London Heathrow Airport

"Heathrow" and "LHR" redirect here. For other uses, see Heathrow (disambiguation) and LHR (disambiguation).

London Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Terminal 5 building
IATA: LHR – ICAO: EGLL – WMO: 03772
Summary
Airport type		Public
Owner		BAA Limited
Operator		Heathrow Airport Limited
Location		Hillingdon, United Kingdom
Hub for		British Airways BMI
Elevation AMSL		83 ft / 25 m
Coordinates		51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.4775°N 0.46139°W / 51.4775; -0.46139Coordinates: 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.4775°N 0.46139°W / 51.4775; -0.46139
Website		www.heathrowairport.com
Map
EGLL Location within Greater London
Runways
Direction	Length		Surface
	m	ft
09L/27R	3,901	12,799	Grooved Asphalt
09R/27L	3,660	12,008	Grooved asphalt
Statistics (2010)
Passengers			65,881,660
Passenger change 09-10			0.2%
Aircraft movements			454,823
Movements change 09-10			2.5% -
Sources: UK AIP at NATS and EUROCONTROL[1] Statistics from the UK Civil Aviation Authority[2]

London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL), in the London Borough of Hillingdon, is the busiest airport in the United Kingdom and the third busiest airport in the world (as of 2011) in terms of total passenger traffic, handling more international passengers than any other airport around the globe.^[3] It is also the busiest airport in the EU by passenger traffic and the third busiest in Europe given the number of traffic movements, with a figure surpassed only by Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Frankfurt Airport.^[4] Heathrow is London's main airport, having replaced RAF Northolt, and together with Gatwick, Stansted, Luton and London City, more than 175 million passengers have travelled in total, making London by far the busiest city airport system in the world.

The airport is owned and operated by BAA Limited, who also own and operate five other UK airports.^[5] BAA is owned by ADI Limited, an international consortium led by the Spanish Ferrovial Group, which also includes Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and GIC Special Investments.^[6] Heathrow is a primary hub for BMI and British Airways as well as a base for Virgin Atlantic Airways.

Heathrow lies 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) west^[1] of Central London, and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.14 square kilometres (4.69 sq mi). Terminal 5 was officially dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008 and opened to passengers on 27 March 2008. Construction of a new Terminal 2 complex to replace the old terminal building and adjacent Queen's Building began in 2009 with the first phase expected to open in 2014.^[7] Terminals 3 and 4 underwent major refurbishments between 2007–2009. In November 2007, a consultation process began for the building of a new third runway and a sixth terminal, which was controversially^[8] approved on 15 January 2009 by UK Government ministers.^[9] The project was subsequently cancelled on 12 May 2010 by the Cameron Government.^[10]

The airport holds a Civil Aviation Authority Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P527), which allows flights for public transportation of passengers or for flying instruction.^[11]

Location

A Qantas Boeing 747-400 on approach to London Heathrow 27L runway overflying the roofs of houses in Myrtle Avenue.

Heathrow is 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) west of central London,^[1] near the south end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow and Hatton to the east. To the south lie East Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Colnbrook in Berkshire by the M25 motorway.

As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, an airliner's landing approach is usually directly over the city of London. Other leading European airports, such as those at Madrid, Frankfurt and Paris, are located north or south of their respective cities to minimise the overflying problem.^{[citation needed]}

Along with Biggin Hill, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, Southend and City, Heathrow is one of seven airports serving the London area although only Heathrow, Biggin Hill and City are located within Greater London.

History

For a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of London Heathrow Airport.

Heathrow Airport started in 1929 as a small airfield on land southeast of the hamlet of Heathrow (which is roughly where Terminal 3 is today). It was then selected for development as an aerodrome in 1944 for long-distance military aircraft bound for the far east. But by the time the aerodrome was nearing completion, World War 2 had ended. The government decided to once again develop the site, but this time as a civil airport, known as London Airport and later Heathrow.

Heathrow today

Radar tower situated in Heathrow's central terminal area

Heathrow Airport is used by over 90 airlines flying to 170 destinations worldwide. The airport is the primary hub of BMI and British Airways, and is a base for Virgin Atlantic Airways.

Concorde G-BOAB in storage at Heathrow

Of Heathrow's 67 million annual passengers, 11% are bound for UK destinations, 43% are short-haul international travellers and 46% are long-haul. The busiest single destination in terms of passenger numbers is New York, with over 3.7 million passengers travelling between Heathrow and JFK / Newark airports in 2008^[12] and 3.5 million in 2009.^[13] The airport has five passenger terminals (Terminals 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and a cargo terminal.

In the 1950s, Heathrow had six runways, arranged in three pairs at different angles in ✡ shape, with the permanent passenger terminal in the centre and the older terminal along the north edge of the field, and two of its runways would always be within 30° of the wind direction. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has just two parallel runways running east–west.

Policing of the airport is the responsibility of the aviation security unit of the Metropolitan Police, although the army, including armoured vehicles of the Household Cavalry, has occasionally been deployed at the airport during periods of heightened security. Heathrow's reputation for thefts has led to it sometimes being referred to as 'Thiefrow'.^[14]

Full body scanners are now used at the airport and passengers who object to their use are not allowed to fly.^[15]

Heathrow Airport has Anglican, Catholic, Free Church of Scotland, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh chaplains. There is a multi-faith prayer room and counselling room in each terminal in addition to St. George's Interdenominational Chapel located in an underground bunker adjacent to the old control tower, where Christian services take place. The chaplains organise and lead prayers at certain times in the prayer room.^[16]

Heathrow airport has its own resident press corps, consisting of six photographers and one TV crew, serving all the major newspapers and television stations around the world.^[17]

Operations

Airbridges at Terminal 5

Aircraft destined for Heathrow usually enter its airspace via one of four main reporting points: Bovingdon (BNN) over Hertfordshire, Lambourne (LAM) over Essex, Biggin Hill (BIG) over Bromley and Ockham (OCK) over Surrey.^[18] Each is defined by a VOR radio-navigational beacon. When the airport is busy, aircraft orbit in the associated hold patterns. These reporting points/holds lie to the north-west, north-east, south-east and south-west of the London conurbation.

