Wolverhampton ⁱ/ˌwʊlvərˈhæmptən/ is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. For Eurostat purposes Walsall and Wolverhampton is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG35) and is one of five boroughs or unitary districts that comprise the "West Midlands" NUTS 2 region. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100;^[2] the wider Urban Area had a population of 251,462,^[3] which makes it the 13th most populous city in England.

Historically a part of Staffordshire, and forming part of the metropolitan county of the West Midlands from 1974, the city is commonly recognised as being named after Lady Wulfrun, who founded the town in 985: its name coming from Anglo-Saxon Wulfrūnehēantūn = "Wulfrūn's high or principal enclosure or farm".^[4] Alternatively, the city may have earned its original name from Wulfereēantūn = "Wulfhere's high or principal enclosure or farm" after the Mercian King.^[5] Nevertheless, the name Wulfrun is commonly used in the city – for example, for the Wulfrun Centre or for Wulfrun Hall.

The city's name is often abbreviated to Wolvo "W'ton"^[6] or "Wolves".^[7]^[8] The city council's motto is "Out of darkness, cometh light".^[9] People from Wolverhampton are known as Wulfrunians.

The city grew initially as a market town with specialism within the woollen trade. During and after the Industrial Revolution, the city became a major industrial centre, with mining (mostly coal, limestone and iron ore) as well as production of steel, japanning, locks, motorcycles and cars – including the first vehicle to hold the Land speed record at over 200 mph. Today, the major industries within the city are both engineering based (including a large aerospace industry) and within the service sector.^[10]

History

A local tradition states that King Wulfhere of Mercia founded an abbey of St Mary at Wolverhampton in 659. Proof of such an abbey has not been found to date.^[11]

Wolverhampton is recorded as being the site of a decisive battle between the Saxons and Danes in 910, although sources are unclear as to whether the battle itself took place in Wednesfield or Tettenhall.^[12] The Saxons claimed a decisive victory and the field of Woden is recognised by numerous place names in Wednesfield.^[13]^[14]

Statue of Lady Wulfrun on western side of St. Peter's Collegiate Church.

In 985, King Ethelred the Unready granted lands at a place referred to as Heantun to Lady Wulfrun by royal charter,^[15] and hence founding the settlement.

In 994, a monastery was consecrated in Wolverhampton for which Wulfrun granted land at Upper Arley in Worcestershire, Bilston, Willenhall, Wednesfield, Pelsall, Ogley Hay near Brownhills, Hilton near Wall, Hatherton, Kinvaston, Hilton near Wolverhampton, and Featherstone.^[15] This became the site for the current St. Peter's Church.^[16] A statue of Lady Wulfrun, sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler, can be seen on the stairs outside the church.^[15]

In 1179, there is mention of a market held in the town, and in 1204 it had come to the attention of King John that the town did not possess a Royal Charter for holding a market. This charter for a weekly market held on a Wednesday was eventually granted on 4 February 1258 by Henry III.^[16]

It is held that in the 14th and 15th centuries that Wolverhampton was one of the "staple towns" of the woollen trade,^[16] which today can be seen by the inclusion of a woolpack on the city's coat of arms,^[17] and by the many small streets, especially in the city centre, called "Fold" (examples being Blossom's Fold, Farmers Fold, Townwell Fold and Victoria Fold), as well as Woolpack Street and Woolpack Alley.^[16]

In 1512, Sir Stephen Jenyns, a former Lord Mayor of London and a twice Master of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors, who was born in the city, founded Wolverhampton Grammar School, one of the oldest active schools in Britain.^[18]

Wolverhampton suffered two Great Fires: the first in April 1590, and the second in September 1696. Both fires started in today's Salop Street. The first fire lasted for five days and left nearly 700 people homeless, whilst the second destroyed 60 homes in the first five hours. This second fire led to the purchase of the first fire engine within the city in September 1703.^[16]

From the 16th century onwards, Wolverhampton became home to a number of metal industries including lock and key making and iron and brass working. On 27 January 1606,^[19] two farmers, Thomas Smart and John Holyhead of Rowley Regis, were executed on High Green, now Queen Square, for sheltering two of the Gunpowder Plotters, Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton,^[20] who had fled to the Midlands. The pair played no part in the original plot but nevertheless suffered a traitor's death of being hanged, drawn and quartered on butcher's blocks set up in the square a few days before the execution of Guy Fawkes and several other plotters in London.^[16]

19th century

In Victorian times, Wolverhampton grew to be a wealthy town mainly due to the huge amount of industry that occurred as a result of the abundance of coal and iron deposits in the area. The remains of this wealth can be seen in local houses such as Wightwick Manor and The Mount (both built for the Mander family, prominent varnish and paint manufacturers), and Tettenhall Towers. Many other houses of similar stature were built only to be demolished in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 19th century the city saw much immigration from Wales and Ireland, following the Irish Potato Famine. Wolverhampton is home to a large proportion of the Sikh community, who settled there during the period (1940–1970) from the Indian state of Punjab. Today, the Sikh community in Wolverhampton is roughly 8% of the city's population.

Statue of Prince Albert, Queen Square

Wolverhampton gained its first parliamentary representation as part of the Reform Act 1832, when it was one of 22 large towns that were allocated two Members of Parliament. It was incorporated as a municipal borough on March 15, 1848 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 before becoming a County Borough in 1889.^[21] In 1974, as a result of local government reorganisation, it became a metropolitan borough. The United Kingdom government announced on December 18, 2000 that Wolverhampton would be granted city status, making it one of three "Millennium Cities",^[22] an honour that had been unsuccessfully applied for in 1953, 1966, 1977,^[23] 1985^[24] and 1992.^[23] Wolverhampton also made an unsuccessful application for a Lord Mayor in 2002.^[23]

In 1866, a statue was erected in memory of Prince Albert (often referred to locally as "The Man on the Horse" or "MOTH" and is a common meeting place for the city's youths), the unveiling of which brought Queen Victoria to Wolverhampton.^[25] The unveiling of the statue was the first public appearance Queen Victoria had made since the funeral of her husband the Prince Consort. A 40-foot (12 m) tall archway made of coal was constructed for the visit. The Queen was so pleased with the statue that she knighted the then-mayor, an industrialist named John Morris. Market Square, originally named High Green, was renamed Queen Square in honour of the visit. The statue replaced a Russian cannon captured from Sevastopol during the Crimean War in 1855,^[21] and remains standing in Queen Square.

