdf. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  54. ^ Staff (2011). "How the University is run". Bristol University. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/governance/. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  55. ^ Staff (21 February 2008). "Bristol University | News from the University | Wills Memorial Building". Bristol University. http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2008/12017945143.html. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  56. ^ Staff (2011). "UWE history timeline". UWE Bristol. http://www1.uwe.ac.uk/aboutus/history/uwehistorytimeline.aspx. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  57. ^ Staff (2011). "BAC 100: 2010 - 1910s". bac2010.co.uk. http://www.bac2010.co.uk/1910s.htm. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  58. ^ Lambert, Tim. "A brief history of Bristol". Local Histories. http://www.localhistories.org/bristol.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  59. ^ "Demolition of city tower begins". BBC News. 13 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/4608986.stm. Retrieved 10 March 2007. 
  60. ^ Atkinson, David; Laurier, David (May 1998). "A sanitised city? Social exclusion at Bristol's 1996 international festival of the sea". Geoforum 29 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/S0016-7185(98)00007-4. 
  61. ^ "History". Bristol Rugby. http://www.bristolrugby.co.uk/fans/history/. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  62. ^ "Bristol Rovers FC". Football Ground Guide. http://www.footballgroundguide.com/bristol_rovers/. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  63. ^ "Potted History". Bristol City FC. http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/Records/0,,10327~63412,00.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  64. ^ "Bristol City New Stadium". Bristol City New Stadium. http://www.bristolcitynewstadium.com/. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  65. ^ "Wards up for future elections". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=29953068&. Retrieved 22 July 2007. 
  66. ^ "Council leader battle resolved". BBC News. 27 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/6682343.stm. Retrieved 31 May 2007. 
  67. ^ "Labour 'lost council confidence'". BBC News Bristol. 25 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/7910368.stm. Retrieved 25 February 2009. 
  68. ^ "Lib Dems take control of Bristol". BBC News. 5 June 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/8080787.stm. Retrieved 5 June 2009. 
  69. ^ "Lord Mayor of Bristol". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Council-Democracy/Elected-Representatives/lord-mayor-of-bristol.en. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  70. ^ "Bristol's Members of Parliament and Members of the European Parliament". Bristol City Council. 2005. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Council-Democracy/Elected-Representatives/bristols-members-of-parliament-and-mep-listings.en. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  71. ^ Alan Rusbridger (10 November 2005). "In praise of... the Race Relations Acts". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/nov/10/race.immigrationpolicy. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  72. ^ Morris, Steven (4 March 2005). "From slave trade to fair trade, Bristol's new image". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2005/mar/04/fairtrade.ethicalliving. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  73. ^ "LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL (Hansard, 16 November 1971)". hansard.millbanksystems.com. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1971/nov/16/local-government-bill#S5CV0826P0_19711116_HOC_316. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  74. ^ "The Avon (Structural Change) Order 1995". www.opsi.gov.uk. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19950493_en_10.htm. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  75. ^ "Area boundary for the Bristol unitary authority". NOMIS Labour market statistics. Office for National Statistics. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/keystats/sqmap.aspx?kv=1312817302&type=-1&title=Bristol%3b+City+of+UA+. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
  76. ^ Pointer, Graham (2005). "The UK’s major urban areas" (PDF). Focus on People and Migration. Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/03_fopm_urbanareas.pdf. Retrieved 21 June 2011. 
  77. ^ "Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas" (xls). Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
  78. ^ Atkins (2005). "Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study" (PDF). South West Regional Assembly. http://www.southwesteip.co.uk/downloads/documents/sts.pdf. Retrieved 5 February 2009. 
  79. ^ Staff (4 Frebruary 2011). "Avon and Somerset safety camera team to be disbanded". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-12354243. Retrieved 21 June 2011. 
  80. ^ "CotswoldS AONB". Cotswold AONB. http://www.cotswoldsaonb.org.uk/?page=Map. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  81. ^ a b Hawkins, Alfred Brian (1973). "The geology and slopes of the Bristol region". Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology (London: Geological Society of London) 6 (3–4): 185–205. doi:10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1973.006.03.02. 
  82. ^ "Average annual temperature". Meteorological Office. 2000. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  83. ^ "Average annual sunshine". Meteorological Office. 2000. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  84. ^ "Average annual rainfall". Meteorological Office. 2000. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  85. ^ "Yeovilton 1971–2000 averages". Meteorological Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/yeovilton.html. Retrieved 3 August 2007. 