Air traffic controllers at Heathrow Approach Control (based in Swanwick, Hampshire) then guide the aircraft to their final approach, merging aircraft from the four holds into a single stream of traffic, sometimes as close as 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) apart. Considerable use is made of continuous descent approach techniques to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft, particularly at night.^[19] Once an aircraft is established on its final approach, control is handed over to Heathrow Tower.

The centralised waiting area in Terminal 3

Because aircraft generate significantly more noise on departure than when landing, there is a preference for westerly operations during daylight.^[20] In this mode, aircraft depart towards the west and approach from the east over London, thereby minimising the impact of noise on the most densely populated areas. Heathrow's two runways generally operate in segregated mode, whereby arriving aircraft are allocated to one runway and departing aircraft to the other. To further reduce noise nuisance to people beneath the approach and departure routes, the use of runways 27R and 27L is swapped at 15:00 each day if the wind is from the west. When easterly landings are in progress there is no alternation; 09L remains the landing runway and 09R the departure runway due to the Cranford Agreement. Occasionally, landings are allowed on the nominated departure runway, to help reduce airborne delays and to position landing aircraft closer to their terminal, thus reducing taxi times.

Night-time flights at Heathrow are subject to restrictions. Between 23:00 and 07:00, the noisiest aircraft (rated QC/8 and QC/16) cannot be scheduled for operation. In addition, during the night quota period (23:30–06:00) there are three limits:

• A limit on the number of flights allowed;
• A quota count system which limits the total amount of noise permitted, but allows operators to choose to operate fewer noisy aircraft or a greater number of quieter planes;^[21]
• A voluntary ban on QC/4 aircraft.

Regulation

Further information: Landing slot

A British Airways aircraft on stand at Terminal 5, preparing its flight to Tokyo Narita as BA5

As BAA own Heathrow and Stansted, two of London's major airports (respectively the first and third busiest by passengers in London), they hold a dominiant position in the London Aviation market and are heavily regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as to the amounts they charge airlines to land at Heathrow. Until 1 April 2003, the annual increase in landing charge per passenger was capped at inflation minus 3%. From 2003 to 2007, charges increased by inflation plus 6.5% per year, taking the fee to £9.28 per passenger in 2007. In March 2008, the CAA announced that the charge would be allowed to increase by 23.5% to £12.80 from 1 April 2008, and by inflation plus 7.5% for each of the following four years.^[22]

Prior to 2008, Air traffic between Heathrow and the United States was strictly governed by the countries' bilateral Bermuda II treaty. The treaty originally allowed only British Airways, Pan Am and TWA to fly from Heathrow to the US. In 1991, PAA and TWA sold their rights to United Airlines and American Airlines respectively while Virgin Atlantic was added to the list of airlines allowed to operate on these routes. The Bermuda bilateral agreement conflicted with the Right of Establishment of the United Kingdom in terms of its EU membership, and as a consequence the UK was ordered to drop the agreement in 2004. A new "open skies" agreement was signed by the United States and the European Union on 30 April 2007 and came into effect on 30 March 2008. Since then, additional US Airlines including Continental, US Airways and Delta have started services to Heathrow.

Whilst the cost of landing at Heathrow is determined by the CAA and BAA, the allocation of landing slots to airlines is carried out by Airport Co-ordination Limited (ACL).^[23]

According to BAA, Heathrow's facilities were originally designed to accommodate 55 million passengers annually. With this number currently approaching 70 million, the airport has been criticised in recent years for its overcrowding and delays,^[24] and in 2007 the airport was voted the world's least favourite alongside Chicago O'Hare in a TripAdvisor survey.^[25] However, the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008 has relieved some pressure on terminal facilities, increasing the airport's terminal capacity to 90 million passengers a year.

With only two runways operating at over 98% of their capacity, Heathrow has little room for more flights, although the increasing use of larger aircraft such as the Airbus A380 will allow some increase in passenger numbers. It is difficult for existing airlines to obtain landing slots to enable them to increase their services from the airport, or for new airlines to start operations.^[26] In order to increase the number of flights, BAA have proposed using the existing two runways in 'mixed mode' whereby aircraft would be allowed to take-off and land on the same runway.^[27] This would increase the airport's capacity from its current 480,000 movements per year to as many as 550,000 according to British Airways CEO Willie Walsh.^[28] BAA also proposed building a third runway to the north of the airport, which would have significantly increased traffic capacity (see Future expansion below).^[29]

Terminals, airlines and destinations

Terminals

Terminal 1

Main article: London Heathrow Terminal 1

Terminal 1 opened in 1968 and was formally inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1969.^[30] Before Terminal 5 opened, Terminal 1 was the base for British Airways' domestic network from Heathrow and for a few of its long haul routes.

In 2005, substantial redesign and redevelopment of the terminal saw the opening of the new Eastern Extension, doubling the size of the departure lounge and creating additional seating as well as retail space. With an area of 74,601m², the terminal is home to Heathrow's second largest carrier, Star Alliance member BMI, Aer Lingus, and several other Star Alliance airlines. Some of the newer airplane boarding gates used by airlines present in Terminal 1 are numbered in Terminal 2 (i.e. gate 2xx instead of gate 1xx). Those recently built gates will be retained as part of the new Terminal 2 after Terminal 2 officially opens. A temporary connector is in place between the (older) Terminal 1 and these (recently built) airplane gates.