The railways reached Wolverhampton in 1837, with the first station located at Wednesfield Heath, now Heath Town on the Grand Junction Railway.^[26] This station was demolished in 1965, but the area exists as a nature reserve just off Powell Street.^[27] Wolverhampton Railway Works was established in 1849 for the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and became the Northern Division workshop of the Great Western Railway in 1854.^[28]

Since 1900

Wolverhampton High Level station (the current main railway station) opened in 1852, but the original station was demolished in 1965 and then rebuilt.^[29] Wolverhampton Low Level station opened on the Great Western Railway in 1855. The site of the Low Level station, which closed to passengers in 1972 and completely in 1981, is currently undergoing redevelopment.^[30] Wolverhampton St George's (in the city centre) is now the northern terminus for the Midland Metro light rail system. Wolverhampton was one of the few towns to operate surface contact trams and the only town to use the Lorain Surface Contact System.^[31] Trolleybuses appeared in 1923 and in 1930 for a brief period, the Wolverhampton trolleybus system was the world's largest trolleybus system.^[32] The last Wolverhampton trolleybus ran in 1967, just as the railway line through the High Level station was converted to electric operation.

Location of the UK's first set of traffic lights at Princes Square: the poles are painted with black and white bands as they were originally.

England's first automatic traffic lights could be seen in Princes Square, Wolverhampton in 1927.^[33] The modern traffic lights at this location have the traditional striped poles to commemorate this fact.

In 1918, David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister, announced he was calling a General Election at "The Mount" in Tettenhall Wood.^[34] Lloyd George also made his "Homes fit for heroes" speech at Wolverhampton Grand Theatre in the same year.^[35] It was on the idea of "Homes fit for heroes" that Lloyd George was to fight the 1918 "Coupon" General Election.

Wolverhampton was represented politically in Victorian times by the Liberal MP Charles Pelham Villiers, a noted free trade supporter, who was also the longest serving MP in parliamentary history. Lord Wolverhampton, Henry Hartley Fowler was MP for Wolverhampton at the turn of the century. Sir Geoffrey Le Mesurier Mander, a member of the Mander family, was Liberal MP for Wolverhampton East from 1929 to 1945, distinguished for his stance against Appeasement and as a supporter of the League of Nations; known as "the last of the Midland radicals". More recent members have included the Conservative mavericks Enoch Powell and Nicholas Budgen. In 2005, former Bilston councillor and MP for Wolverhampton South East, Dennis Turner entered the House of Lords as Lord Bilston.

Powell was a member of Edward Heath's Tory shadow cabinet from 1964, until he was dismissed in April 1968 following his controversial Rivers of Blood speech in which he warned of massive civil unrest if mass immigration of black and Asian commonwealth inhabitants continued.

Large numbers of black and Asian immigrants had settled in Wolverhampton in the 1950s and 1960s, mostly in the Whitmore Reans, Blakenhall, All Saints and Heath Town areas.

There was civil unrest in the centre of Wolverhampton in 1981 when a riot broke out on 12 July, at a time when numerous other cities and towns across the United Kingdom were being blighted by rioting.^[36] Racial tension was a factor in the riots, as well as the high unemployment and general social discontent which was affecting most of the country during the recession of that time; when two people accused of taking part in the riots appeared in court, there was a fierce battle to free the defendants and four people - reported to be Rastafarians - were arrested.^[37] The centre of Wolverhampton was scene of a second riot on 22 February 1987 when youths stoned police officers in response to the death of 23-year-old black man Clinton McCurbin, who died two days previously after being restrained by police officers who had arrested him for trying to use a stolen credit card at the Next clothing store. 21 arrests were made.^[38] There was a third riot in the city on 23 May 1989, when a raid on a public house in the Heath Town district sparked a riot in which some 500 people were involved. A newsagents shop in the district was looted and a local council office suffered fire damage.^[39]

Many of the city centre's buildings date from the early 20th century and before, the oldest buildings being St Peter's Church (which was built in the 13th century but has been largely extended and refurbished since the 15th century, situated on Lichfield Street) [2] and a framed timber 17th century building on Victoria Street which is now one of just two remaining in the area which was heavily populated by them until the turn of the 20th century. This building was originally a residential property, but later became the Hand Inn public house. It was completely restored in 1981 after a two-year refurbishment project and has been used by various businesses since then – currently as a second hand book shop.^[40]

In 1960, plans were announced to build a ring road around the centre of Wolverhampton. By the end of the 1960s, more than half of the ring road had been completed, stretching from Snow Hill to Stafford Street (via Penn Road, Chapel Ash and Waterloo Road), followed a few years later by a section between Snow Hill and Bilston Street. However, the final section between Bilston Street and Stafford Street (via Wednesfield Road) was not completed until 1986.

The centre of Wolverhampton has been altered radically since the mid 1960s; with the Mander Centre (plans for which were unveiled on 15 April 1965)^[41]being opened in two phases, the first in 1968 and the second in 1971. Several refurbishments have taken place since.

The Wulfrun Centre, an open shopping area, was opened alongside the Mander Centre's first phase in 1968, but has been undercover since a roof was added in the late 1990s.^[42]

Central Wolverhampton police station was built just south of the city centre on Birmingham Road during the 1960s, but operations there were cut back in the early 1990s when a new larger police station was built on Bilston Street on land which became vacant a decade earlier on the demolition of a factory. This was officially opened by Diana, Princess of Wales, on 31 July 1992.</ref>[3]</ref>

The town centre (as it was then) had several cinemas during the 20th century, the last of these was the ABC Cinema (formerly the Gaumont) on the corner of Garrick Street and Bilston Street, which closed on 17 October 1991 after 54 years. It has since been converted into a nightclub, with part of the site being converted into the offices of a recruitment agency in 2005.^[43]

A modern landmark in the town centre is the Crown Court on Bilston Street, which opened in 1990 as the town's first purpose built crown court.^[44]

Many department store chains including Beattie's, Marks and Spencer, British Homes Stores and Next have stores in the centre of Wolverhampton. Rackham's had a store on Snow Hill for some 25 years until 1992. This building was then divided between a Netto supermarket and the local archives service but by 2006 its future was under threat as part of the proposed Summer Hill retail development. This led to the closure of the Netto supermarket in June 2007 and the closure of the archives service in October 2008. However, the Summer Hill project has since fallen through and the building remains dormant.