  86. ^ Staff writer (9 November 2008). "Bristol is Britain's greenest city". Evening Post. Bristol News and Media. http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/news/Bristol-Britain-s-greenest-city/article-460966-detail/article.html. Retrieved 5 July 2009. 
  87. ^ "Sustainable Cities Index 2008". Forum for the Future. 25 November 2008. http://www.forumforthefuture.org/sustainable-cities08. Retrieved 5 July 2009. [dead link]
  88. ^ Sustrans, 2002. The Official Guide to the National Cycle Network. 2nd ed. Italy: Canile & Turin. ISBN 1-901389-35-9. Relevant section reproduced here [1].
  89. ^ "Resourcesaver: Home Page". Beehive. Bristol News and Media. http://beehive.thisisbristol.com/default.asp?WCI=SiteHome&ID=4624. Retrieved 5 July 2009. 
  90. ^ "Mid 2007 population". Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2007_UK_England_&_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland%20_21_08_08.zip. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  91. ^ "Population Estimates". Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6. Retrieved 27 February 2009. 
  92. ^ "ONS 2005 Mid-Year Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 20 December 2005. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9090&More=Y. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  93. ^ "Usual resident population". Office for National Statistics, Census 2001. 5 August 2004. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&Pos=2&ColRank=1&Rank=224. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  94. ^ a b "The UKs major urban areas" (PDF). Office for National Statistics, 2001. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/03_FOPM_UrbanAreas.pdf. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  95. ^ "The Population of Bristol" (PDF). Bristol City Council. p. 5. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=29800002&. Retrieved 12 June 2011. [dead link]
  96. ^ "ONS 2005 Mid-Year Estimates". Office for National Statistics. 10 October 2006. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9395&More=Y. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  97. ^ "Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group". Office for National Statistics, 2009. 2009. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930b30d59ced1e53dcc84d8784f2c8337bdd7245?a=5&b=276834&c=bristol&d=13&e=13&g=398712&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1306549942589&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1440. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
  98. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Bristol England through time – Population Statistics – Total Population". Great Britain Historical GIS Project. University of Portsmouth. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_POP_CHANGE&u_id=10056676&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 21 June 2009. 
  99. ^ Russell, Joshiah Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 142–143. 
  100. ^ Latimer, John (1900). Annals of Bristol in the seventeenth century. Bristol: William George's Sons. p. 34. ISBN 978-1143198397. 
  101. ^ "Chapter 3 – Murage, keyage and pavage". British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=108165. Retrieved 20 March 2009. 
  102. ^ Knowles, Elizabeth (2006). The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198602197. [page needed]
  103. ^ "Bristol Today – a thriving economy". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Tourism-Travel/bristol-today-an-overview-of-the-city.en?page=2#internalSection2. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  104. ^ "History of the MOD". MoD. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/History/HistoryOfTheMOD/. Retrieved 25 March 2009. 
  105. ^ "Sub-regional: Gross value added1 (GVA) at current basic price" (xls). Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/regional_snapshot_2006/SubregionalGVA.xls. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  106. ^ "Lead Key Figures". Office for National Statistics. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276834&c=BS8+4NQ&d=13&e=4&g=398722&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1237069317892&enc=1. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  107. ^ "Gloucester, 1835–1985 – Economic development to 1914". www.british-history.ac.uk. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42297. Retrieved 20 March 2009. 
  108. ^ "About". The Bristol Port Company. http://www.bristolport.co.uk/about. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  109. ^ "About Averys Wine Merchants". Averys of Bristol. 2011. http://www.averys.com/xsite~xsite~aboutaverys.xml~navid~home~navid2~about~brand~AVERYS~mscssid~1FFC0DDF2C2D4400BCD27591310BB5C8.aspx. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  110. ^ "Invest West – the West of England Financial & Business Services Sector". Invest West. http://www.investwest.org/default.aspx?mId=19. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  111. ^ "About the Region". Silicon Southwest. http://www.siliconsouthwest.co.uk/index.php?page=portfolio&dept=rsd_dept&subpage=view_portfolio&portfolio_id=1. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  112. ^ "HP Lab, Bristol, UK". Hewlet Packard. http://www.hpl.hp.com/bristol/. Retrieved 22 March 2009. 