Terminal 1 will be closed and then demolished in around 2013–14,^[7] in preparation for construction of the 2nd phase of Terminal 2, scheduled for completion in 2019. There are no plans to re-use the Terminal 1 name.

Terminal 2 (under construction)

Main article: London Heathrow Terminal 2

Heathrow's current major project is the construction of a vast new Terminal 2. Formerly known as Heathrow East Terminal, the whole project will occupy a site similar in size to that of Terminal 5.

Old Terminal 2

The building previously known as Terminal 2 had been Heathrow's oldest terminal, opening as the Europa Building in 1955, and closing on 23 November 2009.^[31] Air France flight AF1881 to Paris was the last flight to depart from the terminal. It had an area of 49,654m² and in its lifetime saw 316 million passengers pass through its doors. Originally designed to handle around 1.2 million passengers annually, in its final years of operation it often accommodated around 8 million. Despite the best efforts of maintenance staff and various renovations and upgrades over the years, the building became increasingly decrepit and unserviceable and was demolished in the Summer of 2010.^[32] The resulting space has been combined with an adjacent area (where the Queen's Building stood until its demolition in 2009) to form the site for the new terminal.

Terminal 3

Terminal 3 bird's-eye view

Terminal 3 opened as The Oceanic Terminal on 13 November 1961 to handle flight departures for long-haul routes.^[33] At this time the airport had a direct helicopter service to Central London from the gardens on the roof of the terminal building. Renamed Terminal 3 in 1968, it was expanded in 1970 with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities added included the UK's first moving walkways. In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed^[34] in order to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Singapore Airlines, Emirates and Qantas now operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380. Terminal 3 has an area of 98,962m². Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt through the addition of a new four lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with canopy to the front of the terminal building, was completed in 2007. These improvements were intended to improve passengers' experiences, reduce traffic congestion and improve security. As part of this project, Virgin Atlantic were assigned their own dedicated check-in area, known as 'Zone A', which features a large sculpture and atrium. BAA also has plans for a £1bn upgrade of the rest of the terminal over the next ten years which will include the renovation of aircraft piers and the arrivals forecourt. A new baggage system connecting to Terminal 5 (for British Airways connections) is currently under construction. In addition to the baggage system, the baggage claim hall is also set to undergo changes with dedicated A380 belts and an improved design and layout.^[35]

Terminal 4

Main article: London Heathrow Terminal 4

Terminal 4 bird's-eye view

First opened in 1986, Terminal 4 is situated to the south of the southern runway next to the cargo terminal, and is connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Cargo Tunnel. The terminal has an area of 105,481m² and is now home to the SkyTeam alliance as well as some unaffiliated carriers. It has recently undergone a £200m upgrade to enable it to accommodate 45 airlines with an upgraded forecourt to reduce traffic congestion and improve security. An extended check-in area with renovated piers and departure lounges as well as two new stands to accommodate the Airbus A380 have been constructed, and a new baggage system installed.^[36]

Terminal 5

Main article: London Heathrow Terminal 5

Terminal 5 bird's-eye view

Terminal 5 lies between the northern and southern runways at the west end of the Heathrow site, and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008,^[37] some 19 years after its inception. Opened to the public on 27 March 2008, the first passenger to enter Terminal 5 was a UK ex-pat from Kenya who passed through security at 04:30 on the day to be presented with a boarding pass by the British Airways CEO Willie Walsh for the first departing flight, BA302 to Paris. During the two weeks after its opening, operations were disrupted by problems with the terminal's IT systems, coupled with insufficient testing and staff training, which caused over 500 flights to be cancelled.^[38] Terminal 5 is exclusively used by British Airways as their global hub.

Built at a cost of £4.3 billion, the new terminal consists of a four storey main terminal building (Concourse A) and two satellite buildings linked to the main terminal by an underground people mover transit system. The second satellite (Concourse C), includes dedicated aircraft stands for the Airbus A380. It became fully operational on 1 June 2011.

The main terminal building (Concourse A) has an area of 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) while Concourse B covers 60,000 square metres (650,000 sq ft).^[39] It has 60 aircraft stands and capacity for 30 million passengers annually as well as more than 100 shops and restaurants.^[40]

A further building, designated Concourse D and of similar size to Concourse C, may yet be built to the East of the existing site, providing up to another 16 stands. Following British Airways' merger with Iberia, this may become a priority since the newly combined business will require accommodation at Heathrow under one roof in order to maximise the cost savings envisaged under the deal. A proposal for Concourse D featured in Heathrow's most recent capital investment plan.

The transport network around the airport has been extended to cope with the increase in passenger numbers. A dedicated motorway spur links the M25 between junctions 14 and 15 to the terminal, which includes a 3,800 space multi-storey car park. A more distant long-stay car park for business passengers will be connected to the terminal by a personal rapid transit system, which will become operational in Spring 2011.^[41] New branches of both the Heathrow Express and the Underground's Piccadilly Line serve a new shared Heathrow Terminal 5 station.

