Metropolitan Police Service

"Metropolitan Police Force" redirects here. For other uses, see Metropolitan police.

Metropolitan Police Service Metropolitan Police Force
Common name	The Met[1]
Abbreviation	MPS[2]
Logo of the Metropolitan Police Service.
Flag of the Metropolitan Police Service.
Motto	Working together for a safer London[1]
Agency overview
Formed	29 September, 1829[3]
Preceding agencies	Bow Street Runners[4] Marine Police Force[5]
Employees	49,534[6]
Volunteers	797[7] (and 5,232 special constables)[6]
Annual budget	£4.1 billion[8]
Legal personality	Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction*	Police area of Metropolitan Police District in the country of England, UK
Map of police area
Size	1,578 km2 (609 sq mi)
Population	7.4 million
Legal jurisdiction	England & Wales (Northern Ireland and Scotland in limited circumstances)
Governing body	Metropolitan Police Authority
Constituting instruments	Metropolitan Police Act 1829 Metropolitan Police Act 1839 Police Act 1996
General nature	Law enforcement Civilian police
Operational structure
Overviewed by	Independent Police Complaints Commission/Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary
Headquarters	New Scotland Yard
Police Constables	31,920[6] (plus 5,232 special constables)[6]
Police Community Support Officers	3,887[6]
Agency executive	Bernard Hogan-Howe, QPM, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police
Facilities
Stations	180
Boats	22
Helicopters	3
Dogs	250
Website
www.met.police.uk
Footnotes
* Police area agency: Prescribed geographic area in the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction.

London

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The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London which is the responsibility of the City of London Police.^[9] The MPS also has significant national responsibilities such as co-ordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the British Royal Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's Government.^[10]

At the end of July 2011, the MPS employed 49,534 (full-time) personnel. This included 31,920 sworn police officers, 13,727 non-police staff, and 3,887 non-sworn Police Community Support Officers. There were also 5,232 Special Constables, who work part-time (a minimum of 16 hours a month).^[6] This makes it the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin, and one of the biggest forces in the world.^[11]

The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, known commonly as Commissioner, is the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and accountable to the Metropolitan Police Authority. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The post is currently occupied by Bernard Hogan-Howe, QPM.

A number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, such as "the Met", "Met Pol", "MP" and "the MPS". In colloquial London (or Cockney) slang, it is referred to as the "Old Bill".^[1] In statutes it is referred to in the lower case as the "metropolitan police force" or the "metropolitan police", without the appendage "service". The MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in and around Great Scotland Yard, Whitehall.^[12] The current headquarters of the MPS is New Scotland Yard.

History

Main article: History of the Metropolitan Police Service

The Metropolitan Police Service was founded in 1829, under the Metropolitan Police Act, and at that time merged with the River Thames Marine Police Force which had been formed in 1798.

Police area and other forces

The police area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police District (MPD). In terms of geographic policing the MPS is divided into a number of Borough Operational Command Units which directly align with the 32 London boroughs covered. The City of London (which is not a London borough) is a separate police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Police.

The Ministry of Defence Police are responsible for policing of Ministry of Defence property throughout the United Kingdom, including its headquarters in Whitehall and other MoD establishments across the MPD.^[13]

The British Transport Police is responsible for policing of the rail network in the United Kingdom, including London. Within London, they are also responsible for policing of the London Underground, Tramlink and the Docklands Light Railway.^[14]

The English part of the Royal Parks Constabulary, which patrolled a number of Greater London's major parks, was merged with the Metropolitan Police in 2004 and is now policed by the Royal Parks Operational Command Unit.^[15] There is also a small park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Gardens, whose officers have full police powers within the park. A few London borough councils maintain their own borough park constabularies, though their remit only extends to park by-laws, and although they are sworn as constables under laws applicable to parks, their powers are not equal to those of constables appointed under the Police Acts, meaning that they are not police officers.^[16]

It should be noted that despite these specialist police forces the MPS is statutorily responsible for law and order throughout the MPD and can take on primacy of any incident or investigation within it.

