Balcombe Street Siege

The Balcombe Street Siege was an incident involving members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and London's Metropolitan Police Service lasting from 6 December to 12 December 1975. The siege ended with the surrender of the four IRA volunteers and the release of their two hostages. The events were televised and watched by millions. [ [http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/v3/about/history/video/irabalcombe1975/index.html Devon & Cornwall Constabulary Historical Videos - Devon & Cornwall Constabulary ] ]

Background

In 1974-1975, London was subject to a 14-month bombing and shootings campaign by the Provisional IRA. Some 40 explosions rocked the capital, leaving 35 people dead and many more injured. Amongst the events was the shooting of Guinness Book of Records co-founder, TV personality and conservative political activist Ross McWhirter, who had offered a £50,000 reward to anyone willing to inform the security forces of IRA activity. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/12/newsid_2546000/2546477.stm 1975: Balcombe Street siege ends] BBC News "On this day": 12 December 1975]

The four IRA participants in what would become known as the 'Balcombe Street gang' were part of a six man IRA Active Service Unit (ASU) that also included Brendan Dowd and Liam Quinn. Quinn had recently shot dead police constable Stephen Tibble in London after fleeing from police officers. The flat where he was seen fleeing from was discovered to be a bomb factory used by the unit.

The Balcombe Street siege started after a chase through London, as the Metropolitan Police pursued Hugh Doherty, Joe O'Connell, Eddie Butler and Harry Duggan through the streets after they had fired gunshots through the window of Scotts Restaurant in Mount Street, Mayfair for the second time. They had previously thrown a bomb through the restaurant window on 12 November, 1975, killing one person and injuring 15 others. The Metropolitan Police Bomb Squad had detected a pattern of behaviour in the ASU, determining that they had a habit of attacking again some of the sites they had previously visited. In a scheme devised by a young Detective Sergeant, the Met flooded the streets of London with unarmed plain-clothes officers on the lookout for the ASU. The four IRA men were spotted as they slowed to a halt outside Scotts and fired from their stolen car.

Inspector John Purnell and Sergeant Phil McVeigh, on duty as part of the dragnet operation, picked up the radio call from the team in Mount Street as the stolen Cortina approached their position. With no means of transport readily available, the two unarmed officers flagged down a taxi cab and tailed the men for several miles through London, until the IRA men abandoned their vehicle. Purnell and McVeigh continued the pursuit on foot, dodging handgun fire from the IRA. Other officers joined the chase, with the four IRA men running into a block of council flats in Balcombe Street, adjacent to Marylebone rail station, triggering the six-day stand-off."The Road To Balcombe Street", Dr. Steven Moysey, Haworth (2007)] verify credibility|date=March 2008

The siege

The four men ended up in a flat at 22b Balcombe Street in Marylebone, taking its two residents, John and Sheila Matthews, hostage. The men declared that they were members of the IRA and demanded a plane to fly both them and their hostages to Ireland. Scotland Yard refused, creating a six-day standoff between the men and the police. Peter Imbert, later Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, was chief negotiator with the gang members. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/315216.stm Balcombe Street gang's reign of terror] BBC News. Accessed 26 August 2007]

The men surrendered after several days of intense negotiations with the Metropolitan Police Bomb squad officers Detective Superintendent Peter Imbert and Detective Chief Superintendent Jim Nevill with the ASU’s leader, Joe O’Connell who went by the name of “Tom”. The other members of the ASU were named “Mick” and “Paddy”, thereby avoiding revealing to the negotiators precisely how many of them were in the living room of the flat. The resolution of the siege was a result of the combined psychological pressure exerted on the ASU by Imbert, and the deprivation tactics used on the four men. The officers also used carefully crafted misinformation, through the BBC radio news – the Police knew the ASU had a radio – to further destabilize the ASU into surrender

Trial

The four were found guilty at their Old Bailey trial in 1977 of seven murders, conspiring to cause explosions, and falsely imprisoning John and Sheila Matthews during the siege. O’Connell, Butler and Duggan each received twelve life sentences with Doherty receiving eleven. The men were later subjected each to a whole life tariff, the only IRA prisoners to do so.

During their trial they instructed their lawyers to "draw attention to the fact that four totally innocent people were serving massive sentences" for three bombings in Woolwich and Guildford. [http://www.searcs-web.com/oconn9.html Joe O'Connell's speech from the dock] ] Despite claims to the police that they were responsible they were never charged with these offences and the Guildford Four and Maguire Seven remained in prison. One (Giuseppe Conlon) died in jail and the rest were released fifteen years later after it was determined that their convictions were unsafe. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4249943.stm Innocents jailed over bombings] BBC News]

Release

After serving 23 years in UK jails, the four men were transferred to the high security wing of Portlaoise Prison, 80 km west of Dublin in early 1998.. They were presented by Gerry Adams to the 1998 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis as ‘our Nelson Mandelas’. [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/year05.html Channel 4] The Year they Blew up London] and were released together with Brendan Dowd and Liam Quinn in 1999 as part of the Good Friday Agreement.

ee also

* Stephen Tibble
* Roger Philip Goad
* Gordon Hamilton-Fairley
* List of hostage crises
* List of terrorist incidents in London

References