  113. ^ "Bristol Today – an overview of the city". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Tourism-Travel/bristol-today-an-overview-of-the-city.en. Retrieved 10 March 2007. 
  114. ^ a b Boyne, Walter J (1 July 2002). Air Warfare. ABC-Clio. p. 105. ISBN 1576073459. http://books.google.com/?id=FW_50wm8VnMC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=famous+bristol+planes. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  115. ^ "A brief history of the Bristol Marque". Bristol Owners Club. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061007123103/http://www.boc.net/history.html. Retrieved 29 August 2007. 
  116. ^ Staff (2 March 1969). "BBC On This Day: 2 March 1969: Concorde flies for the first time". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514535.stm. Retrieved 22 June 2011. 
  117. ^ "Concorde at Filton". BAC Trading Ltd. http://www.concordeatfilton.org.uk/. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  118. ^ "Dr Doug Naysmith – Bristol Northwest". ePolitix.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090603210702/http://www.epolitix.com/mpwebsites/mpwebsitepage/mpsite/dr-doug-naysmith/mppage/constituency-5/. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
  119. ^ "Airbus in UK". www.airbus.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822031810/http://www.airbus.com/en/worldwide/airbus_in_uk.html. Retrieved 20 March 2009. 
  120. ^ "Balloon Fiesta: How to make a hot-air balloon". BBC Bristol. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/07/14/fiesta_how_do_you_make_a_balloon_feature.shtml. Retrieved 31 December 2008. 
  121. ^ "BBC – Bristol – Balloon Fiesta – Balloon Fiesta: Don Cameron". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/07/28/fiesta_don_cameron_feature.shtml. Retrieved 5 February 2009. 
  122. ^ "Bristol shopping centre Cabot Circus will lift city into top 10 say business leaders". www.thisisbristol.co.uk. http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Cabot-Circus-puts-belong/story-11265480-detail/story.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  123. ^ Mrath (23 December 2008). "DK Eyewitness Travel top 10 cities of the world". This Is Bristol. Northcliffe Media. http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Bristol-10-cities-world/story-11290933-detail/story.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  124. ^ "Aim to create 20,000 jobs by revitalising derelict land around Temple Meads, Bristol". thisisbristol.co.uk (Bristol Evening Post). 8 June 2011. http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Aim-create-20-000-jobs-revitalising-derelict-land/story-12730270-detail/story.html. Retrieved 18 August 2011. 
  125. ^ "Six Cities Make Short List For European Capital Of Culture 2008". Department for Culture, Media and Sport. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2877.aspx. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  126. ^ "The Theatre Royal". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=379885. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  127. ^ a b "Grade I Listed Buildings in Bristol" (PDF). Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/;jsessionid=4F42388454C5F5D3A5CA2E3AF5F560AA.tcwwwaplaws3?asset_id=20848045. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  128. ^ Rowe, Mark (27 March 2005). "England special: In the footsteps of Bristol's slave traders" (fee required). The Independent on Sunday archived at Nexis (Independent News and Media). http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7005863589&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7005863592&cisb=22_T7005863591&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8200&docNo=6. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 
  129. ^ "About Us". Theatre Bristol. http://theatrebristol.net/about. Retrieved 8 May 2008. 
  130. ^ "Bristol and West General Branch". Equity. http://www.equity.org.uk/branches/?branchid=37. Retrieved 8 May 2008. 
  131. ^ "About". Residence. http://www.residence.org.uk/node/34. Retrieved 8 May 2008. 
  132. ^ Kellman, Andy. "Glaxo Babies > Overview". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p17887. Retrieved 11 October 2009. 
  133. ^ Dougan, John. "The Pop Group > Overview". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p19932. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  134. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Tricky > Overview". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p132766. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  135. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Portishead > Biography". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p45223. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  136. ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Massive Attack > Biography". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p13625. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  137. ^ Cooper, Sean. "Roni Size > Biography". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p199290. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  138. ^ Bush, John. "Krust > Overview". www.allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p199939. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  139. ^ Prato, Greg. "More Rockers > Overview". www.allmusic.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060322084125/http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  140. ^ "Blagging and Boasting". Metroactive Music. Metro Publishing Inc. http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/06.18.98/bristol-9824.html. Retrieved 16 June 2011. 