MPS officers have legal jurisdiction throughout all of England and Wales, including areas which have their own special police forces, such as the Ministry of Defence, as do all police officers of territorial police forces. Officers also have limited powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Within the MPD, the MPS will take over the investigation of any serious crime from the British Transport Police and Ministry of Defence Police if it is deemed appropriate. Terrorist incidents and complex murder enquiries will almost always be investigated by the MPS, with the assistance of any relevant specialist force, even if they are committed on railway or Ministry of Defence property. (A minor oddity to the normal jurisdiction of territorial police officers in England and Wales is that MPS officers involved in protection duties of the Royal Family and other VIPs have full police powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland in connection with those duties.)

Organisation and structure

Main article: Organisation and structure of the Metropolitan Police Service

The Metropolitan Police Service is organised into five main directorates, each with differing responsibilities. They are Territorial Policing, Specialist Crime Directorate, Specialist Operations, Central Operations, and administration and support. Each is overseen by an Assistant Commissioner, or in the case of administrative departments a director of police staff which is the equivalent civil staff grade. The management board is made up of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and internal department heads.

Ranks

See also: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

The Metropolitan Police Service uses the standard United Kingdom police ranks, indicated by shoulder boards, up to Chief Superintendent, but it has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three.^[17]

The MPS approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new recruits wearing the Velcro badges from September 2004. The badge consists of the wearer's rank, followed by their surname.^[18]

Following controversy over assaults by uniformed officers with concealed shoulder identification numbers^[19] during the G20 summit, Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson said, "the public has a right to be able to identify any uniformed officer whilst performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.^[20]

The MPS rank structure, with shoulder badge features, is as follows:

• Special Constable (SC or MSC): an SC Crown, Divisional call sign and shoulder number.
• Police Constable (PC): Divisional call sign and shoulder number.
• Sergeant (Sgt or PS): Three pointing-down chevrons above divisional call sign and shoulder number. An 'acting' sergeant, such as a substantive constable being paid an allowance to undertake the duties of a sergeant for a short period of time, displays two pointing-down chevrons above the divisional call sign, and shoulder number. The use of three chevrons by an acting sergeant is technically incorrect, and should only be used during a period of temporary promotion.
• Inspector (Insp): Two Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips".
• Chief Inspector (C/Insp): Three pips.
• Superintendent (Supt): Single crown.
• Chief Superintendent (C/Supt): Single crown over one pip.
• Commander (Cdr): Crossed tipstaves in a bayleaf wreath. This is the first ACPO rank.
• Deputy Assistant Commissioner (DAC): One pip over Commander's badge.
• Assistant Commissioner (AC): Crown over Commander's badge.
• Deputy Commissioner (D/Comm): Crown above two side-by-side small pips, above Commander's badge.
• Commissioner (Comm): Crown above one pip above Commander's badge.

London Metropolitan Police ranks

Police Constable	Sergeant	Inspector	Chief Inspector	Super- intendent	Chief Super- intendent	Commander	Deputy Assistant Commissioner	Assistant Commissioner	Deputy Commissioner	Commissioner

For a comparison of these ranks with other British police forces (in and out of London) see Police ranks of the United Kingdom.

The MPS also has several active Volunteer Police Cadet units, which maintain their own internal rank structure.^[21] The Metropolitan Special Constabulary (MSC) is a contingent of part-time volunteer police officers and is attached to most Borough Operational Command Units. The MSC has its own internal rank structure.

The prefix "Woman" in front of female officers' ranks has been obsolete since 1999. Members of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) up to and including the rank of Chief Superintendent prefix their ranks with "Detective". Detective ranks are equivalent in rank to their uniform counterparts. Other departments, such as Special Branch and Child Protection, award non-detectives "Branch Detective" status, allowing them to use the "Detective" prefix. None of these detective ranks confer on the holder any extra pay or supervisory authority compared to their uniformed colleagues.