In 2000 Wolverhampton was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000.^[45]

In August 2011, the city was the scene of one of many riots which hit England, beginning on the afternoon of 9 August 2011 when gangs of youths began to congregate on the car park of the Asda supermarket near the Wolverhampton Wanderers stadium. Missiles were later hurled at nearby Staveley Police Station in Whitmore Reans before a firework was let off in Queen's Square in the city centre, where unrest followed. Numerous shops were then vandalised and looted.^[46]

Art and culture

From the 18th century, Wolverhampton was well known for production of the japanned ware and steel jewellery. The renowned 18th and 19th century artists Joseph Barney (1753–1832), Edward Bird (1772–1819), George Wallis (1811–1891)were all born in Wolverhampton and initially trained as japanned ware painters.

Wolverhampton Art Gallery was established in 1884.

The School of Practical Art was opened in 1850s and eventually became a close associate of the Art Gallery. Among its students and teachers were Robert Jackson Emerson (1878–1944), Sir Charles Wheeler (Emerson's most famous pupil and the sculptor of the fountains in Trafalgar Square), Sara Page who established her studio in Paris, and many other artists and sculptors recognized locally and nationally.

Wolverhampton Grand Theatre was opened in 1894.

There is a thriving Creative Industries Quarter in Wolverhampton, easily accessible by public transport just off Broad Street. From the newly opened Slade Rooms, the art house cinema the Light House Media Centre and the University of Wolverhampton. All of these institutions are closely linked to the City of Wolverhampton College's Creative Arts department.

Geography

Wolverhampton lies northwest of its larger near-neighbour Birmingham, and forms the second largest part of the West Midlands conurbation.^[47] To the north and west lies the Staffordshire and Shropshire countryside.

Wolverhampton

Climate chart (explanation)

J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
63 7 1	44 7 1	51 10 3	49 12 4	53 16 6	59 18 9	47 21 11	58 21 11	64 18 9	61 14 6	62 10 3	67 7 2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: "Averages 1971–2000". Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/penkridge.html.

Imperial conversion
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
2.5 44 34	1.7 44 34	2 49 37	1.9 54 38	2.1 60 43	2.3 65 48	1.9 70 52	2.3 69 52	2.5 64 48	2.4 56 44	2.4 49 38	2.6 45 35
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Wolverhampton city centre falls outside of the area traditionally known as the Black Country, although some districts such as Bilston and Heath Town and the Willenhall side of Wolverhampton fall within the Black Country coalfields, leading to confusion as to whether the entire city falls within the region. Modern usage has tended towards using the term to refer to the western part of the West Midlands county, excluding Birmingham, Solihull and Coventry. Examples would be UK Government regional bodies such as the Black Country Development Corporation, under whose remit the city fell.

The city lies upon the Midlands Plateau at approximately 120 m (394 ft) above sea level.^[48] There are no major rivers within the city, although the River Penk and River Tame (tributaries of the River Trent) rise in the city, as does Smestow Brook, a tributary of the River Stour, and thence the River Severn. This means that the city lies astride the main east-west watershed (British usage, meaning drainage divide, of England.

The geology of the city is complex, with a combination of Triassic and Carboniferous geology; specifically Bunter and Keuper sandstone, and Upper and Middle Coal measures. There is also an area of dolerite deposits.^[49]

Climate

Wolverhampton's climate is oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and therefore quite temperate with average maximum temperatures in July being around 21 °C (70 °F) with the minimum daytime temperature in January being around 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).

The Met Office's nearest observation station is at Penkridge, about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city.

Areas of the city

As with much of the locality, the majority of areas in Wolverhampton have names that are of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) origin, with a few exceptions such as Penn (pre-English Brythonic place name) and Parkfields, Park Village, Lanesfield etc. (modern place names of the last couple of hundred years).^[50]

See also List of areas in Wolverhampton

Localities in the City of Wolverhampton include:

Notes: †–Partial Urban Districts added to Wolverhampton County Borough in 1966. These Urban Districts were split between Wolverhampton and other County Boroughs. Those parts within the present City of Wolverhampton local authority area are considered by the ONS to be part of the Wolverhampton Urban Sub-Area.; ††–Areas within the Wolverhampton Urban Sub-Area but administered by South Staffordshire District Council.

Nearby places

Cities

Birmingham
Coventry
Lichfield
Leamington Spa
Stoke on Trent
Worcester

Towns

Commuter villages

See also: The Black Country.

Government

The vast majority of Wolverhampton is governed locally by Wolverhampton City Council, although some small areas are governed by South Staffordshire District Council.

The area administered by the City Council is represented in the national United Kingdom parliament by three MPs representing Wolverhampton South West, Wolverhampton South East and Wolverhampton North East constituencies, with the areas administered by South Staffordshire District Council being represented by South Staffordshire constituency. The entire city is part of the West Midlands constituency of the European Parliament.

Since the abolition of West Midlands County Council in 1986, Wolverhampton City Council has been a unitary authority. South Staffordshire District Council is a two-tier authority, with some services provided by Staffordshire County Council.

Civic history

Wolverhampton in 1921.

Wolverhampton gained the beginnings of modern local government in 1777, when the Wolverhampton Improvement Act was passed by Parliament. This allowed for the establishment of 125 Town Commissioners who undertook a variety of local improvement work such as punishing bear baiting, improving drainage, widening streets and by the end of the century street lighting had been provided at every street corner and over the doorway of every inn, and water supply had been improved by the sinking of ten new wells and the provision of a great water tank in the market place. Policing had been improved with the appointment of ten watchmen and attempts were also made to regulate the markets and inspect hazardous food.^[4]^[51]

Wolverhampton parliamentary borough was created by the Reform Act 1832, which included areas currently located with the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Walsall and Sandwell such as Wren's Nest, New Invention and Gornal. It was one of 22 large towns that returned two Members of Parliament. Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the original borough was replaced by three new single-member constituencies: Wolverhampton East, Wolverhampton South and Wolverhampton West.^[52]

In 1837, Wolverhampton Borough Police was formed. It was disestablished in 1966,and the larger West Midlands Constabulary, which covered not only Wolverhampton but the County Boroughs of Walsall, Dudley, West Bromwich and Warley took over its duties and was headquartered in the city. This force was then replaced in 1974 with the West Midlands Police.^[53]

Wolverhampton was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1849 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.^[54] The town was then made a County Borough in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888.^[54]

In 1933, the boundaries of the borough expanded, taking in areas from Cannock Rural District and Seisdon Rural District, with very little of the surrounding urban area being affected,^[55] with only Heath Town Urban District being abolished.

