Reading, Berkshire

Reading
—  Town & Borough  —
The Oracle, Town Hall and St Laurence's Church, Skyline from Reading West, Reading Abbey and Reading Festival
Coat of Arms of Reading Borough Council
Motto: A Deo et Regina With God and Queen
Reading shown within Berkshire
Coordinates: 51°27′15″N 0°58′23″W / 51.45417°N 0.97306°W / 51.45417; -0.97306Coordinates: 51°27′15″N 0°58′23″W / 51.45417°N 0.97306°W / 51.45417; -0.97306
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	South East England
Ceremonial county	Berkshire
Admin HQ	Reading
Settled	871 or earlier
Town Status	1086 or earlier
Government
– Type	Unitary authorities
– Governing bodies	Reading Borough Council, but also including parts of Wokingham Borough and West Berkshire
Elevation	200 ft (61 m)
Population (2010 est.[1])
– Total	232,662 (Ranked 21st in UK)
– Density	10,885.7/sq mi (4,203/km2)
– Borough	154,200 (Ranked 118th)
– Borough Density	9,886/sq mi (3,817/km2)
– Ethnicity[2]	82.0% White (74.2% White British) 8.4% South Asian 4.3 % Black 2.7% Mixed Race 1.1% Chinese 1.5% Other
Demonym	Readingensian[3] Readingite[4]
Time zone	GMT (UTC+0)
– Summer (DST)	BST (UTC+1)
Postal Code	RG
Area code(s)	0118
Twin Cities
– Düsseldorf	Germany (since 1988)
– Clonmel	Ireland (since 1994)
– S.Francisco Libre	Nicaragua (since 1994)
– Speightstown	Barbados (since 2003)
Grid Ref.	SU713733
ONS code	00MC
ISO 3166-2	GB-RDG
NUTS 3	UKJ11
Website	reading.gov.uk

Reading (ⁱ/ˈrɛdɪŋ/ red-ing) is a large town and unitary authority area in England. It is located in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some 40 miles (64 km) west of London.

The town's urban population was 232,662 at the 2001 Census; the Borough of Reading has a population of 145,700 (2008 estimate). The town is currently represented in the UK parliament by two members, and has been continuously represented there since 1295. For ceremonial purposes the town is in the county of Berkshire and has served as its county town since 1867, previously sharing this status with Abingdon.^[5]

The first evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century. Reading was an important centre in the medieval period, as the site of Reading Abbey, a monastery with strong royal connections. The town was seriously impacted by the Civil War, with a major siege and loss of trade, and played a pivotal role in the Revolution of 1688, with that revolution's only significant military action fought on the streets of the town. The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway and the development of the town's brewing, baking and seed growing businesses.

Today Reading is a commercial centre, with involvement in information technology and insurance, and, despite its proximity to London, has a net inward commuter flow. The town is also a retail centre serving a large area of the Thames Valley, and is home to the University of Reading. Every year it hosts the Reading Festival, one of England's biggest music festivals. Sporting teams based in Reading include Reading Football Club and the London Irish rugby union team, and over 15,000 runners annually compete in the Reading Half Marathon.

History

Main article: History of Reading, Berkshire

Reading may have existed as early as the Roman occupation of Britain, possibly as a trading port for Calleva Atrebatum.^[6] However the first clear evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century, when the town came to be known as Readingum. The name probably comes from the Readingas, an Anglo-Saxon tribe whose name means Reada's People in Old English,^[7] or less probably the Celtic Rhydd-Inge, meaning Ford over the River.^[8]

In late 870, an army of Danes invaded the kingdom of Wessex and set up camp at Reading. On 4 January 871, in the first Battle of Reading, King Ethelred and his brother Alfred the Great attempted unsuccessfully to breach the Danes' defences. The battle is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and that account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of Reading. The Danes remained in Reading until late in 871, when they retreated to winter quarters in London.^[9][10]

After the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror gave land in and around Reading to his foundation of Battle Abbey. In its 1086 Domesday Book listing, the town was explicitly described as a borough. The presence of six mills is recorded: four on land belonging to the king and two on the land given to Battle Abbey.^[10]

Reading Abbey was founded in 1121 by Henry I, who is buried within the Abbey grounds. As part of his endowments, he gave the abbey his lands in Reading, along with land at Cholsey.^[10][11] It is not known how badly Reading was affected by the Black Death that swept through England in the 14th century, but it is known that the abbot of Reading Abbey, Henry of Appleford, was one of its victims in 1361, and that nearby Henley lost 60% of its population.^[12] The Abbey was largely destroyed in 1538 during Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries. The last abbot, Hugh Cook Faringdon, was subsequently tried and convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn and quartered in front of the Abbey Church.^[13][14]