Resources

Two MPS officers overseeing an event at Trafalgar Square

MPS officers supervising World Cup revellers in 2006

MPS mounted officers policing a protest at Westminster

MPS officers responding to an emergency call in a police car in 2005

MPS employees consist of uniformed police officers, Special Constables, civilian staff, and Police Community Support Officers.^[22] The MPS was the first force to introduce PCSOs.

Uniformed traffic wardens, who wear a uniform with yellow and black markings, are a distinct body from local authority civil enforcement officers. The former have greater powers that include being able to stop vehicles and redirect traffic at an incident.^[23]

Police numbers

• Regular police officers: 31,920^[24]
• Police Community Support Officers: 3,887^[24]
• Special Constables: 5,232^[24]
• Traffic wardens: 470^[24]
• Horses: 120^[25]
• Other police staff: 13,727^[24]

Historic numbers of police officers

• 2010: 33,260 (this excludes Special Constables who work part-time, of which there were 3,125)^[26]
• 2009: 32,543 (this excludes Special Constables who work part-time, of which there were 2,622)^[27]
• 2004: 31,000 (approx)^[28]
• 2003: 28,000 (approx)^[28]
• 2001: 25,000 (approx)^[29]
• 1984: 27,000 (approx)^[30]
• 1965: 18,016^[31]
• 1952: 16,400^[32]
• 1912: 20,529^[33]

Fleet

The MPS operates and maintains a fleet of over 8,000 vehicles^[34] which are used for a range of duties, including:^[35]

• Area cars, used for patrol and pursuit duties;
• Incident Response Vehicles (IRVs), used for patrol and emergency response;
• Traffic units, used to patrol the highways, reduce traffic offences and encourage road safety;
• Protected carriers, used for public order duties;
• Control units, used for incident command and control purposes;
• Armoured multi-role vehicles, used for public order duties, airport duties or as required;
• General purpose vehicles, used for general support and transportation duties of officers or equipment;
• Training vehicles, used to train police drivers;
• Miscellaneous vehicles, such as horseboxes and trailers.

A full list of the front-line vehicles in the MPS fleet is located here:^[35]

The majority of vehicles have a service life of three to five years; the MPS replaces or upgrades between 800 and 1,000 vehicles each year.

The MPS Air Support Unit operates three Eurocopter EC 145 helicopters, using the call signs India 97, India 98 and India 99. The helicopters are marked in police livery and used for a range of operations. They each cost £5.2 million and have a service life of ten years, meaning they will become due for replacement in 2017.^[35]

The Marine Policing Unit operates a total of 22 vessels, from its base in Wapping.

Cost of the service

Annual expenditure for single years, selected by quarter centuries.^[36]

• 1829/30: £194,126
• 1848: £437,441
• 1873: £1,118,785
• 1898: £1,812,735
• 1923: £7,838,251
• 1948: £12,601,263
• 1973: £95,000,000
• 1998/9: £2,033,000,000

Crime figures

See also: Crime in London

Crimes reported within the Metropolitan Police District, selected by quarter centuries.^[37]

• 1829/30: 20,000
• 1848: 15,000
• 1873: 20,000
• 1898: 18,838
• 1923: 15,383
• 1948: 126,597
• 1973: 355,258
• 1998/9: 934,254

Detection rates

The following table shows the percentage detection rates for the MPS by offence group for 2010/11.^[38]

	Total	Violence against the person	Sexual offences	Robbery	Burglary	Offences against vehicles	Other theft offences	Fraud and forgery	Criminal damage	Drug offences	Other offences
Metropolitan Police	24	35	23	17	11	5	14	16	13	91	63
England and Wales	28	44	30	21	13	11	22	24	14	94	69

Stations

In addition to the headquarters at New Scotland Yard, there are 140 police stations in London.^[39] These range from large borough headquarters staffed around the clock every day to smaller stations which may be open to the public only during normal business hours, or on certain days of the week.