Airlines and destinations

Airlines	Destinations	Terminal
Aegean Airlines	Athens, Larnaca	1
Aer Lingus	Belfast-International, Cork, Dublin, Shannon	1
Aeroflot	Moscow-Sheremetyevo	4
Air Algérie	Algiers	4
Air Astana	Almaty	4
Air Canada	Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, Montréal-Trudeau, Ottawa, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver Seasonal: St. John's	3
Air China	Beijing-Capital	3
Air France	Paris-Charles de Gaulle	4
Air India	Delhi, Mumbai	4
Air Malta	Malta	4
Air Mauritius	Mauritius	4
Air New Zealand	Auckland, Hong Kong, Los Angeles	1
Air Seychelles	Mahé [ends 8 January]	4
Air Transat	Seasonal: Toronto-Pearson	4
Alitalia	Milan-Linate, Rome-Fiumicino	4
Alitalia operated by Air One	Rome-Fiumicino	4
All Nippon Airways	Tokyo-Narita	3
American Airlines	Boston, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, New York-JFK, Raleigh/Durham	3
Arik Air	Lagos	4
Asiana Airlines	Seoul-Incheon	1
Austrian Airlines	Vienna	1
Austrian Airlines operated by Tyrolean Airways	Vienna	1
Azerbaijan Airlines	Baku	4
Biman Bangladesh Airlines	Dhaka, Dubai, Manchester	4
BMI	Addis Ababa, Agadir, Almaty, Amman-Queen Alia, Amritsar, Baku, Basel/Mulhouse, Beirut, Belfast-City, Berlin-Brandenburg [begins 3 June 2012], Berlin-Tegel [ends 2 June 2012], Bishkek, Cairo, Casablanca, Damascus, Dammam, Dublin, Edinburgh, Freetown, Jeddah, Khartoum, Manchester, Marrakech, Moscow-Domodedovo, Nice, Riyadh, Tbilisi, Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Tripoli [resumes 26 December], Vienna, Yerevan	1
BMI operated by BMI Regional	Aberdeen, Bergen, Edinburgh, Hanover, Manchester, Stavanger	1
British Airways	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Bucharest-Otopeni, Budapest, Gibraltar, Helsinki, Larnaca, Lisbon, Prague, Singapore, Sydney, Vienna, Warsaw	3
British Airways	Aberdeen, Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Accra, Algiers [ends 24 March 2012], Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Bahrain, Baltimore, Bangalore, Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Beijing-Capital, Berlin-Tegel, Bologna [begins 29 April 2012], Boston, Brussels, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Cairo, Calgary, Cape Town, Chennai, Chicago-O'Hare, Copenhagen, Dallas/Fort Worth, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Denver, Doha, Dubai, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Entebbe, Frankfurt, Geneva, Glasgow-International, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Grand Cayman, Hamburg, Helsinki, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Kiev-Boryspil, Kuwait, Lagos, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Luanda, Lusaka, Luxembourg, Lyon, Madrid, Manchester, Mexico City, Miami, Milan-Linate, Milan-Malpensa, Montréal-Trudeau, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Nairobi, Nassau, New York-JFK, Newark, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nice, Oslo-Gardermoen, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Paris-Orly, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pisa, Providenciales, Rio de Janeiro-Galeão, Riyadh, Rome-Fiumicino, St Petersburg, San Diego, San Francisco, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai-Pudong, Sofia, Stockholm-Arlanda, Stuttgart, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion, Tokyo-Haneda, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Toulouse, Vancouver, Venice, Washington-Dulles, Zürich	5
Brussels Airlines	Brussels	1
Bulgaria Air	Sofia	4
Cathay Pacific	Hong Kong	3
China Airlines	Taipei-Taoyuan	4
China Eastern Airlines	Shanghai-Pudong	4
Continental Airlines	Houston-Intercontinental, Newark	4
Croatia Airlines	Zagreb Seasonal: Rijeka, Split	1
Cyprus Airways	Larnaca	1
Delta Air Lines	Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York-JFK	4
EgyptAir	Cairo, Luxor, Sharm el-Sheikh	3
El Al	Tel Aviv	1
Emirates	Dubai	3
Ethiopian Airlines	Addis Ababa	3
Etihad Airways	Abu Dhabi	4
EVA Air	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Taipei-Taoyuan	3
Finnair	Helsinki	3
Gulf Air	Bahrain	4
Iberia	Madrid	3
Icelandair	Reykjavik-Keflavík	1
Iran Air	Tehran-Imam Khomeini	3
Japan Airlines	Tokyo-Narita	3
Jat Airways	Belgrade	4
Jet Airways	Delhi, Mumbai	4
Kenya Airways	Nairobi	4
Kingfisher Airlines	Delhi, Mumbai	4
KLM	Amsterdam	4
KLM operated by KLM Cityhopper	Amsterdam	4
Korean Air	Seoul-Incheon	4
Kuwait Airways	Kuwait, New York-JFK	4
Libyan Arab Airlines	Tripoli	4
LOT Polish Airlines	Warsaw	1
Lufthansa	Cologne/Bonn [resumes 25 March 2012], Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich	1
Lufthansa operated by BMI	Cologne/Bonn [ends 25 March 2012]	1
Lufthansa Regional operated by Contact Air	Stuttgart	1
Malaysia Airlines	Kuala Lumpur	4
Middle East Airlines	Beirut	3
Oman Air	Muscat	3
Pakistan International Airlines	Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Sialkot	3
Qantas	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi [ends 25 March 2012][42], Hong Kong [ends 25 March 2012][42], Melbourne, Singapore, Sydney	3
Qatar Airways	Doha	4
Royal Air Maroc	Casablanca, Tangier	4
Royal Brunei Airlines	Bandar Seri Begawan, Dubai	4
Royal Jordanian	Amman-Queen Alia	3
Saudi Arabian Airlines	Dammam, Jeddah, Riyadh	4
Scandinavian Airlines	Copenhagen, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Oslo-Gardermoen, Stavanger, Stockholm-Arlanda	3
Singapore Airlines	Singapore	3
South African Airways	Cape Town, Johannesburg	1
SriLankan Airlines	Colombo, Malé, Zürich [resumes 23 December] [43]	4
Swiss International Air Lines	Geneva, Zürich	1
Syrian Air	Damascus	4
TAM Airlines	Rio de Janeiro-Galeão, São Paulo-Guarulhos	1
TAP Portugal	Lisbon, Funchal	1
TAROM	Bucharest-Otopeni	4
Thai Airways International	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi	3
Transaero	Moscow-Domodedovo	1
Tunisair	Tunis	4
Turkish Airlines	Istanbul-Atatürk	3
Turkmenistan Airlines	Ashgabat	3
United Airlines	Chicago-O'Hare, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington-Dulles	1
US Airways	Philadelphia	1
Uzbekistan Airlines	Tashkent	1
Virgin Atlantic Airways	Accra, Boston, Delhi, Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Lagos, Los Angeles, Miami, Nairobi, New York-JFK, Newark, San Francisco, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Tokyo-Narita, Washington-Dulles Seasonal: Cape Town, Chicago-O'Hare, Vancouver [begins 24 May 2012][44]	3
Vueling Airlines	A Coruña, Bilbao, Vigo	3

Cities with direct international airlinks with Heathrow.