The earliest map of Reading, published in 1611 by John Speed

By 1525, Reading was the largest town in Berkshire, and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England when measured by taxable wealth. By 1611, it had a population of over 5000 and had grown rich on its trade in cloth, as instanced by the fortune made by local merchant John Kendrick.^{[12] [15]}

Reading played an important role during the English Civil War. Despite its fortifications, it had a Royalist garrison imposed on it in 1642. The subsequent Siege of Reading by Parliamentary forces succeeded in April 1643. The town's cloth trade was especially badly damaged, and the town's economy did not fully recover until the 20th century.^[10][16] Reading played a significant role during the Revolution of 1688: the second Battle of Reading was the only substantial military action of the campaign.^[10][17]

View of Reading from Caversham by Joseph Farington in 1793

The 18th century saw the beginning of a major iron works in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous.^[18] Reading's trade benefited from better designed turnpike roads which helped it establish its location on the major coaching routes from London to Oxford and the West Country. In 1723, despite considerable local opposition, the Kennet Navigation opened the River Kennet to boats as far as Newbury. Opposition stopped when it became apparent that the new route benefited the town. After the opening of the Kennet and Avon Canal in 1810, one could go by barge from Reading to the Bristol Channel.^[19] From 1714, and probably earlier, the role of county town of Berkshire was shared between Reading and Abingdon.^[20]

The statue of George Palmer in Broad Street, c. 1890 by Henry Taunt

During the 19th century, the town grew rapidly as a manufacturing centre. The Great Western Railway arrived in 1841,^[21] followed by the South Eastern Railway in 1849 and the London and South Western Railway in 1856.^[22][23] The Summer Assizes were moved from Abingdon to Reading in 1867, effectively making Reading the sole county town of Berkshire, a decision that was officially approved by the Privy Council in 1869.^[24] The town became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888.^[25][26] The town has been famous for the Three Bs of beer (1785–2010, Simonds' Brewery),^[27][28] bulbs (1837–1974, Suttons Seeds),^[27][29] and biscuits (1822–1976, Huntley and Palmers).^[27][30][31]

The town continued to expand in the 20th century, annexing Caversham across the River Thames in Oxfordshire in 1911. The Lower Earley development, built in 1977, was one of the largest private housing developments in Europe.^[32][33] It extended the urban area of Reading as far as the M4 motorway, which acts as the southern boundary of the town. Further housing developments have increased the number of modern houses and hypermarkets in the outskirts of Reading. The local shopping centre, The Oracle, opened in 1999, is named after the 17th century Oracle workhouse, which once occupied a small part of the site. It provides three storeys of shopping space and boosted the local economy by providing 4,000 jobs.^[34][35]

Government

Reading Crown Court

Local government for the town of Reading is principally provided by the Borough of Reading, a single level unitary authority without civil parishes. However some of the town's outer suburbs are in West Berkshire and Wokingham unitary authorities. These outer suburbs belong to civil parishes, in some cases with their own town status.

Reading has elected at least one Member of Parliament to every Parliament since 1295.^[36] Historically, Reading was represented by the members for the Parliamentary Borough of Reading, and the parliamentary constituencies of Reading, Reading North, and Reading South. Since the 2010 general election, Reading and its surrounding area has been divided between the parliamentary constituencies of Reading East and Reading West.^[37] The whole of the town is within the multi-member South East England European constituency.^[38]

Reading is the site of both a Crown Court,^[39] administering criminal justice, and a County Court,^[40] responsible for civil cases. Lesser matters are dealt with in a local Magistrates' Court.^[41]

Borough of Reading

Reading Borough Council logo

Reading has had some degree of local government autonomy since 1253, when the local merchant guild was granted a royal charter. Since then, the town has been run by a borough corporation, as a county borough, and as a district of Berkshire. The Borough of Reading became a unitary authority area in 1998, when Berkshire County Council was abolished under the Banham Review, and is now responsible for all aspects of local government within the borough.^[42]

Reading Civic Centre

Prior to the 16th century, civic administration for the town of Reading was situated in the Yield Hall, a guild hall situated by the River Kennet near today's Yield Hall Lane.^[43] After a brief stay in what later became Greyfriars Church, the town council created a new town hall by inserting an upper floor into the refectory of the Hospitium of St John, the former hospitium of Reading Abbey.^[43] For some 400 years up to the 1970s, this was to remain the site of Reading's civic administration through the successive rebuilds that eventually created today's Town Hall.^[44] In 1976, Reading Borough Council moved to the new Civic Centre.^[45]