A traditional blue lamp as seen outside most police stations. This one is outside Bow Street police station

Most police stations can easily be identified from one or more blue lamps located outside the entrance, which were introduced in 1861.

The oldest police station, which opened in Bow Street in 1881, closed in 1992 and the adjoining Bow Street Magistrates' Court heard its last case on 14 July 2006.^[40] The oldest operational police station is in Wapping, and opened in 1908. It is the headquarters of the Marine Policing Unit (formerly known as Thames Division), which is responsible for policing the River Thames. It also houses a mortuary and the River Police Museum.

Paddington Green Police Station is an MPS station that has received much publicity for its housing of terrorism suspects in an underground complex.

The Marine Policing Unit is based at Wapping

MPS stations may house a variety of roles and ranks of police staff, such as:

• Uniformed police officers and Special Constables who are responsible for attending emergency calls;
• Uniformed police officers and Special Constables who make up a "safer neighbourhood team", policing a specific area;
• Police Community Support Officers responsible for a general presence in the community and assisting in policing duties;
• MPS-employed traffic wardens who enforce parking regulations;
• Non-police Crime Reduction Officers who are responsible for attending public functions with advice, visiting households, and handing out items such as personal alarms;
• Non-police Firearms Enquiry Officers responsible for issuing firearms certificates and related duties;
• Non-police Station Reception Officer or Station PCSO who are responsible for interaction with members of the public who enter the front office of the station, along with general administration;
• Non-police fingerprinting and identification staff who are responsible for maintaining criminal identity archives;
• Police cadets assisting police officers, PCSOs or other police staff in non-confrontational duties; and
• CID detectives concerned with criminal investigations.

Most stations have temporary holding cells where an arrested person can be held until either being released without charge, bailed to appear at court on a later date, or remanded until escort to a court.

In 2004 there was a call from the Institute for Public Policy Research for more imaginative planning of police stations to aid in improving relations between police forces and the wider community.^[41]

Notable incidents and investigations

Notable major incidents and investigations in which the MPS has been involved include:

• 1888–1891: Whitechapel murders: Suspected to have been carried out by Jack the Ripper who killed at least five prostitutes. No suspect was ever charged with the murders, and the identity of the killer remains unknown.

• 1911: Siege of Sidney Street: Members of a Latvian gang took a couple hostage on 2 January 1911 after an unsuccessful attempt to rob a jeweller's; Home Secretary Winston Churchill later arrived at the scene and authorised a detachment of Scots Guards to assist police from the Tower of London.^[42]

• 1970-1990s: Provisional IRA bombing campaign: Throughout the last quarter of the 20th century, a number of bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. A list of bombings carried out within the Metropolitan Police District, and those planted in central London, can be found here.^[43]

• 1975: Balcombe Street Siege: From 6 to 12 December 1975, Provisional IRA members took a couple hostage in their home, while on the run from police.^[44]

• 1975: Spaghetti House siege: The Spaghetti House siege occurred on 18 September 1975 when alleged members of the Black Liberation Army attempted to commit an armed robbery at the Spaghetti House restaurant to gain publicity for their cause. However, the robbery was discovered by police, and the would-be robbers initiated a siege by taking hostages.^[45]

• 1975: Moorgate tube crash: A London Underground train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel, resulting in the largest loss of life during peacetime on the Tube with over 42 people killed.^[46]

• 1976: Notting Hill Carnival riot: After MPS officers attempted to arrest an alleged pickpocket at the Notting Hill Carnival on 30 August 1976, a riot ensued leading to over 100 officers being admitted to hospital.^[47]

• 1978–1983: Muswell Hill murders: Serial killer Dennis Nilsen murdered at least 15 men and boys over a period of five years. He was known for retaining corpses for sex acts, and disposing of body parts by burning them or dumping them in drains. Some remains were found in his home at Muswell Hill when MPS officers apprehended him.^[48]