  141. ^ Reid, Melanie (18 July 2007). "A student's guide to...University of Bristol". UK: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/article2097881.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  142. ^ "Bristol's music scene". PortCities Bristol. http://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/to_showNarrative.php?narId=508&nacId=511. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  143. ^ "Bristol is Britain's 'most musical city'". BBC. 12 March 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bristol/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8563000/8563916.stm. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 
  144. ^ "Bristol Industrial Museum (closed for refurbishment)". Culture 24. http://www.culture24.org.uk/sw000009. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  145. ^ "Bristol City Council: Museums and galleries Portal". Bristol City Council. 2011. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/museums-and-galleries/;jsessionid=37F45F48BE510EEC1E82C139153E5044.tcwwwaplaws2. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  146. ^ "A Short History of the RWA". Royal West of England Academy. 2009. http://www.rwa.org.uk/histfrm.htm. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  147. ^ "Aardman Animations Biography". www.screenonline.org.uk. http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/530232/index.html. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  148. ^ "Natural History Film and TV". Bristol Green Capital. 2011 [last update]. http://www.bristolgreencapital.org/green-capital/green-space-biodiversity/natural-history-film-and-tv. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  149. ^ Davies, Gail (1998). "Networks of nature: Stories of Natural History Film-Making from the BBC" (PDF). UCL EPrints (London: University College London): 11–15. http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/5188/1/5188.pdf. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  150. ^ "ANIMAL MAGIC". www.televisionheaven.co.uk. http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/animal.htm. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  151. ^ "Chatterton – Bristol's boy poet". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/features/2002/09/04/chatterton.shtml. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  152. ^ "Robert Southey". Spartacus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsouthey.htm. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  153. ^ Webb, Samantha (2006). "'Not so pleasant to the taste': Coleridge in Bristol during the mixed bread campaign of 1795". Romanticism (Edinburgh University Press) 12 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1353/rom.2006.0009. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/romanticism/v012/12.1webb.html. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  154. ^ Newlyn, Lucy (2001). Coleridge, Wordsworth and the Language of Allusion. ISBN 9780199242597. http://books.google.com/?id=8HYfnrv5fiwC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=wordsworth+bristol. Retrieved 20 December 2008. [page needed]
  155. ^ "Samuel Taylor Coleridge". NNDB. Soylent Communications. http://www.nndb.com/people/852/000024780/. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  156. ^ Joseph, Claudia. "Graffiti artist Banksy unmasked ... as a former public schoolboy from middle-class suburbia". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1034538/Graffiti-artist-Banksy-unmasked---public-schoolboy-middle-class-suburbia.html. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  157. ^ Morris, Sophie (11 December 2006). "Justin Lee Collins: My Life in Media". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/justin-lee-collins-my-life-in-media-427936.html. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  158. ^ "Lee Evans Biography (1964–)". www.filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/55/Lee-Evans.html. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  159. ^ Cavendish, Dominic (1 March 2008). "Russell Howard: Russell who isn't a brand - Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/comedy/3671535/Russell-Howard-Russell-who-isnt-a-brand.html. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  160. ^ Ellen, Barbara (5 November 2006). "Barbara Ellen meets the 6ft 7in comedy giant Stephen Merchant". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2006/nov/05/comedy.television1. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  161. ^ "Derren Brown Info – Info". www.derrenbrowninfo.co.uk. http://www.derrenbrowninfo.co.uk/info.php. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  162. ^ "Chris Morris Profile". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/profiles/chris_morris.shtml. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  163. ^ "Simon Pegg Profile". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/profiles/simon_pegg.shtml. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  164. ^ "International Student Accommodation Bristol – Go Live It – Student Residences, Flats and Houses". goliveit.net. http://goliveit.net/bristol/student-accommodation. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  165. ^ a b c Viner, Brian (16 December 2006). "Matt Lucas: Pride and prejudice – Profiles, People – The Independent". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/matt-lucas-pride-and-prejudice-428674.html. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  166. ^ "Biography for Cary Grant". IMdB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000026/bio. Retrieved 5 January 2009. 
  167. ^ "BOVTS Past Graduates". Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617205020/http://www.oldvic.ac.uk/past_graduates.html. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  168. ^ "Cleese's contribution to comedy". BBC News. 12 June 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5071150.stm. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  169. ^ "Hugo Weaving – Biography". IMdB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0915989/bio. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 
  170. ^ "David Prowse". www.imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001190/bio. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  171. ^ "Bristol City Council: Listed buildings register: Listed buildings". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Conservation/listed-buildings/listed-buildings.en. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  172. ^ Burrough, THB (1970). Bristol. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 0289798043. [page needed]
  173. ^ "Church of St James". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=380890. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  174. ^ "Red Lodge and attached rubble walls and entrance steps". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=380113. Retrieved 10 March 2007. 