The government of the Borough of Reading follows the leader and cabinet model. Following the 2011 local elections, a Labour minority administration replaced the previous Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition on the casting vote of the mayor.^[46] The borough also has a (largely ceremonial) mayor. In 2011–12 this position is held by Councillor Deborah Edwards.^[46]

Boundaries

Since 1887, the borough has included the former villages of Southcote and Whitley and small parts of Earley and Tilehurst.^[47] By 1911, it also encompassed the Oxfordshire village of Caversham and still more of Tilehurst.^[48] A small area of Mapledurham parish was added in 1977. An attempt to take over a small area of Eye and Dunsden parish in Oxfordshire was rejected because of strong local opposition in 1997.^[48] Today the borough itself is unparished, and the wards used to elect the borough councillors generally ignore the accepted suburbs and use invented ward names.^[49]

Reading's municipal boundaries do not include all of the surrounding suburbs. However, the constricted boundaries also create more serious difficulties for the town, as it attempts to develop and grow. The diminishing amount of suitable land within the borough's boundary can bring the council into conflict its neighbours. An example of this is the planned third crossing of the Thames, which South Oxfordshire's politicians and residents oppose.^[50][51] On this subject, Rob Wilson, MP for (Reading East), said in a House of Commons debate in January 2006:^[52]

However, the process has been painfully slow and it appears that, for every two steps forwards, there are three steps backwards—mainly because of the view of South Oxfordshire district council, which is being incredibly parochial about this matter. Meanwhile, Reading borough council is adopting strategies that prioritise local traffic in Reading, obviously to the detriment of through traffic. We have now reached the point at which we desperately need direct Government intervention to break the logjam between those local authorities.

City status

Reading is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom to be without city status.^[53][54] The borough council has bid for city status on two occasions—in 2000 to celebrate the new millennium and in 2002 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II—but these bids were unsuccessful.^[55] On 27 May 2011 the council submitted its bid for city status celebrating the Queen's Diamond Jubilee; the final decision is expected in Spring 2012.^[56][57] This application for city status is controversial, because areas just outside the borough, such as Woodley, Earley and Wokingham, fear expansion,^[58][59] although it has support from a number of MPs^[60] including ex-Prime Minister Gordon Brown.^[61]

Geography

The River Kennet during the 2007 floods at the riverside level of The Oracle

Reading is 41 miles (66 km) due west of central London, 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Oxford, 70 miles (110 km) east of Bristol, and 50 miles (80 km) north of the English south coast. The centre of Reading is on a low ridge between the River Thames and River Kennet, close to their confluence, reflecting the town's history as a river port. Just above the confluence, the Kennet cuts through a narrow steep-sided gap in the hills forming the southern flank of the Thames floodplain. The absence of a floodplain on the Kennet in this defile enabled the development of wharves.

As Reading has grown, its suburbs have spread: to the west between the two rivers into the foothills of the Berkshire Downs (part of the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty); to the south and south-east on the south side of the Kennet; and to the north of the Thames into the Chiltern Hills. Outside the central area, the floors of the valleys containing the two rivers remain largely unimproved floodplain. Apart from the M4 curving to the south there is only one road across the Kennet floodplain. All other routes between the three built-up areas are in the central area, which is a cause of road congestion there.

The floodplains adjoining Reading's two rivers are subject to occasional flooding. However, in the 2007 United Kingdom floods^[62] no properties were affected by flooding from the Thames and only four properties were affected by flooding from the Kennet.^[63]

Definition

Beansheaf Farm

Calcot

Caversham

Caversham Heights

Caversham Park Village

Coley

Coley Park

Earley

East Reading

Emmer Green

Fords Farm

Holybrook

Horncastle

Katesgrove

Little Heath

Lower Caversham

Lower Earley

Maiden Erlegh

Newtown

Purley on Thames

Southcote

Tilehurst

Norcot

West Reading

Whitley

Whitley Wood

Woodley

Location of suburbs of Reading

Depending on the definition adopted, neither the town nor the urban area are necessarily coterminous with the borough. Historically, the town of Reading was smaller than the borough. Definitions include the old ecclesiastical parishes of the churches of St Mary, St Laurence and St Giles, or the even smaller pre-19th century borough.^[48]

Today, as well as the town centre Reading comprises a number of suburbs and other districts, both within the borough itself and within the surrounding urban area. The names and location of these suburbs are in general usage but, except where some of the outer suburbs correspond to civil parishes, there are no formally defined boundaries. The Reading urban area, sometimes referred to as Greater Reading, incorporates the town's eastern and western suburbs outside the borough, in the civil parishes of Earley, Woodley, Purley-on-Thames and Tilehurst. Reading has its own subregional catchment area, incorporating the suburban districts of Earley and Woodley, the nearby towns of Wokingham, Bracknell, Henley-on-Thames and Twyford and several large villages such as Pangbourne, Theale, Winnersh, Burghfield and Shiplake.