• 1979: Death of Blair Peach: Teacher Peach was fatally injured in April 1979 during a demonstration in Southall by the Anti-Nazi League against a National Front election meeting taking place in the town hall. He was knocked unconscious and died the next day in hospital. Police brutality was never proven to be a contributory factor in his death, but it was claimed that he had fallen to a blow from a rubberised police radio belonging to the MPS's now disbanded Special Patrol Group.^[49] In 2010, a police report was disclosed which stated that it was likely an MPS officer "struck the fatal blow" and attributed "grave suspicion" to one unnamed officer, who it says may also have been involved in a cover-up along with two colleagues.^[50]

• 1980: Iranian Embassy Siege: Members of a terrorist group calling themselves the Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRMLA) took staff hostage in the Iranian embassy. The MPS were heavily involved in negotiations but after six days they were terminated, and the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) stormed the building. Five separatists and one hostage died.^[51]

• 1981: Brixton riot: – During the early 1980s the MPS began Operation Swamp which was implemented to cut street crime by the use of the Sus law which legally allowed officers to stop people on the suspicion of wrongdoing. Tensions rose within the black community after a black youth was stabbed, leading to severe rioting on 11 April 1981.^[52]

• 1982–86: The Railway Rapists: John Duffy and David Mulcahy committed 18 rapes of women and young girls at or near railway stations in London and South East England, murdering three of their victims. MPS officers worked with neighbouring forces to solve the crimes. Duffy was convicted in 1988, but Mulcahy was not brought to justice until almost ten years later.^[53]

• 1985: Brixton riot: Rioting erupted in Brixton on 28 September 1985, sparked by the shooting of Dorothy Groce by police seeking her son Michael Groce in relation to a suspected firearms offence who believed to be hiding in his mother's home. He was not there at the time, and Groce was part-paralysed by the bullet.^[54]

• 1985: Broadwater Farm riot: A week after the Brixton riot, while tensions among the black community were still high, riots broke out in Tottenham, north London, after the mother of a black man whose house was being searched died of a heart attack during the operation. During the riot, PC Keith Blakelock was murdered. Blakelock's murder remains unsolved.^[55]

• 1986: The Stockwell Strangler: Kenneth Erskine carried out a series of attacks in Stockwell on elderly men and women, breaking into their homes and strangling them to death. Most were sexually assaulted before being murdered. In 2009, Erskine's murder convictions were reduced to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility after an appeal.^[56]

• 1987: King's Cross fire: Fire broke out under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Underground station platforms to the surface at King's Cross. The blaze and resulting smoke claimed 31 lives, including that of a senior firefighter.^[57]

• 1988: Clapham Junction rail crash: A packed commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train, derailing it into the path of a third oncoming train. 35 people were killed and 69 injured.^[58]

• 1989: Marchioness disaster: The pleasure boat Marchioness was struck by a dredger and sank, killing 30 people.^[59]

• 1990: Poll Tax Riots: Rioting triggered by growing unrest against the Community Charge, and grew from a legitimate demonstration which had taken place earlier. An estimated £400,000 worth of damage was caused.^[60]

• 1991: Cannon Street station rail crash: Two people were killed and over 500 injured.^[61]

• 1993: The Gay Slayer: Former soldier Colin Ireland murdered five gay men in a deliberate bid to gain notoriety (he had read an article that said to be a 'serial killer' one must have killed five times or more).^[62]

• 1993: Murder of Stephen Lawrence: A series of operations failed to convict the killers of schoolboy Stephen Lawrence, despite substantial evidence. The resulting MacPherson inquiry found that the MPS was "institutionally racist".^[63]

• 1995: Brixton riot: A large gathering protested outside Brixton police station over the death of a local man in police custody, leading to a riot. Three police officers were injured and a two-mile exclusion zone was set up around Brixton. Later reports showed that the male in custody died of heart failure, said to be brought on because of difficulties restraining him.^[64]

• 1999: The London Nailbomber: David Copeland carried out a series of hate attacks on ethnic minority areas and on a pub frequented by the gay community.^[65]