The bulk of the formerly independent urban districts of Bilston (a borough itself after 1933), Tettenhall and Wednesfield were added to the borough in 1966, along with part of the urban district of Coseley and small parts from Sedgley and Willenhall.^[55]

Wolverhampton was one of only two County Boroughs (the other being Liverpool) to have no changes made to the boundary during the 1974 reorganisation of local government, the borough already having a population larger than the 250,000 required for education authorities. This contrasted with both the Redcliffe-Maud Report, and the initial White Paper for the 1974 reforms^[56] where large areas of the present South Staffordshire district were to be added to the borough. During the 1974 reforms it was placed within the West Midlands Metropolitan County.

Wolverhampton was also a Royal Peculiar covering a large area.^[57]

Wolverhampton City Council

The council offices are located in the Civic Centre, which is located in St. Peter's Square in the city centre.^[58]

The Labour Party currently control the council and have been in majority on the council since 1974, with the exceptions of 1978–1979, 1987, 1992–1994 and 2008–2010.^[59]

Councillor Malcolm Gwinnett is Mayor of Wolverhampton for 2010–11.^[60]

Wolverhampton City Council was assessed by the Audit Commission and judged to be "improving well" in providing services for local people; this rating was given to 59% of local authorities. Overall, the council was awarded "three star" status meaning it was "performing well" and "consistently above minimum requirements", similar to 46% of all local authorities. It was noted that it was rated as "good" for children's and young people's services; whilst the Supporting People programme was judged to be "poor".^[61]

The councils Housing stock is managed by Wolverhampton Homes.^[62]

The Vision Statement for the council is "Wolverhampton City Council, Leading, Supporting and Inspiring our City. Proud to be of service today and rising to the challenges of tomorrow."^[63]

**Party political make-up of Wolverhampton City Council**
Party	Seats^[64]		Current Council (2008–10)
Party	2007	2008	Current Council (2008–10)
Labour	36	28
Conservative	21	27
Lib Dems	4	5
Independent	1	0

Wards

There are 20 wards of Wolverhampton City Council:

Ward name	Area (ha)/mi²	Population (2001 census)	Population density (people per hectare)	Ref.
Bilston East	384 hectares (1.48 sq mi)	10,741	27.97	^[65]
Bilston North	290 hectares (1.1 sq mi)	13,527	46.58	^[66]
Blakenhall	342 hectares (1.32 sq mi)	11,301	33.09	^[67]
Bushbury North	481 hectares (1.86 sq mi)	12,021	25.00	^[68]
Bushbury South and Low Hill	342 hectares (1.32 sq mi)	14,103	41.24	^[69]
East Park	342 hectares (1.32 sq mi)	10,452	30.59	^[70]
Ettingshall	417 hectares (1.61 sq mi)	10,839	26.00	^[71]
Fallings Park	244 hectares (0.94 sq mi)	10,996	45.13	^[72]
Graiseley	225 hectares (0.87 sq mi)	11,691	52.07	^[73]
Heath Town	270 hectares (1.0 sq mi)	10,876	40.29	^[74]
Merry Hill	246 hectares (0.95 sq mi)	11,893	48.36	^[75]
Oxley	421 hectares (1.63 sq mi)	12,848	30.54	^[76]
Park	385 hectares (1.49 sq mi)	12,844	33.37	^[77]
Penn	308 hectares (1.19 sq mi)	12,392	40.19	^[78]
St Peter's	496 hectares (1.92 sq mi)	14,472	29.18	^[79]
Spring Vale	327 hectares (1.26 sq mi)	12,588	38.45	^[80]
Tettenhall Regis	457 hectares (1.76 sq mi)	12,000	26.24	^[81]
Tettenhall Wightwick	436 hectares (1.68 sq mi)	10,832	24.83	^[82]
Wednesfield North	210 hectares (0.81 sq mi)	10,978	52.22	^[83]
Wednesfield South	437 hectares (1.69 sq mi)	11,195	25.62	^[84]
Wolverhampton City Council area	6,944 hectares (26.81 sq mi)	236,582	34.07

A map showing the ward boundaries is available here.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Wolverhampton Council was granted on 31 December 1898, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the council.^[17]

The coat of arms of Wolverhampton City Council

Commemorative plaque showing the coat of arms of Wolverhampton Council pre 1898

The various symbols within the arms are representative of the history of the city. The book represents the education within the city, specifically the 16th century Wolverhampton Grammar School;^[17] the woolpack represents the mediaeval woollen trade within the city;^[17] the column is a representation of the Saxon pillar that can be found within the churchyard of St. Peter's Collegiate Church in the city centre;^[17] whilst the keys are representative of the church itself and its dedication to St. Peter.^[17] The padlock represents one of the major industries of the area at the time of the granting of the arms – that of lock-making;^[17] whilst the brazier at the top is indicative of the general metal-working industries in the area.^[17] The cross is ascribed to King Edgar.^[17]

The motto on the coat of arms is 'Out of Darkness Cometh Light'.^[17]

Prior to 1898 there was a former coat of arms that had been in use since 1848, though these arms were never officially granted.^[85]

Demographics

Wolverhampton Compared
2001 UK Census	Wolverhampton (urban)	Wolverhampton (borough)	West Midlands conurbation	England
Total population	251,462	236,582	2,284,093	49,138,831

White	78.9%	77.8%	79.6%	90.9%
Asian	13.6%	14.3%	13.5%	4.6%
Black	4.4%	4.6%	3.9%	2.3%
Source: Office for National Statistics^[86]^[87]

The 2001 Census gives the Wolverhampton Urban Subdivision as the second largest in the West Midlands conurbation. The figure given for Wolverhampton is 251,462 which also includes areas outside the borough (236,582). By this reckoning it is the 13th largest city in England.