Climate

Like the rest of the United Kingdom, Reading has a maritime climate, with limited seasonal temperature ranges and generally moderate rainfall throughout the year. The nearest official Met Office weather station is located at the Reading University Atmospheric Observatory on the Whiteknights Campus, which has recorded atmospheric measurements and meteorological observations since 1970.^[64] The local absolute maximum temperature of 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) was recorded in August 1990 and the local absolute minimum temperature of −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) was recorded in January 1982.

Climate data for Reading, Whiteknights, elevation 65m, 1971–2000, extremes 1981–2010
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	14.7 (58.5)	17.0 (62.6)	20.4 (68.7)	25.7 (78.3)	28.5 (83.3)	31.4 (88.5)	35.3 (95.5)	36.4 (97.5)	29.6 (85.3)	25.5 (77.9)	18.1 (64.6)	15.8 (60.4)	36.4 (97.5)
Average high °C (°F)	7.3 (45.1)	7.7 (45.9)	10.3 (50.5)	12.7 (54.9)	16.5 (61.7)	19.3 (66.7)	22.0 (71.6)	21.8 (71.2)	18.5 (65.3)	14.5 (58.1)	10.3 (50.5)	8.1 (46.6)	14.1
Average low °C (°F)	1.6 (34.9)	1.5 (34.7)	3.1 (37.6)	4.4 (39.9)	7.3 (45.1)	10.1 (50.2)	12.4 (54.3)	12.1 (53.8)	10.0 (50.0)	7.1 (44.8)	4.0 (39.2)	1.8 (35.2)	6.3
Record low °C (°F)	−14.5 (5.9)	−11.6 (11.1)	−6.4 (20.5)	−3.5 (25.7)	−1 (30.2)	1.5 (34.7)	5.2 (41.4)	5.1 (41.2)	1.2 (34.2)	−4.4 (24.1)	−8.3 (17.1)	−13.4 (7.9)	−14.5 (5.9)
Precipitation mm (inches)	59.6 (2.346)	40.5 (1.594)	42.1 (1.657)	47.3 (1.862)	46.6 (1.835)	50.1 (1.972)	37.8 (1.488)	52.5 (2.067)	57.5 (2.264)	64.5 (2.539)	58.9 (2.319)	64.4 (2.535)	629.6 (24.787)
Sunshine hours	54.2	70.5	106.8	151.7	191.9	186.9	202.2	195.1	139.5	107.7	67.9	47.4	1,521.6
Source: R.Brugge, University of Reading[65]

Demography

Population growth of the Borough of Reading
Year	Population	Year	Population	Year	Population
1801	10,792	1871	39,497	1941	103,518
1811	12,191	1881	47,336	1951	112,364
1821	14,547	1891	63,085	1961	125,177
1831	14,547	1901	72,946	1971	139,495
1841	21,103	1911	84,354	1981	130,888
1851	23,819	1921	89,690	1991	136,062
1861	31,658	1931	95,369	2001	143,124
Source: A Vision of Britain through Time.[66]

The borough has a population of 154,200 and a population density of 3,817 per square kilometre (9,886 /sq mi) (2010 est.),^[1] while the Office for National Statistics' definition of the urban area of Reading is significantly larger at 232,662 people in an area of 55.35 km². This urban area is itself a component of the Reading/Wokingham Urban Area with a population of 335,757 (1991 est.), and is the most populous town in the United Kingdom not to have city status.^[54][67]

According to 2009 estimates, 82.0% of the population were described as White (74.2% White British), 8.4% as South Asian, 4.3 % as Black, 2.7% Mixed Race, 1.1% as Chinese and 1.5% as other ethnic group.^[2] In 2010 it was reported that Reading has 150 different spoken languages within its population.^[68][69][70] Reading has a large Polish community, which dates back over 30 years^[71], and in October 2006 the Reading Chronicle printed 5,000 copies of a Polish edition called the Kronika Reading.^[72][73][74]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Reading, Berkshire