• 1999: Carnival Against Capitalism: Previously peaceful anti-capitalist demonstrations ended with disorder in the City of London, which caused widespread damage, particularly to businesses identified with global capitalism.^[66]

• 2001: May Day protest: In an attempt to control crowds, the MPS employed the tactic of "kettling", and were criticised for detaining innocent bystanders for long periods of time.^[67]

• 2001: Thames murder case: The dismembered body of a young boy believed to have been between the ages of four and seven was spotted floating in the River Thames, named by police as Adam in the absence of a confirmed identity. During the investigation a police commander and a detective chief inspector met with Nelson Mandela.^[68] The case was never solved.^[69]

• 2004: Pro-hunting protests: Demonstrators protesting against the Hunting Act 2004 outside parliament were involved in violent confrontations with the MPS.^[70]

• 2005: 7 July bombings: Four suicide bombings across London, in which MPS officers worked to a major incident plan to provide coordination, control and forensic and investigative resources.^[71]

• 2005: 21 July attempted bombings and death of Jean Charles de Menezes: Multiple attempted bombings across London, in which MPS officers worked to a similar plan to that used two weeks previously. In the aftermath of these events, Jean Charles de Menezes was mistakenly targeted as a potential terrorist and shot dead in a deployment of Operation Kratos.^[72]

• 2006: Transatlantic aircraft bomb plot: Alleged plot to detonate liquid explosives on transatlantic aircraft and other related terrorist activities by militant Islamists were foiled by British police, including MPS officers.^[73][74]

• 2006: Operation Mokpo: Officers from Operation Trident made the MPS's largest ever seizure of firearms after a series of raids in Dartford, Kent.^[75]

• 2007: Attempted car bombings: Attempted car bombings in central London. One of the devices, in a car outside a nightclub, was initially reported by a London Ambulance Service paramedic dealing with an unrelated incident nearby. MPS bomb disposal officers defused this device and another located in an underground car park. Subsequent investigation led to convictions of those involved.

The MPS deployed some of their specialist riot vehicles, similar to this one pictured, to the 2009 G-20 protests

• 2008: National Black Police Association boycott: Declared against the police force on the grounds of racial discrimination. This followed high profile controversies involving high-ranking black officers, including allegations of racism made by Tarique Ghaffur – the highest ranking Asian officer in the MPS – against commissioner Ian Blair.

• 2009: G-20 summit protests and Death of Ian Tomlinson: The MPS used the "kettling" technique to contain large numbers of demonstrators during the G-20 protests. Ian Tomlinson, a bystander to the protests, died from internal bleeding after he was struck with a baton and pushed to the ground by a police constable of the Territorial Support Group.^[76] The jury at the inquest into Tomlinson's death returned a verdict of unlawful killing. Following a separate incident, a sergeant in the Territorial Support Group was suspended after being filmed striking a woman's face with his hand and her leg with a baton, but was later cleared of any wrongdoing.^[77]

MPS officers policing the "Protest the Pope" rally on 18 September 2010

• 2010: Pope Benedict XVI's visit: In September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to undertake a state visit to the UK. Around 10,000 people demonstrated on the streets of London when the pope's tour of England and Scotland arrived in the capital.^[78]

• 2011: Anti-cuts protest: 201 people were arrested, and 66 were injured, including 31 police officers, as up to 500,000 people demonstrated in central London against planned public spending cuts. It was described as the largest protest in the United Kingdom since the 15 February 2003 anti-Iraq War protest and the largest union-organised rally in London since the Second World War.