Wolverhampton has a relatively old population, with the proportion of the population aged 60 and over being larger than the proportion of children aged 15 or under. The proportion of young people in the city has decreased between the 1991 Census and the 2001 Census by 7.4%, compared with an England and Wales average increase of 1.7%. The proportion of females within the city (51%) is slightly higher than that of males (49%).

Of adults aged over 16, 31.3% were single, 43.4% were married for the first time, 7.7% divorced and 9.6% were widowed.^[88]

Wolverhampton is an ethnically diverse city, with nearly a quarter (24.6%) of the population being of black or minority ethnic (BME) origin and 22.2% of residents classifying themselves as non-white in the 2001 Census, with the largest non-white category being Indian at 12.3%, which compares with a West Midlands average of 6.2% and an England and Wales average of 2.1%.

Wolverhampton's multi-cultural nature is reflected in an above–average level of non-Christian religions (13.6% of people, compared with 5.5% for England and Wales), with Sikhs accounting for 7.6% of Wolverhampton's population, the fourth largest Sikh community in England and Wales. The number of Hindus is also higher than the England and Wales average (Wolverhampton 3.9%, England and Wales 1.1%), while the proportion of people following Judaism and Islam was below the average for England and Wales. The figure for Buddhism is in line with the England and Wales average.

Religion within Wolverhampton
2001 UK Census	Wolverhampton (urban)	Wolverhampton (borough)	West Midlands conurbation	England
Total population	251,462	236,582	2,284,093	49,138,831

Christian	67.4%	66.5%	67.0%	71.7%
Sikh	7.2%	7.6%	3.4%	0.6%
Hindu	3.7%	3.9%	1.8%	1.1%
Muslim	1.6%	1.7%	7.9%	3.0%
No religion	11.3%	11.3%	11.5%	14.8%
Not stated	8.2%	8.4%	7.8%	7.7%
Source: Office for National Statistics^[89]^[90]

According to the 2001 Census, 62.2% of the population of the city between the ages of 16 and 75 are considered to be economically active, with 37.5% holding full time employment, 11.3% part time employment, 5.4% self-employed and 2.6% being full-time students with other employment.

Of those who are economically inactive, 14.4% were retired, 7.1% were looking after homes or families, whilst 5.1% were full-time students without other employment.^[91]

Degree-level qualifications (or above) were held by 13.6% of the population (compared with 19.8% in England and Wales), while 40.7% possessed no qualifications (compared with 29.1% across England and Wales).^[92]

Wolverhampton is within the top 11% of local authority areas in England and Wales (excluding London Boroughs) for public transport use for travelling to work at 16% of the total. 63% used private transport, either as a driver or passenger, 13% cycled or travelled on foot, whilst 8% worked from home.^[93]

Car ownership is lower than the average for England and Wales with 35.2% of households not owning a car, compared with 26.8% nationally. Single car ownership is in line with national averages (Wolverhampton 42.9%, England and Wales 43.8%), while the proportion of households owning more than one car is lower than the national average.^[94]

According to the 2001 Census, Wolverhampton is one of the 243 Travel to Work Areas in the United Kingdom. There were 163,378 people resident within the TTWA who were in employment, and 157,648 jobs. The TTWA extends outside the city itself into the local authority districts of Dudley, Walsall, South Staffordshire and Bridgnorth and has an area of 405 km² (156 sq mi).^[95]

According to Eurostat data, Wolverhampton has its own Larger Urban Zone,^[96]^[97] which had a total resident population in 2004 of 344,400.^[98]

Population change

The tables below detail the population change since 1750, separating that of the city itself and the geographical area now administered by Wolverhampton City Council.

Year	1750	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891
Historical population of Wolverhampton
Population	7,454	20,710	29,253	35,816	46,937	68,426	90,301	111,033	68,291	75,766	82,662

Year	1901	1911	1921	1931	1939	1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001
Population	94,107	95,328	102,342	133,212	143,213	162,172	150,825	269,168	265,631	257,943	251,462
Issac Taylor's Map 1750^[16] • Township 1801–1881^[99] • Urban Sanitary District 1891^[100] • County Borough 1901–1971 ^[101] • Urban Subdivision 1981–2001 ^[102]^[103]^[104]

Year	1750	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891
Historical population of area now administered by Wolverhampton City Council
Population	no data	11,786	15,597	19,012	23,067	54,365	70,112	87,254	104,395	121,537	130,868

Year	1901	1911	1921	1931	1939	1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001
Population	145,645	162,098	178,068	195,621	214,359	234,893	251,435	269,166	252,474	248,454	236,573
Source: Vision of Britain^[105]

Economy

The Chubb Building, Fryer Street

Traditionally, Wolverhampton's economy has been dominated by engineering and manufacturing industries. However, in 2008 the economy is dominated by the service sector, with 74.9% of the city's employment being in this area. The major subcomponents of this sector are in public administration, education and health (32.8% of the total employment), while distribution, hotels and restaurants take up 21.1%, and finance and IT takes up 12.7%. The largest non-service industry is that of manufacturing (12.9%), whilst 5.2% of the total employment is related to the tourism industry.^[106]

The largest single employer within the city is Wolverhampton City Council.^[107] which has over 12,000 staff^[108] Other large employers within the city include:

Banking: Birmingham Midshires (headquarters)
Education: University of Wolverhampton and City of Wolverhampton College
Construction: Tarmac, Carillion (headquarters) & Carvers
Brewing: Marston's, formerly Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries
Aerospace: H S Marston, MOOG and Goodrich Actuation Systems a part of Goodrich Corporation
Retail: Beatties (now owned by House of Fraser)
Manufacturing: Chubb Locks
National Health Service, New Cross Hospital

Beatties Wolverhampton.

Wolverhampton is one of the major retail centres in the West Midlands Region, being placed at fourth largest in 2006, with an annual turnover of £384 million. It is expected to become the second largest retail centre within the region by 2015.^[109]

Many of the traditional industries in the city have closed or dramatically downsized. Famous companies once based in the city include:

Steel manufacturing; British Steel, later known as Corus. Wolverhampton was one of Britain's top three iron and steel producing centres. Most of the steel industry no longer exists in this city, but remnants of the areas numerous old steel works still exist.
Vehicle manufacturers: AJS, Clyno, Guy Motors, Kieft Cars, Norton-Villiers, Sunbeam, Sunbeam Motorcycles
Aerospace: Boulton Paul Aircraft
Tyres: Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
Paint, varnish, printing inks and property: Mander Brothers

Goodyear opened a large factory on Stafford Road, Fordhouses, in 1927. However, it was decided in December 2003 that tyre production at the plant would be discontinued with the loss of more than 400 jobs. This came after some 2,000 job losses at the plant since 1997. The end of production came in 2004 but the factory remains open for tyre moulding and tractor tyre production.[4]

Unemployment within the City Council area at November 2007 was 4.7%,^[110] which varied across wards, with three wards having rates of over 7% (being Ettingshall, St Peter's and Heath Town), and three wards with rates less than 3% (Penn, Tettenhall Wightwick and Tettenhall Regis).