Terminal rearrangements

Following the opening of Terminal 5 in March 2008, a hugely complex programme of terminal moves has been implemented. This has seen many airlines move so as to be grouped in terminals by airline alliance as far as possible^[45]:

• Terminal 1: Star Alliance – plus a few non-aligned airlines
• Terminal 3: Oneworld – plus Virgin Atlantic and several other non-aligned airlines as well as Star Alliance members not based in Terminal 1^[46]
• Terminal 4: SkyTeam – and all other non-aligned airlines
• Terminal 5: British Airways

Further moves are dependent on the airport's significant construction schedule but will broadly be as follows:

• In January 2014:
  • All Star Alliance airlines will move into Phase 1 of the new Terminal 2
  • Terminal 1 will be gradually demolished to make way for Phase 2 of the new Terminal 2
• In early 2019:
  • Phase 2 of the new Terminal 2 will open, enabling further moves to relieve pressure on Terminal 3

Cargo

Airlines	Destinations
British Airways World Cargo	Abu Dhabi, Amman-Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, Brussels, Budapest, Cairo, Chennai, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Glasgow-Prestwick, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Manchester, Mexico City, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, Mumbai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Seoul-Incheon, Singapore, Sofia, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Toronto-Pearson
Cathay Pacific Cargo	Frankfurt, Glasgow-Prestwick, Hong Kong, Milan-Malpensa
DHL	Amsterdam, Brussels, East Midlands, Frankfurt, Madrid, Paris-Charles de Gaulle. Plus several other destinations
Etihad Crystal Cargo	Abu Dhabi, Frankfurt
EVA Air Cargo	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Dubai, Taipei-Taoyuan
Fedex Express	Indianapolis, Memphis, Newark
Korean Air Cargo	Seoul-Incheon
MASkargo	Kuala Lumpur
Royal Air Maroc Cargo	Casablanca
Royal Jordanian Cargo	Amman-Queen Alia
Singapore Airlines Cargo	Brussels, Singapore

Other facilities

Compass Centre, when it was a British Airways facility

The head office of BAA Limited is located in the Compass Centre by Heathrow's northern runway,^[47] a building that previously served as a British Airways flight crew centre.^[48] The World Business Centre Heathrow consists of buildings one and two. 1 World Business Centre houses offices of BAA Limited, Heathrow Airport, and Scandinavian Airlines.^[49] International Airlines Group has its head office in 2 World Business Centre.^[50][51]

At one time, the British Airways head office, was located within Heathrow Airport at Speedbird House^[52] before the completion of Waterside, the current BA head office in Harmondsworth, in June 1998.^[53]

Traffic and statistics

Development of passenger numbers, aircraft movements and air freight between 1986 and 2009

Although BAA claims that Heathrow is the "world's busiest international airport",^[54] in 2010 it ranked fourth-busiest by total passenger traffic, after Atlanta, Beijing and Chicago O'Hare which are all international airports. However, Heathrow does have the highest number of international passengers.

In 2010, Heathrow was the busiest airport in Europe in terms of total passenger traffic,^[2] with 13.2% more passengers than Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport^[55] and 24.3% more than Frankfurt Airport,^[56] However, it was in second place behind Charles de Gaulle in terms of total aircraft movements in 2009 with 11.2% fewer landings and take offs than its French counterpart.^[57] Heathrow was the third busiest European airport by cargo traffic in 2009, after Paris Charles de Gaulle and Frankfurt.^[58]

Busiest international routes at Heathrow (2010)[59] Rank Airport Passengers handled % Change 2009 / 10 1 New York City – JFK 2,517,896 2 2 Dubai 1,787,561 3 3 Dublin 1,493,613 8 4 Hong Kong 1,386,779 9 5 Amsterdam 1,333,124 12 6 Paris – CDG 1,299,701 3 7 Frankfurt am Main 1,266,240 5 8 Los Angeles 1,189,309 4 9 Chicago – O'Hare 1,138,012 7 10 Madrid 1,093,538 3 11 Newark 1,091,818 9 12 Rome – Fiumicino 1,032,872 9 13 Singapore 1,022,220 9 14 Munich 975,465 7 15 Mumbai 957,439 11 16 Toronto – Pearson 940,448 7 17 Washington – Dulles 920,514 9 18 Stockholm – Arlanda 912,362 2 19 Istanbul – Atatürk 905,002 11 20 Delhi 893,196 21 21 Johannesburg 886,146 4 22 Zurich 876,385 1 23 Copenhagen 870,072 2 24 Boston 866,719 2 25 San Francisco 860,617 4 26 Geneva 859,143 42 27 Miami 822,315 3 28 Athens 784,308 18 29 Vienna 731,100 13 30 Lisbon 727,335 4 31 Sydney 696,301 6 32 Tokyo – Narita 683,186 9 33 Milan – Linate 647,636 16 34 Doha 640,528 10 35 Barcelona 605,989 16 36 Bangkok – Suvarnabhumi 597,826 0.5 37 Berlin – Tegel 596,543 16 38 Oslo 592,477 3 39 Helsinki 578,543 3 40 Houston – Intercontinental 541,632 1 Countries with maximum passengers to/from Heathrow (2010)[60] Rank Country/Region Passengers handled % Change 2009 / 10 1 United States 12,340,933 0.03 2 Germany 4,341,214 7.57 3 Italy 2,377,026 12.00 4 Canada 2,354,965 4.07 5 United Arab Emirates 2,291,338 0.91 6 India 2,283,731 3.22 7 Republic of Ireland 2,156,503 3.77 8 France 2,138,519 1.81 9 Spain 2,127,872 5.24 10 Switzerland 1,896,859 14.47 11 Hong Kong 1,386,779 9.29 12 South Africa 1,378,268 6.95 13 Netherlands 1,333,124 11.70 14 Sweden 1,058,134 2.01 15 Turkey 1,046,910 7.86 16 Australia 1,030,619 1.34 17 Singapore 1,022,220 9.01 18 Denmark 870,104 1.90 19 Russia 747,425 13.93 20 Portugal 746,946 2.78