• 2011: Conviction of the Night Stalker: Operation Minstead concluded after 12 years on 24 March 2011 with the conviction of the Night Stalker. Delroy Grant raped and assaulted elderly victims over a period of 17 years from 1992 to 2009 across south London, Kent and Surrey. He was found guilty of 29 charges, including burglaries, rapes and sexual assaults, but MPS officers linked him to over 200 different offences during the 1990s and 2000s.^[79] Grant was given four life sentences and ordered to serve a minimum of 27 years in prison.^[80]

• 2011: Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton: 5,000 MPS officers were deployed to police the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011. In advance of the event, Assistant Commissioner Lynne Owens said "People who want to come to London to peacefully protest can do that but they must remember that it is a day of national celebration". In fact, approximately one hundred people were pre-emptively arrested in advance of the wedding and were detained without charge for the duration of the wedding, with the apparent aim of suppressing protest. Other protestors were arrested on the day of the wedding; some were detained at railway stations on arrival. The Metropolitan Police claim that one million people were physically present in London to watch the wedding procession.^[81]

• 2006–2011: News International phone hacking scandal: Part of the scandal revolves around the allegations that some police officers accepted payment from journalists in exchange for information.^[82]

• 2011: 2011 London riots: Dozens of officers were injured in a series of public disturbances initially in the Tottenham area, following an incident in which a suspect was shot dead by MPS officers.^[83] The MPS launched Operation Withern,^[84] a major investigation into the disturbances which spread into many other areas of the city and included instances of arson and looting.

Officers killed in the line of duty

See also: List of British police officers killed in the line of duty

The Police Memorial Trust lists and commemorates all British police officers killed in the line of duty, and since its establishment in 1984 has erected over 38 memorials to some of those officers.

Since 1900, the following officers of the Metropolitan Police Service are listed by the Trust as having been killed while attempting to prevent, stop or solve a criminal act in progress:^[85][86][87]