  175. ^ "St Nicholas' Almshouses, Nos.1–10". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=379882. Retrieved 21 February 2007. 
  176. ^ "Llandoger Trow". Images of England. English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=379857. Retrieved 22 February 2007. 
  177. ^ Andrew Foyle, Bristol, Pevsner Architectural Guides (2004) ISBN 0-300-10442-1[page needed]
  178. ^ Pictoral history of Bristol, bristolhistory.com. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
  179. ^ Winstone, Reece (1985). Bristol's Suburbs Long Ago. Reece Winstone. p. 124. ISBN 0-900814-65-2. 
  180. ^ "POTTED HISTORY". Bristol City FC. 6 June 2008. http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/Records/0,,10327~63412,00.html. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  181. ^ "Bristol Rugby : History Page". www.bristolrugby.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080731171020/http://www.bristolrugby.co.uk/history.php. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  182. ^ "Gloucestershire County Cricket Club". www.gloscricket.co.uk. http://www.gloscricket.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  183. ^ Bamford, Roger (30 September 2003). Bristol Bulldogs Speedway : Bristol Bulldogs Speedway. NPI Media Group. p. 128. ISBN 978-0752428659. http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/Default.aspx?tabid=7613&ProductID=3680. 
  184. ^ "Balloon Fiesta celebrates 30 years". BBC Bristol. 14 April 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/03/20/balloon_fiesta2008_feature.shtml. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  185. ^ "Bristol Mountain Bike Club". Bristol Mountain Bike Club. http://www.north-bristol-mountain-bike-club.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  186. ^ "Media titles owned by Daily Mail and General Trust". Media UK. http://www.mediauk.com/owners/42/daily-mail-and-general-trust. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  187. ^ "Bristol, Somerset & Gloucestershire". Northcliffe Media. http://www.northcliffemedia.co.uk/our-regions/south-west-and-wales/bristol-somerset-gloucestershire. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  188. ^ "Bristol Media – Directory". Bristol Media. http://www.bristolmedia.co.uk/directory/latest. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  189. ^ "Ujima 98 FM". Ujima 98 FM. http://www.ujimaradio.com/. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  190. ^ "106 JACK fm (Bristol)". 106 JACK fm (Bristol). http://www.jackbristol.com. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  191. ^ "BBC's Casualty to move to Wales". BBC News. 26 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/7965895.stm. Retrieved 28 March 2009. 
  192. ^ Staff (14 August 2003). "Calling All Bristolians". BBC Bristol. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/sop/brizzle/story.shtml. Retrieved 19 June 2011. 
  193. ^ "An Introduction to Newfoundland Vernacular English". Language Variation in Canada. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080629051238/http://www.unh.edu/linguistics/courses/790CS/final.papers/NF.English.paper.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2007. 
  194. ^ Elmes, Simon (2005). Talking for Britain: A Journey Through the Nation's Dialects. Penguin Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-0140515626. 
  195. ^ "Key Statistics 07: Religion". Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. 13 February 2003. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=6563&More=Y. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  196. ^ "The New Room Bristol – John Wesley's Chapel in the Horsefair". The New Room Bristol. http://www.newroombristol.org.uk/. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  197. ^ "Mosques in Bristol". Mosque Directory. http://www.mosquedirectory.co.uk/search_mosque/mosquesearch-place.php?mosque=bristol&page=1&town=Bishopston. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  198. ^ "Bristol Buddhist Forum". www.bristolbuddhistforum.org.uk. http://www.bristolbuddhistforum.org.uk/groups.htm. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  199. ^ "The Bristol Hindu Temple". www.bristolhindutemple.co.uk. http://www.bristolhindutemple.co.uk/. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  200. ^ "Synagogues in Bristol – Shuls in Bristol – Jewish Temples in Bristol". www.mavensearch.com. http://www.mavensearch.com/synagogues/C3382Y41287RX. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  201. ^ "Bristol Sikh Temple". www.bristolsikhtemple.co.uk. http://www.bristolsikhtemple.co.uk/. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  202. ^ "Ramgharia Sikh Temple (Gurwara)". England's Past for Everyone in Bristol. Victoria County History. http://www.englandspastforeveryone.org.uk/Counties/Bristol/Projects/EthnicMinorities/Items/Ramgharia_Sikh_Temple?Session/@id=D_dLx4XM484WWSGX1LR3yf. Retrieved 23 August 2009. 