Reading is an important commercial centre in the Thames Valley and Southern England. The town hosts the headquarters of several British companies and the UK offices of foreign multinationals, as well as being a major retail centre.^[75]

Whilst located close enough to London to be sometimes regarded as part of the London commuter belt, Reading is a net inward destination for commuters. During the morning peak period, there are some 30,000 inward arrivals in the town, compared to 24,000 departures.^[76]

Industry and commerce

The Oracle Corporation campus in Thames Valley Business Park

Major companies BG Group, ING Direct, Microsoft, Oracle^[77] Yell Group,^[56] have their headquarters in Reading. The insurance company Prudential has an administration centre in the town.^[78] PepsiCo^[79] and Wrigley^[79] have offices. Reading has a significant historical involvement in the information technology industry, largely as a result of the early presence in the town of sites of International Computers Limited^[80] and Digital.^[81] Other technology companies with a significant presence in the town include Agilent Technologies,^[82] Cisco,^[83] Ericsson,^[84] Nvidia,^[79] Regus,^[77][83] SGI,^[77] Symantec,^[83] Verizon Business,^[85] and Websense.^[77] These companies are distributed around Reading or just outside the borough boundary, some in business parks including Thames Valley Park in nearby Earley, Green Park Business Park and Arlington Business Park.

Retail

The upper level of The Oracle

Reading town centre is a major shopping centre. In 2007, an independent poll placed Reading 16th in a league table of best performing retail centres in the UK.^[86][87] The main shopping street is Broad Street, which runs between the Oracle in the east and Broad Street Mall in the west and was pedestrianised in 1995.^[88] The smaller Friars Walk in Friar Street is derelict and will be demolished if the proposed Station Hill redevelopment project goes ahead.^[89]

There are three major department stores in Reading: John Lewis Reading (formerly known as Heelas),^[90] Debenhams and House of Fraser.^[91] The bookseller Waterstone's has two branches in Reading. Their Broad Street branch is a conversion of a nonconformist chapel dating from 1707.^[92] Besides the two major shopping malls, Reading has three smaller shopping arcades, the Bristol and West Arcade, Harris Arcade and The Walk, which contain smaller specialist stores. An older form of retail facility is represented by Union Street, popularly known as Smelly Alley.^[93][94] Reading has no indoor market, but there is a street market in Hosier Street.^[95] A farmers' market operates on two Saturdays a month.^[96]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Reading, Berkshire

Aerial view of Reading Festival 2007

Every year Reading hosts the Reading Festival, which has been running since 1971.^[97][98] The festival takes place on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend. For some twenty years until 2006, Reading was also known for its WOMAD Festival until it moved to Charlton Park in Malmesbury, Wiltshire.^[99][100] The Reading Beer Festival was first held in 1994^[101] and has now grown to one of the largest beer festivals in the UK. It is held at King's Meadow for the four days immediately preceding the May Day bank holiday every year.^[102]

On the south side of Friar Street there once stood the Royal County Theatre, designed by Frank Matcham and built in 1895. It was destroyed by fire in 1937.^[103] Within the town hall is a 700-seat concert hall that houses a Father Willis organ.^[104] Reading theatre venues include The Hexagon and 21 South Street.^[105][106] Amateur theatre venues in Reading include Progress Theatre,^[107] a self-governing, self-funding theatre group and registered charity founded in 1947 that operates and maintains its own 97-seat theatre.^[108]

The demonym for a person from Reading is Readingensian,^[3] giving the name of the local rugby team Redingensians, based in Sonning, and of former members of Reading School. An alternative demonym is Readingite.^[4]

Cultural references

The Abbey Gateway, where Jane Austen went to school

Oscar Wilde was imprisoned in Reading Gaol from 1895–97. While there, he wrote his letter De Profundis. After his release, he lived in exile in France and wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, based on his experience of an execution carried out in Reading Gaol whilst he was imprisoned there.^[109][110]

Jane Austen attended Reading Ladies Boarding School, based in the Abbey Gateway, in 1784–86.^[111] Mary Russell Mitford lived in Reading for a number of years and then spent the rest of her life just outside the town at Three Mile Cross and Swallowfield.^[112] Ricky Gervais, who is from Reading, made a film Cemetery Junction although filmed elsewhere in the UK, is set in 1970s Reading and is named after a busy junction in East Reading.^{[113][114][115]}

Media

Reading has two local newspapers, the Reading Chronicle, published on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and the Reading Post, published on Wednesdays and Fridays. Three local radio stations broadcast from Reading: BBC Radio Berkshire, Reading 107 FM and Heart Thames Valley. Other local radio stations, such as London's 95.8 Capital FM, Basingstoke's 107.6 Kestrel FM and East Berkshire's Time 106.6, can also be received. Local television news programmes are the BBC's South Today and ITV's Meridian Tonight.