Rank	Name	Year of death	Circumstances
PC	Ernest Thompson	1900	Stabbed by a suspect causing a street disturbance
PC	Arthur John Wilkins Healey	1902	Fell through roof while searching a premises
PC	James Frederick Macey	1904	Collapsed and died after an arrest
PC	Leonard Russell	1904	Collapsed and died during an arrest
Sgt	Thomas William Perry	1905	Collapsed and died after an arrest
PC	William Percy Croft	1905	Fatally injured in a fall while pursuing burglars
PC	William Frederick Tyler	1909	Shot dead while pursuing robbery suspects
Insp	Alfred Edward Deeks	1912	Collapsed and died while dispersing a nuisance crowd
DC	Alfred Young, KPM	1915	Shot dead attempting an arrest
PC	Herbert Berry	1918	Fatally injured during an arrest
Sgt	Henry William Sawyer	1918	Fatally injured during an arrest
Sgt	Thomas Green	1919	Bludgeoned during a mob attack on a police station
PC	Thomas Eldred B. Rowland	1919	Died from injuries sustained during an arrest
PC	James Kelly	1920	Shot dead while pursuing a burglar
PC	David Fleming Ford	1929	Fell through a roof while pursuing burglars
PC	Arthur Lawes	1930	Run over while attempting to stop a stolen vehicle
PC	George William Allen	1931	Fatally injured with Cautherley when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Harry Cautherley	1931	Fatally injured with Allen when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	George Thomas Shepherd	1938	Dragged by a stolen vehicle while attempting to arrest the driver
WRC	Jack William Avery	1940	Stabbed while questioning a suspect
PC	Nathanael Edgar	1948	Shot dead while questioning a suspect
PC	Sidney George Miles	1952	Shot dead by Christopher Craig
PC	Edgar Gerald Allen	1958	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Raymond Henry Summers	1958	Stabbed while intervening in a street affray
DS	Raymond William Purdy	1959	Shot dead while detaining a suspect
PC	Ronald Alan Addison	1960	Collapsed and died while pursuing suspects
PC	Edward Roy Dorney	1960	Struck by a train while pursuing suspects
Insp	Philip Pawsey, QPM	1961	Shot dead with Hutchins by a suspect
PC	Frederick George Hutchins, QPM	1961	Shot dead with Pawsey by a suspect
DS	Christopher Head	1966	Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street
PC	Geoffrey Fox	1966	Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street
DC	David Wombwell	1966	Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street
PC	Desmond Morgan Acreman	1967	Accidentally run over while pursuing suspects
PC	Douglas Frederick Beckerson	1971	Fell through a roof while pursuing a suspect
PC	Michael Anthony Whiting, QPM	1973	Dragged by a vehicle while attempting to arrest the driver
Insp	David George Gisborne	1974	Collapsed and died after being assaulted in a riot
CEO	Roger Philip Goad, GC	1975	Killed attempting to defuse a bomb
PC	Clifford Lancaster	1975	Collapsed and died while searching for suspects
PC	Stephen Andrew Tibble, QPM	1975	Shot dead off-duty attempting to stop a suspect pursued by police
PC	Alan Baxter	1977	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit)
PC	Kevin Kelliher	1979	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Francis Joseph O'Neill	1980	Stabbed while questioning a suspect
CEO	Kenneth Robert Howorth	1981	Killed attempting to defuse a bomb
PC	Robert Benjamin Mercer	1982	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
WPC	Jane Philippa Arbuthnot	1983	Killed in the Harrods bombing
Insp	Stephen John Dodd	1983	Killed in the Harrods bombing
Sgt	Noel Joseph Lane	1983	Killed in the Harrods bombing
PC	Stephen Paul Walker	1983	Accidentally run over while pursuing suspects
PC	Grant Clifford Sunnucks	1984	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Ronald Ian Leeuw	1984	Collapsed and died while struggling with a violent prisoner
WPC	Yvonne Joyce Fletcher	1984	Shot dead while policing a political demonstration
PC	Stephen John Jones	1984	Run over while attempting to stop a drunk-driver
PC	Keith Henry Blakelock, QGM	1985	Stabbed during the Broadwater Farm riot
DC	John William Fordham	1985	Stabbed while on surveillance duty
PC	Philip Michael Olds	1986	Died after being shot and left paralysed in 1980 while attempting an arrest
PC	Martin Bickersteth Bell	1986	Run over during a police pursuit
PC	Ronan Konrad McCloskey	1987	Dragged by a vehicle while attempting to arrest the drunk driver
PC	Laurence Peter Brown	1990	Shot dead as he approached a suspect
PC	Robert Chenery Gladwell	1991	Died after being assaulted during an arrest
DC	James Morrison, QGM	1991	Stabbed attempting an arrest off-duty
Sgt	Alan Derek King	1991	Stabbed attempting an arrest
PC	Patrick Dunne	1993	Shot dead while investigating reports of gunfire in the street
Sgt	Derek John Carnie Robertson	1994	Stabbed attempting an arrest during a robbery
PC	George Pickburn Hammond	1995	Died from injuries sustained in a stabbing in 1985
PC	Phillip John Walters	1995	Shot dead attempting an arrest
PC	Nina Alexandra Mackay	1997	Stabbed attempting an arrest
PC	Kulwant Singh Sidhu	1999	Fell through a roof while pursuing suspects
PC	Christopher Roberts	2007	Collapsed and died after a violent arrest
PC	Gary Andrew Toms	2009	Run over when attempting to stop escaping suspects

Key to rank abbreviations: PC = Police Constable · WPC = Woman Police Constable · WRC = War Reserve Constable · DC = Detective Constable · Sgt = Sergeant · DS = Detective Sergeant · Insp = Inspector · CEO = Civilian Explosives Officer.

See also

	London portal
	Law enforcement portal

• 999 (emergency telephone number)
• Aerial roof markings
• Crimint
• London Emergency Services Liaison Panel
• Police National E-Crime Unit
• Hendon Police College
• Project Griffin
• Royal National Lifeboat Institution
• Table of police forces in the United Kingdom

Other London emergency services:

• London Ambulance Service
• London Air Ambulance
• London Fire Brigade
• City of London Police

References

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External links

• Metropolitan Police website
• Metropolitan Police Crime Academy
• Metropolitan Police Leadership Academy
• Metropolitan Police Specialist Training Centre – Gravesend
• Metropolitan Police Federation
• Metropolitan Police Service's channel on YouTube
• Metropolitan Police Service collected news and commentary at The Guardian