  203. ^ "UK Gurdwara List: Avon". British Organisation of Sikh Students. http://www.boss-uk.org/gurdwara/#avon. Retrieved 23 August 2009. 
  204. ^ "List of primary schools in Bristol". Bristol LEA. http://www.bristol-cyps.org.uk/schools/contacts/school_list_primary.html. Retrieved 13 April 2006. 
  205. ^ "List of secondary schools in Bristol". Bristol LEA. http://www.bristol-cyps.org.uk/schools/contacts/school_list_secondary.html. Retrieved 13 April 2006. 
  206. ^ Polly, Curtis (29 January 2008). "To have and have not". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/jan/29/publicschools.schools. Retrieved 29 January 2008. 
  207. ^ "Bristol Independent Girls' Schools". Redmaids' School. http://www.redmaids.bristol.sch.uk/page/view/id/1/base/1/. Retrieved 15 March 2009. 
  208. ^ "Vice-Chancellor's speeches and articles". University of Bristol. 11 November 2005. http://www.bris.ac.uk/university/vc/science-city.html. Retrieved 6 May 2007. 
  209. ^ "City science park partner named". BBC News. 20 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/4925556.stm. Retrieved 6 May 2007. 
  210. ^ "Create Centre". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Environment-Planning/sustainability/create.en. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
  211. ^ "Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829)". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/davy_humphrey.shtml. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  212. ^ "Dirac biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Dirac.html. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  213. ^ "barnstormpr – The website of Professor Colin Pillinger, CBE FRS". colinpillinger.com. http://colinpillinger.com/barnstormpr.co.uk/biography.htm. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  214. ^ "Professor Richard Gregory on-line". www.richardgregory.org. http://www.richardgregory.org/. Retrieved 7 March 2009. 
  215. ^ "Flying Start Challenge". www.flyingstartchallenge.co.uk. http://www.flyingstartchallenge.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  216. ^ a b c "Bristol (UK)". www.progress-project.org. http://www.progress-project.org/Progress/bristol.html. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  217. ^ "Abus". http://www.abus.co.uk/. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  218. ^ "Buglers 500 Service" (PDF). http://www.buglercoaches.co.uk/documents/500Route.pdf. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  219. ^ "Ulink". http://www.uwe.ac.uk/hsv/transport/bus.shtml. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  220. ^ "Wessex Connect". http://wessexconnect.net/. Retrieved 20 December 2008. 
  221. ^ Kerry McCarthy, et al. (17 January 2006). "Oral Answers to Questions—Transport". British House of Commons. Hansard. http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=2006-01-17c.685.4. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  222. ^ "Bus firm must reduce city fleet". BBC News. 25 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/4716023.stm. Retrieved 6 May 2007. 
  223. ^ a b "Joint Local Transport Plan". B&NES, Bristol City, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire councils. 2006. http://travelplus.org.uk/our-vision/joint-local-transport-plan-3/let%27s-talk---read-the-draft-jltp3. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 
  224. ^ "Motorcycles". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Transport-Streets/Roads-highways-and-pavements/motorcycles/motorcycles.en. Retrieved 24 September 2007. 
  225. ^ "Memorandum on Government Discrimination against Innovative Low-cost Light Rail in favour of Urban Diesel Buses" (PDF). Sustraco / H.M. Treasury. March 2006. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/sus_2.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
  226. ^ Atkins (2005). "Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study Chapter 6". http://www.gbsts.com/. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  227. ^ "Park and Ride". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/transport-and-streets/parking/park-and-ride/. Retrieved 8 May 2007. 
  228. ^ "Ferry Services". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Transport-Streets/Public-Transport/ferry-services.en;jsessionid=6D9825506E1B2B50048CD0610363B88D.tcwwwaplaws1. Retrieved 22 August 2010. 
  229. ^ "Bristol-Portishead Rail Link". House of Commons Debate. Hansard. 24 January 2005. http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2005-01-24a.134.0. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  230. ^ "Greater Bristol Metro" (PDF). West of England Partnership. http://www.westofengland.org/media/98508/item%2004%20greater%20bristol%20metro%2013%20march%202009.pdf. Retrieved 20 September 2009. 