Landmarks

The Maiwand Lion in Forbury Gardens

The Maiwand Lion in Forbury Gardens, an unofficial symbol of Reading, commemorates the 328 officers of the Royal Berkshire Regiment who died in the Battle of Maiwand in 1880.^[47][116] The Blade, a fourteen-storey building completed in 2009, is 128 m (420 ft) tall and can be seen from the surrounding area.^[117] Reading has 5 Grade I listed buildings, 22 Grade II* and 853 Grade II buildings, in a wide variety of architectural styles that range from the medieval to the 21st century. The Grade I listed buildings are Reading Abbey, the Abbey Gateway, Greyfriars Church, St Laurence's Church, and Reading Minster.^[118][119]

Public services

The Royal Berkshire Hospital original frontage, built in 1839 with bath stone^[120]

Reading has over 100 parks and playgrounds, including 5 miles of riverside paths.^[121] In the town centre is Forbury Gardens, a public park built on the site of the outer court of Reading Abbey. The largest public park in Reading is Prospect Park, previously an estate owned by Frances Kendrick and acquired by the Reading Corporation in 1901.^[122][123]

The principal National Health Service (NHS) hospital in Reading is the Royal Berkshire Hospital, founded in 1839 and much enlarged and rebuilt since.^[124] A second major NHS general hospital, the Battle Hospital, closed in 2005.^[125] Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust runs a NHS hospital, Prospect Park Hospital, that specialises in the provision of care for people with mental health and learning disabilities.^[126] Reading has two private hospitals, the Berkshire Independent Hospital in Coley Park and the Dunedin Hospital situated on the main A4 Bath Road.^[127][128]

The wind turbine at Green Park

The Reading Borough Public Library service dates back to 1877.^[47] Initially housed in Reading Town Hall, the central branch of the library relocated in 1985 to a new building on King's Road.^[129]

Mains water and sewerage services are supplied by Thames Water Utilities Limited, a private sector water supply company. Water abstraction and disposal is regulated by the Environment Agency. Reading's water supply is largely derived from underground aquifers, and as a consequence the water is hard.^{[130][131][132]} The commercial energy supplier for electricity and gas is at the consumer's choice. Southern Electric runs the local electricity distribution network, while Scotia Gas Networks runs the gas distribution network. A notable part of the local energy infrastructure is the presence of a 2-megawatt (peak) Enercon wind turbine at Green Park Business Park, wired to the local sub-grid. It has the potential to produce 3.5 million units of electricity a year, enough to power over a thousand homes.^[133]

The dialling code for fixed-line telephones in Reading is 0118. BT provides fixed-line telephone coverage throughout the town and ADSL broadband internet connection to most areas. Parts of Reading are cabled by Virgin Media, supplying cable television, telephone and broadband internet connections.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Reading, Berkshire

Reading's location in the Thames Valley to the west of London has made the town an important location in the nation's transport system.

The River Thames from Caversham Bridge looking eastwards

The town grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Thames and the Kennet. Both of these rivers are navigable, and Caversham Lock, Blake's Lock, County Lock, Fobney Lock and Southcote Lock are all within the borough. Today, navigation is exclusively for purposes of leisure: private and hire boats dominate traffic, while scheduled boat services operate on the Thames from wharves on the Reading side of the river near Caversham Bridge.^[134][135]

Reading was a major staging point on the old Bath Road (A4) from London to Avonmouth, near Bristol. This road still carries local traffic, but has now been replaced for long distance traffic by the M4 motorway, which closely skirts the borough and serves it with three junctions, J10-J12. Other main roads serving Reading include the A33, A327, A329, A4074 and A4155. Within Reading there is the Inner Distribution Road (IDR), a ring road for local traffic. The IDR is linked with the M4 by the A33 relief road. National Express Coaches run out of Reading Coachway, at Junction 12 of the M4.^[136] The Thames is crossed by both Reading and Caversham road bridges, while several road bridges cross the Kennet, the oldest surviving one of which is High Bridge.^[137]

Reading station. The original GWR building is now a pub called The Three Guineas.