Regeneration

In recent years, Wolverhampton City Council has embarked on several city improvement and regeneration schemes.^[111] One such project was Summer Row, a new £300 million retail quarter for Wolverhampton city centre. The project, which was to be undertaken by Multi Development, would involve clearing of existing buildings, and in 2006 a compulsory purchase order was issued to over 200 owner / occupiers in the surrounding area,^[112] including Cleveland Street.^[113] Construction of Summer Row was originally earmarked for 2008, with a completion date listed as 2010,^[114] but the 2008 recession put the project on hold. In January 2011, the Summer Row project was officially declared dead^[115] as the government permission for the compulsory purchase order expiry date rolled round without the council having found the necessary financial backing for the project. Debenhams however, who were listed as the anchor store of the Summer Row project, have revealed that they are still interested in opening a store in Wolverhampton.^[116]

Transport

Road

Wolverhampton is near to several motorways, with the following being within 7 miles (11 km) of the city centre:

M6 linking the city with the north-west of England (including Manchester and Liverpool), Scotland and London via the M1. This section opened between 1966 and 1970.^[117] The section of M6 motorway nearest to the city is one of the busiest within the UK.^[118]
M5 connecting with the south-west of England, and London via the M40 (opened 1970)^[117]
M6 Toll which bypasses the busiest section of the M6 near the city (opened 2003)^[117]
M54 linking the city with Telford, Shrewsbury and Wales^[117]

Wolverhampton Inner Ring Road

There have also been several motorways proposed near to the city that have not been constructed, or have been constructed to a lower standard:

Western Orbital or Wolverhampton Western Bypass. First proposed in the 1970s, and cancelled in the 1990s^[119]
Bilston Link Motorway. First proposed in 1960s, built in the 1990s as the Black Country Route^[120]
M54 to M6 / M6 (Toll) Link Road. Proposed in 2000s to relieve the overloaded section of A460 near the city^[121]

The main roads radiating from the city centre meet the city's Ring Road, which is acts to keep through traffic out of the city centre itself.

Other major roads passing through the city include:

A41 between London and Birkenhead
A449 between South Wales and Stafford
A454 between Bridgnorth and Sutton Coldfield
A4123 between Wolverhampton and Birmingham. Constructed in 1927,^[122] it was the first purpose built inter-city road in the United Kingdom within the 20th century,^[123] and was said to be the longest stretch of new road in Britain since the Romans. It took just three years to complete and cost £600,000.^[124]

Public transport

Wolverhampton railway station

Main article: Wolverhampton railway station

See also: Category:Disused railway stations in Wolverhampton

The city's railway station is served by the West Coast Main Line. It has regular rail services to London, Birmingham and Manchester, as well as many other major cities in the UK. The Wrexham, Shropshire and Marylebone Railway has started itsailway station is due for redevelopment, with the main station buildings being demolished in a project called Wolverhampton Interchange. It is due to open in 2012.^[125]

There are many local services, including those on the Cambrian Line, the Walsall to Wolverhampton Line, the Wolverhampton to Shrewsbury Line and the Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line. There are also many closed stations within the city, including Wolverhampton Low Level, which was the most northerly broad gauge station on the Great Western network.

Buses

Main article: Wolverhampton bus station

The city's bus station is situated at Piper's Row, near to the railway station, providing an interchange between the two modes of transport. Buses in the city are regulated by West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive and the largest provider of services is West Midlands. The station has recently had a complete rebuild. Its previous Piper's Row incarnation opened on 26 October 1986, just six years after its predecessor of 1981.[5] The station underwent a further upgrade in 1990 which saw the grade two listing Queen's Building incorporated into the bus station. A mild refurbishment took place in 2005/06 with new toilets and the addition of a coach stand. In July 2009 plans were unveiled for a complete rebuild of the bus station to form part of a new bus and rail interchange. The development will also see the train station rebuilt and new flats and shops built nearby. The bus station closed in April 2010 and was demolished almost immediately, with the new £22.5 million station opening on Sunday 24 July 2011.^[126]

Along with the rebuild, buses for Wolverhampton and the west of Walsall were renumbered, with several re-routed, though this has not proved popular with some residents.^[127]

As well as serving suburbs of the city, buses from the centre of Wolverhampton also provide a direct link with the city of Birmingham, and nearby towns including Dudley, West Bromwich, Walsall, Sedgley, Bilston, Willenhall and Bloxwich. Several companies also run buses from the city centre to more distant towns outside the West Midlands conurbation, including Bridgnorth, Telford and Cannock.

[6]

Metro

Main article: Midland Metro

Midland Metro terminus

The Midland Metro, a light rail system, currently connects Wolverhampton St. George's to Birmingham Snow Hill station via West Bromwich and Wednesbury, mostly following the former Birmingham Snow Hill-Wolverhampton Low Level Line. There are plans for further lines within the city, with both a city centre loop and a line to Walsall via Wednesfield and Willenhall, mostly following the route of the closed Wolverhampton and Walsall Railway.^[128] the station was formed in 1999

Air

Wolverhampton's original airport was at Pendeford, opened in 1938 and closed on 31 December 1970.^[129] The current Wolverhampton Airport, renamed from Halfpenny Green, is a small general aviation airfield located 8 miles (12.9 km) southwest of the city. Expansion of the airport has been suggested, but this has been successfully resisted by local residents.

The nearest major airport is Birmingham International Airport, approximately 25 miles (40.2 km) away. The airport is easy to reach by train, with a direct express service to it. By car, it can actually sometimes be quicker to reach Manchester Airport instead, due to traffic delays on the M6 eastbound motorway towards Birmingham International.