  231. ^ "Bristol named first cycling city". BBC NEWS. 19 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/7462791.stm. Retrieved 16 March 2009. 
  232. ^ "Hanover – Twinn Towns" (in German). Region of Hannover. http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html. Retrieved 17 July 2009. 
  233. ^ "International Relations of the City of Porto" (PDF). City of Porto. http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf. Retrieved 10 July 2009. 
  234. ^ "Tbilisi Municipal Portal – Sister Cities". 2009 – Tbilisi City Hall. http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571. Retrieved 16 June 2009. 
  235. ^ "Sister Cities of Guangzhou". Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Item/3970.aspx. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 
  236. ^ "Bristol City – Town twinning". Bristol City Council. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/. Retrieved 17 July 2009. 

External links

Neighbouring counties
Gloucestershire
Severn Estuary Gloucestershire
   Bristol    
Somerset
v · d · eSubdivisions of Bristol
Constituencies
Wards
Ashley · Avonmouth · Bedminster  · Bishopston · Bishopsworth · Brislington East · Brislington West · Cabot · Clifton · Clifton East · Cotham · Easton · Eastville · Filwood · Frome Vale · Hartcliffe · Henbury · Hengrove · Henleaze · Hillfields · Horfield · Kingsweston · Knowle · Lawrence Hill · Lockleaze · Redland · Southmead · Southville · St George East · St George West · Stockwood · Stoke Bishop · Westbury-on-Trym · Whitchurch Park · Windmill Hill
Neighbourhoods
City centre · Arnos Vale · Ashley Down · Ashton Gate · Ashton Vale · Avonmouth · Baptist Mills · Barton Hill · Bedminster · Bedminster Down · Bishopston · Bishopsworth · Blaise Hamlet · Bower Ashton · Brentry · Brislington · Broadmead · Broomhill near Brislington · Broomhill near Stapleton · Canon's Marsh · Chester Park · Chittening · Clifton · Cliftonwood · Coombe Dingle · Cotham · Crew's Hole · Crofts End · Easton · Eastville · Filwood Park · Fishponds · Golden Hill · Greenbank · Hartcliffe · Headley Park · Henbury · Hengrove · Henleaze · Hillfields · Horfield · Hotwells · Kensington Park · Kingsdown · Knowle · Knowle West · Lawrence Hill · Lawrence Weston · Lockleaze · Lodge Hill · Mayfield Park · Monks Park · Montpelier · Old City · Redcliffe · Redfield · Redland · Sea Mills · Shirehampton · Sneyd Park · Southmead · Southville · Speedwell · Spike Island · St Andrews · St Annes · St George · St Jude's · St Pauls · St Philips Marsh · St Werburghs · Stapleton · Stockwood · Stoke Bishop · Stokes Croft · Totterdown · Tyndalls Park · Upper Knowle · Westbury-on-Trym · Westbury Park · Whitchurch · Whitehall · Windmill Hill · Withywood

The following suburbs are in the same urban area but lie in South Gloucestershire
Other Notable Areas
v · West Country
Counties
Bristol • Cornwall • Devon • Dorset • Gloucestershire • Somerset • Wiltshire
Major Cities
Bristol • Plymouth
Cities and towns
100k-250k
Cities and towns
25k-99k
Barnstaple • Bath • Chippenham • Christchurch • Exmouth • Kingswood • Nailsea • Salisbury • Stroud •Taunton • Trowbridge • Weston-super-Mare • Weymouth • Yeovil
Cities and towns
10k-25k
v · d · eUnitary authorities of England
Districts

Bath and North East Somerset · Bedford · Blackburn with Darwen · Blackpool · Bournemouth · Bracknell Forest · Brighton and Hove · Bristol · Central Bedfordshire · Cheshire East · Cheshire West and Chester · Cornwall · County Durham · Darlington · Derby · East Riding of Yorkshire · Halton · Hartlepool · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Luton · Medway · Middlesbrough · Milton Keynes · North East Lincolnshire · North Lincolnshire · North Somerset · Northumberland · Nottingham · Peterborough · Plymouth · Poole · Portsmouth · Reading · Redcar and Cleveland · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Southampton · Southend-on-Sea · South Gloucestershire · Stockton-on-Tees · Stoke-on-Trent · Swindon · Telford and Wrekin  · Thurrock · Torbay · Warrington · West Berkshire · Wiltshire · Windsor and Maidenhead · Wokingham · York