Reading is a major junction point of the National Rail system, and hence Reading station is a major transfer point and terminus. Reading station will be redeveloped at a cost of £850m, with grade separation of some conflicting traffic flows, and extra platforms, to relieve severe congestion at this station. The project is scheduled to finish in 2015.^[138][139] Railway lines link Reading to both Paddington and Waterloo stations in London. Other stations in the Reading area are Reading West, Tilehurst and Earley. Green Park railway station is planned on the Reading to Basingstoke Line to serve Green Park Business Park.^[140]

There have been two airfields in or near Reading, one at Coley Park^[141] and one at Woodley,^[142] but they have both closed. The nearest airport is London Heathrow, 25 miles (40 km) away by road. An express bus service named RailAir links Reading with Heathrow, or the airport can be accessed by rail by taking the Paddington train and changing to the Heathrow Connect rail service at Hayes and Harlington railway station.

Today local public transport is largely by road, which is often affected by peak hour congestion in the borough. A frequent local bus network within the borough, and a less frequent network in the surrounding area, are provided by Reading Buses. Other bus operators include First, Thames Travel and Newbury Buses.

The OYBike bicycle sharing system operates in Reading, with approximately 15 bicycles and with docking stations at Reading station, Holiday Inn (Basingstoke Road) and Green Park.^[143] In March 2011, Reading Borough Council approved a larger scheme similar to Barclays Cycle Hire in London, with 1,000 bicycles available at up to 150 docking stations across Reading.^[144][145]

Education

See also: List of schools in Reading

The University of Reading's main Whiteknights Campus

Reading School, founded in 1125,^[146] is the 16th oldest school in England.^[147] There are six other state secondary schools and 37 state primary schools within the borough, together with a number of private and independent schools and nurseries.^[148]

Reading College has provided further education in Reading since 1955, with over 8,500 local learners on over 900 courses.^[149]

The University of Reading was established in 1892 as an affiliate of Oxford University.^[150] It moved to its London Road Campus in 1904 and to its new Whiteknights Campus in 1947. It took over the Bulmershe teacher training college in 1989, becoming Bulmershe Court Campus. The Henley Management College, situated in Buckinghamshire and about 10 miles (16 km) from Reading, was taken over in 2008, becoming Greenlands Campus.^[151] The University of West London maintains a presence in the town for its higher education students, principally in nursing, but has now divested itself of its previous ownership of Reading College and its further education students.^[152]

Museums

The Town Hall now houses the Museum

The Museum of Reading opened in 1883 in the town's municipal buildings.^[47] It contains galleries relating to the history of Reading and to the excavations of Calleva Atrebatum,^[153] together with a full-size replica of the Bayeux Tapestry, an art collection, and galleries relating to Huntley and Palmers.^[154]

The Museum of English Rural Life, in East Reading, is a museum dedicated to recording the changing face of farming and the countryside in England. It houses designated collections of national importance. It is owned and run by the University of Reading.^[155][156]

On the University of Reading's Whiteknights Campus can be found the Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology, the Cole Museum of Zoology and the Harris Botanic Gardens.^[157] In the suburb of Woodley, the Museum of Berkshire Aviation has a collection of aircraft and other artefacts relating to the aircraft industry in the town.^[158]

Religion

St Mary's Church tower, chequered with flint and ashlar^[159]

Reading Minster, or the Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin as it is more properly known, is Reading's oldest ecclesiastical foundation, known to have been founded by the 9th century and possibly earlier.^[160] Although eclipsed in importance by the later Abbey, Reading Minster has regained its importance since the destruction of the Abbey.

Reading Abbey was founded by Henry I in 1121. He was buried there, as were parts of his daughter Empress Matilda, William of Poitiers, Constance of York, and Princess Isabella of Cornwall, among others.^[10][11] The abbey was one of the pilgrimage centres of medieval England, it held over 230 relics including the hand of St. James.^[161]

The mediaeval borough of Reading was served by three parish churches: Reading Minster, St Giles' Church and St Laurence's Church. All are still in use as Anglican churches.^[162] The Franciscan friars built a friary in the town in 1311 and after the friars were expelled in 1538, the building was used as a hospital, a poorhouse and a jail, before being restored as the Anglican parish church of Greyfriars Church in 1863.^[163][164]

The Town Hall and St Laurence's Church tower from the Market Place

St James' Church was built on a portion of the site of the abbey between 1837–40,^[165] and marked the return of the Roman Catholic faith to Reading. Reading was also the site of the death of Blessed Dominic Barberi, the Catholic missionary to England in the 19th century who received John Henry Newman into the Catholic faith.^[166]