Access

Public transport

Train

Heathrow Express train at Paddington station

[v · d · e]Heathrow area rail services
Crossrail London Paddington station Heathrow Connect Heathrow Express Central and District lines Ealing Broadway West Ealing Hanwell Southall Hayes and Harlington Airport Junction Great Western Main Line ▼Slough and Reading Piccadilly Line Hatton Cross Heathrow Airport Central & Terminals 1,2,3 Terminal 4 Shuttle Terminal 4 Terminal 5 Heathrow Express

• Heathrow Express: a non-stop service directly to London's Paddington station; trains leave every 15 minutes for the 15-minute journey (21 minutes to/from Terminal 5). Trains depart from Heathrow Terminal 5 station or Heathrow Central station (Terminals 1 & 3). A Heathrow Express transfer service operates between Terminal 4 and Heathrow Central to connect with services from London and Terminal 5.
• Heathrow Connect: a stopping service to Paddington calling at up to five National Rail stations en route – trains leave every 30 minutes for the 27-minute journey. Heathrow Connect services terminate at Heathrow Central station (Terminals 1 & 3).
• London Underground Piccadilly line: four tube stations serve the airport – Terminals 1, 2, 3; Terminal 4; Terminal 5 serves the passenger terminals, and Hatton Cross the maintenance areas. The standard journey time from Heathrow Terminals 1 & 3 tube station to Central London is around 40–50 minutes.^[61]

Bus and coach

Many buses and coaches operate from the large Heathrow airport central bus station serving Terminals 1 and 3, and also from bus stations at Terminals 4 and 5. Services include the following:

• Long-distance coach services operated by National Express and Oxford Bus Company to various parts of the UK, including Victoria Coach Station in London^[62]
• HotelHoppa buses connect each terminal with hotels in the Heathrow area^[63]
• There are two RailAir coach services connecting nearby railway stations with the airport using dedicated non-stop coaches and running to:
  • Reading railway station, connecting with railway services to the West Country, South Wales, Midlands and the south coast of England
  • Woking railway station, for destinations in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset and Wiltshire
  • A connection to Feltham railway station, for Richmond, Camberley, Bracknell, London Waterloo and Clapham Junction, using London Buses route 285 (route 490 from Terminals 4 and 5)^[64]
• Express bus services to Watford, St Albans and Harlow (Green Line route 724), Croydon (London Buses route X26) and High Wycombe (Carousel Buses)
• Local bus services by London Buses, First Berkshire & The Thames Valley and other companies to nearby towns and London suburbs^[65]
• Night bus N9 operates to central London at night when the trains do not operate

Between 1981 and 2004, the airport was linked to central London by a group of routes known as Airbus. These routes carried A prefixes before their numbers; one route, A10, operates with such a number to Uxbridge.

Inter-terminal transport

Terminals 1 and 3 are within walking distance of each other. Transfers to Terminal 4 & 5 are by Heathrow Express trains or bus. Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect services between Heathrow Central and Terminals 4 and 5 are free of charge.^[66] Normal fare rules apply to London Underground services between terminals. Local buses throughout the airport area are provided free of charge under the "Heathrow FreeFlow" scheme;^[67] passengers should tell the driver their destination to ensure they are not charged a fare.

Transit passengers remaining airside are provided free dedicated transfer buses between terminals.

ULTra Personal Rapid Transport has been opened in April 2011 to shuttle passengers to and from Terminal 5 at a speed of up to 40 km/h. The initial trial will have 18 pods running. ULTra are small transportation pods that can fit four adults, two children, and their luggage and will be able to carry passengers directly to the terminal. The pods are battery powered and will be initially used on a four kilometre track. If the trial is successful there are plans for a roll out airport wide. The capsules run on demand. The provider claims a 95% availability rate and no accidents so far.^[68]

Taxi

Taxis are available at all terminals.^[69]

Car

Heathrow is accessible via the nearby M4 motorway and A4 road (Terminals 1–3), the M25 motorway (Terminals 4 and 5), and the A30 road (Terminal 4). There are drop off and pick up areas at all terminals and short^[70] and long stay^[71] multi-storey car parks. Additionally, there are car parks not run by BAA just outside the airport, the most recognisable is the National Car Parks facility although there are many other options; these car parks are connected to the terminals by shuttle buses.

Four parallel tunnels under one of the runways connect the M4 motorway and the A4 road to Terminals 1–3. The two larger tunnels are each two lanes wide and are used for motorised traffic. The two smaller tunnels were originally reserved for pedestrians and bicycles; to increase traffic capacity the cycle lanes have been modified to each take a single lane of cars, although bicycles still have priority over cars. Pedestrian access to the smaller tunnels has been discontinued, with the free bus services being the alternative.