 Unitary-Map-EnglandSubdivisions2009.png
Councils

Bournemouth · Cornwall · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Middlesbrough · Northumberland · Nottingham · Poole · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Thurrock · Wiltshire
v · d · eFlag of England Districts of South West England
Devon
Dorset
Gloucestershire
Somerset
Unitary authorities
Bath and North East Somerset · Bournemouth · Bristol · Cornwall · Isles of Scilly · North Somerset · Plymouth · Poole · South Gloucestershire · Swindon · Torbay · Wiltshire
v · d · eCities of the United Kingdom
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Armagh · Belfast · Derry · Lisburn · Newry
v · d · e25 largest settlements in the UK by urban core population*
   
  1. London: 7,172,091
  2. Birmingham: 970,892
  3. Glasgow: 629,501
  4. Liverpool: 469,017
  5. Leeds: 443,247
  1. Sheffield: 439,866
  2. Edinburgh: 430,082
  3. Bristol: 420,556
  4. Manchester: 394,269
  5. Leicester: 330,574
  1. Coventry: 303,475
  2. Kingston-upon-Hull: 301,416
  3. Bradford: 293,717
  4. Cardiff: 292,150
  5. Belfast: 276,459
  1. Stoke-on-Trent: 259,252
  2. Wolverhampton: 251,462
  3. Nottingham: 249,584
  4. Plymouth: 243,795
  5. Southampton: 234,224
  1. Reading: 232,662
  2. Derby: 229,407
  3. Dudley: 194,619
  4. Newcastle upon Tyne: 189,863
  5. Northampton: 189,474
*Based on 2001 Census data.
v · d · eSettlements on the River Severn between Gloucester and Bristol (heading downstream)
Gloucester · Minsterworth · Framilode  · Newnham · Arlingham  · Frampton · Awre  · Purton (east bank)  · Purton (west bank)  · Sharpness · Lydney · Berkeley · Shepperdine · Oldbury · Littleton · Chepstow · Beachley · Aust · Severn Beach  · Bristol

Coordinates: 51°27′N 2°35′W / 51.45°N 2.583°W / 51.45; -2.583


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Bristol LH — Bristol Bristol LH Hersteller: Bristol Commercial Vehicles Bauart: Linienbus Produktionszeitraum: 1967 1982 …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bristol MW — Bristol Bristol MW Hersteller: Bristol Commercial Vehicles Bauart: Linienbus Produktionszeitraum: 1957 1967 …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bristol RE — Bristol Bristol RE Hersteller: Bristol Commercial Vehicles Bauart: Linienbus Produktionszeitraum: 1962 1982 …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bristol — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Para otros usos de este término, véase Bristol (desambiguación). Bristol es una ciudad y un condado de Inglaterra y uno de los dos centros administrativos del sudoeste de Inglaterra (el otro es la ciudad de Plymouth) …   Wikipedia Español

  • BRISTOL — Ville britannique située dans le comté de Gloucestershire, sur le fleuve Avon, à proximité de l’estuaire de la Severn. En dépit de conditions de navigation difficiles (très forte ampleur de la marée dans l’estuaire), Bristol doit sa fortune à son …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Bristol HG — Bristol HG, Baujahr 1961 (links) …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Bristol — Bristol, NH U.S. Census Designated Place in New Hampshire Population (2000): 1670 Housing Units (2000): 928 Land area (2000): 4.742879 sq. miles (12.284000 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.019775 sq. miles (0.051216 sq. km) Total area (2000):… …   StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places

  • Bristol F.2B — Bristol F.2 Bristol F.2 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Bristol F.2a — Bristol F.2 Bristol F.2 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • bristol — BRÍSTOL, s.n. Hârtie albă, groasă, de calitate foarte bună, din care se fac copertele de cărţi şi cărţile de vizită; p. ext. carte de vizită. – Din fr. bristol. Trimis de valeriu, 21.03.2003. Sursa: DEX 98  brístol s. n. Trimis de siveco,… …   Dicționar Român

  • Bristol M.1 — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Bristol Bullet Tipo Caza Fabricante …   Wikipedia Español

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”