Reading also has several places of worship of other religions. These include the Shantideva Mahayana Buddhist centre^[167] and several mosques, such as the Central Reading Mosque.^[168] A new Islamic centre is under construction on the Oxford Road in West Reading. The £3–4m^[169] Abu Bakr Islamic Centre was granted planning permission in 2002. The community-funded project began construction in 2006, but, as of July 2008, had no estimated completion date.^[170] A second Islamic centre in eastern Reading has also been granted planning permission.^[171] This £4m project has garnered some controversy.^[172]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Reading, Berkshire

The Madejski Stadium, home of Reading Football Club and London Irish

Reading is the home of Reading Football Club, an association football club nicknamed The Royals, formed in 1871.^[173] Formerly based at Elm Park, the club plays at the 24,161 capacity^[174] Madejski Stadium, named after chairman Sir John Madejski. After winning the 2005–06 Football League Championship with a record of 106 points, Reading F.C. spent two seasons in the Premier League^[175] before being relegated to The Championship.

Reading Town Football Club, formed in 1966, play at Scours Lane and are currently playing in the Hellenic League Premier Division.

Reading is a centre for rugby union football in the area, with the Aviva Premiership team London Irish as tenants at the Madejski Stadium. Reading is also home to another three senior semi-professional rugby clubs; Reading Abbey R.F.C., Redingensians R.F.C. and Reading R.F.C..

The town hosts Australian rules football team Reading Kangaroos and American football team Berkshire Renegades. Palmer Park Stadium within Palmer Park has a velodrome and athletics track. It is used by Reading Athletic Club^[176] and the Berkshire Renegades for training.^[177] The Reading Hockey Club play in the Men's Premier Division and in Women's Division One of the English Hockey League. The Reading Rockets basketball club plays in the English Basketball League.

Rowing is pursued by the Reading Rowing Club and the Reading University Boat Club.^[178] The Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake in Caversham provides training facilities,^[179] although much rowing is also done on the River Thames. The annual Reading Town Regatta takes place near Thames Valley Park.^[180]

The town was home to a motorcycle speedway team, Reading Racers. Speedway came to Reading in 1968 at Tilehurst Stadium, until the team moved to Smallmead Stadium in Whitley,^[181] which was demolished at the end of 2008. The team is inactive pending the building of a new stadium, which it is hoped to complete in 2012.^[182]

The Reading Half Marathon 2004 climbing Russell Street in West Reading

The Reading Half Marathon is held on the streets of Reading in March of each year, with 16,000 competitors from elite to fun runners.^[183] It was first run in 1983 and took place in every subsequent year except 2001, when it was cancelled because of concerns over that year's outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.^[184]

The British Triathlon Association was formed at the town's former Mall health club in 11 December 1982.^[185] Britain's first ever triathlon took place just outside Reading at Kirtons's Farm in Pingewood in 1983.^[186] Thames Valley Triathletes, based in the town, is Britain's oldest triathlon club, having its origins in the 1984 event at nearby Heckfield, when a relay team raced under the name Reading Triathlon Club.^[187]

The Hexagon theatre was home to snooker's Grand Prix tournament, one of the sport's "Big Four", from 1984 to 94.^[188][189]

Reading-born Richard Burns became the first Englishman to win the World Rally Championship, in 2001.^[190]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Reading, Berkshire

See also: Category:People from Reading, Berkshire

Town twinning

Reading is twinned with:

• Düsseldorf, Germany (since 1947, officially since 1988)^[191][192]
• Clonmel, Ireland (since 1994)^[193]
• San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua (since 1994)^[194]
• Speightstown, Barbados (since 2003)^[195]

Reading is also a sister city of:

• Beruwala, Sri Lanka (since 2004)^[196]
• Reading, Pennsylvania^[196]

References

Notes

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2. ^ ^{a b} "Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276849&c=reading&d=13&e=13&g=407934&i=1001x1003x1004&o=322&m=0&r=1&s=1307886504218&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 
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6. ^ Lawes Long 1836, p. 11–13.
7. ^ Cameron 1961, p. 64.
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9. ^ Phillips 1980, p. 14–15.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Ditchfield & Page 1923, p. 342–364.
11. ^ ^{a b} Slade 2001, p. 1–16.
12. ^ ^{a b} Hylton 2007, p. 34–38.
13. ^ Slade 2001, p. 17–25.
14. ^ Fasham & Hawkes 1983.
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18. ^ Phillips 1980, p. 84–89.
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External links

• Reading (Berkshire) travel guide from Wikitravel
• Visit Reading
• Reading Borough Council