Bicycle

There are (mainly off-road) bicycle routes to some of the terminals.^[72] Free bicycle parking places are available in car parks 1 and 1A, at Terminal 4, and to the North and South of Terminal 5's Interchange Plaza.^[73]

Accidents and incidents

• On 3 March 1948, Sabena Douglas DC3 Dakota OO-AWH crashed in fog. Three crew and 19 of the 22 passengers on board died.^[74]
• On 31 October 1950, BEA Vickers Viking G-AHPN crashed at Heathrow after hitting the runway during a go-around. Three crew and 25 passengers died.^[75]
• On 1 August 1956, XA897, an Avro Vulcan strategic bomber of the Royal Air Force, crashed at Heathrow after an approach in bad weather. The Vulcan was the first to be delivered to the RAF, and was returning from a demonstration flight to Australia and New Zealand. The pilot and co-pilot ejected and survived, but the four other occupants were killed.^[76]
• On 7 January 1960, Vickers Viscount G-AOHU of BEA was damaged beyond economic repair when the nose wheel collapsed on landing. A fire then developed and burnt out the fuselage. There were no casualties among the 59 people on board.^[77]
• On 27 October 1965, BEA Vickers Vanguard G-APEE, flying from Edinburgh, crashed on Runway 28R while attempting to land in poor visibility. All 30 passengers and six crew on board died.^[78]
• On 8 April 1968, BOAC Flight 712 Boeing 707 G-ARWE, departing for Australia via Singapore, suffered an engine fire just after take-off. The engine fell from the wing into a nearby gravel pit in Staines, before the plane managed to perform an emergency landing with the wing on fire. However, the plane was consumed by fire once on the ground. Five people; four passengers and a stewardess – died, while 122 survived. Barbara Harrison, a flight attendant on board who helped with the evacuation, was posthumously awarded the George Cross.^[79]
• On 3 July 1968, the port flap operating rod of G-AMAD, an Airspeed Ambassador operated by BKS Air Transport failed due to fatigue thereby allowing the port flaps to retract. This resulted in a rolling moment to port which could not be controlled during the approach, causing the aircraft to contact the grass and swerve towards the terminal building. It hit two parked British European Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft, burst into flames and came to rest against the ground floor of the terminal building. Six of the eight crew died, as did eight horses on board. Trident G-ARPT was written off,^[80] and Trident G-ARPI was badly damaged, but subsequently repaired, only to be lost in the Staines crash in 1972.
• On 22 January 1970, Vickers Viscount G-AWXI of British Midland was damaged beyond economic repair when an engine caught fire on take-off. A successful emergency landing was made at Heathrow.^[81]
• On 18 June 1972, Trident G-ARPI, operating as BEA548, crashed in a field close to the Crooked Billet Public House, Staines, two minutes after taking off. All 118 passengers and crew on board died.^[82]

British Airways flight BA038 which crash landed just short of the runway on 17 January 2008

• On 5 November 1997, a Virgin Atlantic Airbus A340-300, G-VSKY, made an emergency landing following an undercarriage malfunction. Part of the undercarriage collapsed on landing, and both aircraft and runway were damaged. Recommendations made as a result of the accident included one that aircraft cabin door simulators should more accurately reproduce operating characteristics in an emergency, and another that cockpit voice recorders should have a two-hour duration in aircraft registered before April 1998.^[83]
• On 17 January 2008, a British Airways Boeing 777-236ER, G-YMMM, operating flight BA038 from Beijing, crash-landed at Heathrow. The aircraft landed on grass short of the south runway, then slid to the edge of the runway and stopped on the threshold, leading to eighteen minor injuries. The aircraft was later found to have suffered loss of thrust caused by fuel icing.^[84]

Terrorism and security incidents

• On 8 June 1968, James Earl Ray, the man convicted of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., was captured and arrested at Heathrow Airport while attempting to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport.^[85]
• On 19 May 1974, the IRA planted a series of bombs in the Terminal 1 car park. Two people were injured by the explosions.^[86]
• On 26 November 1983, the Brink's-MAT robbery occurred, in which 6,800 gold bars worth nearly £26 million were taken from a vault near Heathrow. Only a fraction of the gold was ever recovered, and only two men were convicted of the crime.^[87]
• On 17 April 1986, semtex explosives were found in the bag of a pregnant Irishwoman attempting to board an El Al flight. The explosives had been given to her by her Jordanian boyfriend and father of their unborn child Nizar Hindawi. The incident became known as the Hindawi Affair.^[88]
• On 21 December 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 from Heathrow to New York/JFK was blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 on board and 11 other people on the ground.^[89]
• In 1994, over a six-day period, Heathrow was targeted three times (8, 10, and 13 March) by the IRA, who fired 12 mortars. Heathrow was a symbolic target due to its importance to the UK economy, and much disruption was caused when areas of the airport were closed over the period. The gravity of the incident was heightened by the fact that the Queen was being flown back to Heathrow by the RAF on 10 March.^[90]
• In March 2002, thieves stole US$3 million that had arrived on a South African Airways flight.^[91]
• In February 2003, the British Army was deployed to Heathrow, along with 1,000 police officers, in response to intelligence reports suggesting that al-Qaeda terrorists might launch surface-to-air missile attacks at British or American airliners.^[92]
• On 17 May 2004, Scotland Yard's Flying Squad foiled an attempt by seven men to steal £40 million in gold bullion and a similar quantity of cash from the Swissport warehouse at Heathrow.^[93]
• On 10 August 2006, the airport became the focus of changes in security protocol, following the revelation of a supposed al-Qaeda terrorist plot. New security rules were put in force immediately, causing additional but essential^{[citation needed]} restrictions in regards to carrying liquids on board flights. This caused longer queues and wait times at security. These included the prohibition of carry-on luggage (except essential items such as travel documents and medication) and all liquids – although this rule was later relaxed to allow the carrying on board of liquid medications and baby milk, provided that they were tasted first by passengers at the security checkpoint.^[94]
• On 25 February 2008, Greenpeace activists protesting against the planned third runway managed to cross the tarmac and climb on top of a British Airways Airbus A320, which had just arrived from Manchester Airport. At about 09:45 GMT the protesters unveiled a banner, saying "Climate Emergency – No Third Runway", over the aircraft's tailfin. By 11:00 GMT four arrests had been made.^[95]
• On 13 March 2008, a man with a rucksack scaled the perimeter fence onto runway 27R, and ran across the grounds, resulting in his subsequent arrest. A controlled explosion of his bag took place, although nothing suspicious was found, and the Metropolitan Police later said that the incident had not been terrorism related.^[96]