Waterways

There are no navigable rivers within the city, but there are many miles of canal network: the Birmingham Main Line Canal, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Shropshire Union Canal and the Wyrley & Essington Canal are all to be found.

Cycling

Most places in the borough and some of the neighbouring villages in South Staffordshire are within easy reach by pedal cycle of the city centre and terrain is moderately hilly. Climbs tend to be of two to three minutes duration. Cycling benefits from the 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) city centre within the Ring Road and a number of routes that use quieter roads and paths to avoid the ten 'A' roads that radiate from the Ring Road. Wolverhampton is on the Smethwick to Telford section of Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 81.^[130] This follows the Birmingham Main Line Canal towpath from Smethwick to Broad Street Basin, Wolverhampton where the route splits in two. The choice here is between riding the 21 locks section of the Birmingham Main Line Canal to Aldersley Junction or taking the Cross-City route braid in order to visit the city centre, West Park or Smestow Valley Leisure Ride before returning to Aldersley Junction. NCN81 continues to Autherley Junction along the towpath of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and then along the east bank towpath of the Shropshire Union Canal as far as Pendeford Mill Lane before turning to Bilbrook in Staffordshire. The lanes of nearby South Staffordshire and east Shropshire provide ideal cycle touring conditions.^[131]

Culture

Music

The rock groups Slade, Sahotas, Cornershop, The Mighty Lemon Drops, Ned's Atomic Dustbin and Babylon Zoo came from Wolverhampton, as do soul/ R&B singer Beverley Knight and Drum and bass guru Goldie as well as roots reggae maestro Macka B. Musician Jamelia, also lives in Wolverhampton with her mother and daughter.

Wolverhampton has a number of live music venues; the biggest is technically the football ground, Molineux Stadium, which was used for a Bon Jovi concert in 2003,^[132] but the biggest indoor venue is Wolverhampton Civic Hall, with a standing capacity of 3,000.^[133] Second to that is Wulfrun Hall (part of the same complex as the Civic Hall, which is owned and operated by the City Council) which has a standing capacity of just over 1,100.^[134] There are also a number of smaller venues with capacities between 100 and 250: the Little Civic and the Wolverhampton Varsity being the most long-standing of these. The 18th century church of St John's-in-the-Square is a popular venue for smaller scale classical concerts. The city is also home to Regent Records, a choral and organ music recording company.^[135]

The city's main choral groups include the City of Wolverhampton Choir,^[136] (a choral society founded as the Wolverhampton Civic Choir in 1947) and the Choir of St. Peter's Collegiate Church.

Arts and museums

Wolverhampton Art Gallery

The Grand Theatre on Lichfield Street is Wolverhampton's largest theatre, opening on 10 December 1894. It was designed by C. J. Phipps and completed within six months. Included amongst the people to have appeared at the theatre are Henry Irving, Charlie Chaplin and Sean Connery. It was also used by politicians including Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George. The theatre was closed between 1980 and 1982.^[137]

The Arena Theatre on Wulfruna Street, within the University of Wolverhampton is the secondary theatre, seating 150. It hosts both professional and amateur performances.^[138]

Cinema is catered for by a multiplex Cineworld located at Bentley Bridge, Wednesfield,^[139] and a smaller cinema, Light House Media Centre, housed in the former Chubb Buildings on Fryer Street.^[140] Cineworld caters mainly for popular tastes, showing Hollywood films and other big-budget films as well as some Bollywood films whilst Light House shows a range of older and subtitled films as well as some selected new releases. Light House has also played host to visual art shows, an International Animation Festival and incorporates a small café.

The City's Arts & Museums service, run by the council, covers three sites: Wolverhampton Art Gallery, home to England's biggest Pop art collection after that held at the Tate;^[141] Bantock House, a fine historic house with Edwardian interior with a museum of Wolverhampton located within Bantock Park;^[142] Bilston Craft Gallery with exhibitions of contemporary crafts.^[143]

The Black Country Living Museum, situated in nearby Dudley, has a large collection of artefacts and buildings from across the Black Country, including an extensive collection associated with the city.^[144]

Eagle Works Studios and Gallery situated in Chapel Ash, is a self run artists' group. It provides studio accommodation for eighteen visual artists, mostly painters. Its small gallery holds a regular programme of exhibitions to show and promote contemporary art in the city.^[145]

The National Trust owns two properties on the edge of the city that are open to the public: Wightwick Manor, which is a Victorian manor house and one of only a few surviving examples of a house built and furnished under the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement,^[146] and Moseley Old Hall, which is famous as one of the resting places of Charles II of England during his escape to France following defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1651.^[147] English Heritage owns Boscobel House, anther refuge of Charles II.^[148]

Nearby museums also include the Royal Air Force Museum, at RAF Cosford, the Boulton Paul Association at Pendeford^[149] and the RAF Fire Service Museum at Wolverhampton Airport.,^[150] whilst Chillington Hall, which boasts of grounds designed by Capability Brown^[151] and Himley Hall are nearby examples of houses open to the public.

Libraries

Wolverhampton Central Library

Located on the corner of Garrick Street and St George's Parade, Wolverhampton Central Library is a Grade II listed building, designed by architect Henry T. Hare and opened in 1902. It was originally commissioned to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee using funds raised by the Mayor, Alderman S Craddock, and by a grant of £1,000 from Andrew Carnegie. This new library improved public access to information and reading material, replacing its cramped predecessor in the old Garrick Street Police Station.^[152]

The terricota exterior has a tripartite theme of related, but distinct façades. The entrance façade is the architect's centrepiece and is decorated with a frieze under the triple window which carries the Royal Coat of Arms and the Wolverhampton Coat of Arms. The other two façades celebrate English literary giants; Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Shelley, Byron and Spenser on one side and Milton and Shakespeare on the other.^[152] An extension for a newsroom and a students’ room was added in 1936 followed by a small brick and concrete extension at the rear in the 1970s.^[152]

Wolverhampton City Council also operate 14 branch libraries within the city.^[153]

Media

Wolverhampton is home to the Express & Star newspaper, which boasts of having the largest circulation of any provincial daily evening newspaper in the UK.^[154]

The city is also home to four radio stations, WCR FM, 107.7 The Wolf, Beacon Radio and Classic Gold WABC.