Other incidents

• Flights from Heathrow were suspended from midday Thursday 15 April 2010 to 22:00 Tuesday 20 April 2010 due to risk of jet engines being damaged by volcanic ash in the upper atmosphere caused by the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland.^[97]
• On 18 December 2010, 'heavy' (9 cm, according to the Heathrow Winter Resilience Enquiry ^[98]) snowfall caused the closure of the entire airport, causing one of the largest incidents at Heathrow of all time. 4,000 flights were cancelled over five days and 9,500 passengers spent the night at Heathrow on 18 December following the initial snowfall.^[99] The problems were caused not only by snow on the runways, but also by snow and ice on the 198 parking stands which were all occupied by aircraft.^[100]

Future expansion

Runway and terminal expansion

Main article: Expansion of London Heathrow Airport

British Airways aircraft seen here at Terminal 4. (The airline has since moved to Terminals 3 and 5)

In January 2009 the Transport Secretary Geoff Hoon announced that the UK government supports the expansion of Heathrow by building a third 2,200-metre (7,200 ft) runway and a sixth terminal building.^[101] This decision follows the 2003 white paper on the future of air transport in the UK,^[102] and a public consultation in November 2007.^[103] This was a controversial decision which met with widespread opposition because of its greenhouse gas emissions, destruction of local communities, as well as noise and air pollution concerns.

Before the 2010 General Election the Conservative and Liberal Democrats parties announced that they would prevent the construction of any third runway or further material expansion of the airport's operating capacity. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, has admitted that London needs more airport capacity but favours constructing an entirely new airport in the Thames Estuary rather than expanding Heathrow.^[104] After the Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition took power, it was announced that the third runway expansion was cancelled.^[10]

Heathrow railway hub

A plan to make Heathrow an international railway exchange has also been proposed with the potential construction of Heathrow Hub railway station,^[105] built on a link to the High Speed 2 railway line.^[106]

Airtrack

In July 2009, Heathrow Airport Limited submitted an application to the Secretary of State for Transport seeking to gain authorisation to develop a new rail link to Heathrow Terminal 5 to be known as Heathrow Airtrack.^[107] The rail link would address the current lack of public transport available to the South West of the Airport by connecting to Guildford, Reading and London Waterloo. BAA state that the scheme should add significantly to their aim of increasing the proportion of people using public transport to travel to the Airport.^[108] In April 2011, BAA announced that it was abandoning the project,^[109] citing the unavailability of government subsidy and other priorities for Heathrow,^[110] such as linking to Crossrail and HS2.

Heathrow/Gatwick Rail Link

The Department for Transport is currently studying the possibility of a direct, high-speed rail link between Heathrow and Gatwick Airport.^[111]

See also

	London portal
	Aviation portal

• List of airports in the United Kingdom
• World's busiest airports by passenger traffic
• World's busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic
• Busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic

References

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72. ^ Transport for London free maps 'London Cycling Guide 6' covers Terminals 1, 2 & 3 while 'London Cycling Guide 9' covers Terminal 4 (as of the June 2007 revision).
73. ^ Cycling and Motorcycling map.
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Bibliography

• Cotton, Jonathan; Mills, John & Clegg, Gillian. (1986) Archaeology in West Middlesex. Uxbridge: London Borough of Hillingdon ISBN 0907869076
• Gallop, Alan. (2005) Time Flies: Heathrow At 60. Stroud: Sutton Publishing ISBN 0-7509-3840-4
• Halpenny, Bruce B. (1992) Action Stations Vol.8: Military Airfields of Greater London. ISBN 1-85260-431-X
• Sherwood, Philip. (1990) The History of Heathrow. Uxbridge: London Borough of Hillingdon ISBN 0907869270
• Sherwood, Philip. (1999) Heathrow: 2000 Years of History. Stroud: Sutton Publishing ISBN 0750921323
• Sherwood, Philip. (2006) Around Heathrow Past & Present. Sutton Publishing ISBN 0750941359
• Sherwood, Philip. (2009) Heathrow: 2000 Years of History. Stroud: The History Press ISBN 978-0752450862
• Sherwood, Tim. (1999) Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911–1946. Heritage Publications (Hounslow Library) ISBN 1-899144-30-7
• Smith, Graham. (2003) Taking to the Skies: the Story of British Aviation 1903–1939. Countryside ISBN 1853068152
• Smith, Ron. (2002) British Built Aircraft Vol.1. Greater London: Tempus ISBN 0-7524-2770-9
• Sturtivant, Ray. (1995) Fairey Aircraft: in Old Photographs. Alan Sutton ISBN 0750911352
• Taylor, H.A. (1974) Fairey Aircraft since 1915. Putnam ISBN 0-370-00065-X.
• Taylor, John WR. (1997) Fairey Aviation: Archive Photographs. Chalford ISBN 0752406841

External links

• Official website
• Heathrow Airport Consultative Committee
• Heathrow Airport travel guide from Wikitravel
• The building of Heathrow Video at the Internet Archive
• Heathrow Air Watch – Information on pollution levels around Heathrow
• Heathrow airport's resident TV crew – official website
• Longford Residents' Association (thisislongford.com) archived copy