In December 2005, the BBC commissioned the poet Ian McMillan to write a poem about Wolverhampton, along with four other towns which "had a reputation they didn't deserve".^[155]

Education

University of Wolverhampton

See also: List of schools in Wolverhampton

The University of Wolverhampton is the main provider of higher education in the city. The university currently has more than 23,000 students. The main university campus is in the city centre, with other campuses at Compton, and in the nearby towns of Walsall and Telford. In 1835, the Wolverhampton Mechanics' Institute was founded, and its lineage can be traced via the Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College (1935), to The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton (1969) to today's University of Wolverhampton, given university status in 1992.

Wolverhampton Girls' High School is a well known selective school which was has produced top of league table results within Wolverhampton.^[156] Notable old girls include the former English Women's Cricket Captain Rachael Heyhoe-Flint and Baroness Hayman, first Lord Speaker of the House of Lords.

Wolverhampton Grammar School was founded in 1512, making it one of the oldest active schools in the UK.^[157] Old boys include Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England since July 2003, and Sir David Wright, former British Ambassador to Japan.

Wolverhampton, unlike a number of nearby areas such as Dudley and South Staffordshire, has always had traditional age range schools; 5-7 infants, 7-11 juniors and 11-16/18 secondary schools. Some secondary schools have sixth form facilities for children aged 16+.

Other notably historic schools include The Royal Wolverhampton School (founded in 1850),^[158] St Peter's Collegiate School (founded in 1847)^[159] and Tettenhall College (1863),^[160] which educated the winner of Nobel Prize for Chemistry, Professor Sir Arthur Harden. City of Wolverhampton College is the main further education college in the city.

Sport

Molineux Stadium, home of Wolverhampton Wanderers

Football

Wolverhampton is represented in the Premier League by Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. "Wolves", as they are known, are one of the oldest English football clubs, and were one of the 12 founder members of the Football League. Their most successful period was the 1950s, where they won three Football League Championships (then the highest division) and two FA Cups, and were involved in the earliest European friendlies. They were hailed by the press as "The Unofficial World Champions" after one of their most famous victories, against Budapest Honvéd FC of Hungary. They were also the first English team to play in the Soviet Union. These victories instigated the birth of the European Cup competition which later evolved into the UEFA Champions' League (see European Cup and Champions League history). The team also participated in the original United Soccer Association (pregenitor of the NASL) in the United States in 1967. The team was based in Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Wolves, and won the league's championship that year.

In total, they have won three Football League titles (prior to the top division becoming the Premier League), four FA Cups, have two League Cup victories and many other minor honours, including reaching the UEFA Cup Final in 1972, and appearances in the last eight of both the UEFA European Cup, and the European Cup Winners' Cup, but spent just one season in the top division between 1984 and 2009. They are also the only club to have won five different league titles; they have championed all four tiers of the professional English league, as well as the long-defunct northern section of the Third Division.

The club has been represented by numerous high profile players of the years, including Billy Wright, Bert Williams, Johnny Hancocks, Dicky Dorsett, John Richards, Geoff Palmer, Emlyn Hughes, Wayne Clarke, Steve Bull and academy products Robbie Keane, Joleon Lescott and Wayne Hennessey. Notable managers include Stan Cullis (who was once a player at the club), Bill McGarry, John Barnwell, Tommy Docherty, Graham Turner, Graham Taylor, Dave Jones, Glenn Hoddle and Mick McCarthy. Taylor and Hoddle had both managed the England national football team while McCarthy had managed the Republic of Ireland before their respective arrivals at Wolves.

The city's second club, Wolverhampton Casuals F.C. play in the West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division.

Athletics

Wolverhampton's Aldersley Leisure Village is also home to Wolverhampton & Bilston Athletics Club, which was formed in 1967 with a merger between Wolverhampton Harriers and Bilston Town Athletic Club. They have won the National League Division One for men from 1975 to 1982, and the Men's National Cup finals in 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1980. It also represented Britain in the European Clubs Cup from 1976 to 1983 with the best finishing position of third.^[161]

Olympic Medallists in athletics Denise Lewis, Tessa Sanderson, Kathy Smallwood-Cook, Garry Cook and Sonia Lannaman^[162] all lived within the city.

Cycling

Wolverhampton Wheelers is the city's oldest cycling club (formed in 1891), and was home to Hugh Porter who won four world championship pursuit medals; and Percy Stallard who has been credited with bringing cycle road racing to Britain when he held the Llangollen to Wolverhampton race on June 7, 1942.^[163] Wolverhampton Wheelers make extensive use of the velodrome at Aldersley Stadium.

Wolverhampton has also hosted the Tour of Britain, with a stage start in 2006, a stage finish in 2007 and a sprint finish in 2008. It is also home to Wednesfield Aces cycle speedway who are based on Ashmore Park.

Horse and greyhound racing

Wolverhampton Racecourse is located at Dunstall Park, just to the north of the city centre. This was one of the first all-weather horse racing courses in the UK and is Britain's only floodlit horse race track. There is also greyhound racing at Monmore Green. West Park, a large park near the city centre, was converted from a racecourse.

A horse by the name of Wolverhampton was among the leading contenders for the 1849 Grand National at Aintree but did not complete the course.

Motor sports

Sunbeam 1000HP at National Motor Museum in Beaulieu, UK

Le Mans 24 Hours winner Richard Attwood is from the city.

Sunbeam built many early Grand Prix cars and was the only British make to win a Grand Prix in the first half of the 20th century.^[164] Sunbeam also built several holders of the Land speed record, including the first vehicle to travel at over 200 miles per hour (322 km/h), the Sunbeam 1000 hp.

Kieft Cars built Formula Three cars in the early 1950s. Their best known driver was Stirling Moss.^[165]

AJS was heavily involved in motorcycle racing either side of World War II, which included winning the 1949 World Championship in the 500cc category.

Wolverhampton Wolves, one of the leading Speedway clubs in the UK represents the city, participating in the Elite League at the Monmore Green stadium. Wolverhampton Speedway is one of the oldest speedway tracks in the world that is still in operation being first used, albeit briefly in 1928. The track re-opened in 1950 for a single meeting and in 1952 the Wasps competed in the Third Division on the National League. The track closed early in 1954 and did not re-open until 1961 when the Wolves were introduced to the Provincial League. The track has almost been an ever present ever since and currently operates in the British Elite League.^[166] Ole Olsen (in 1971 and 1975) and Sam Ermolenko (in 1993) were riders for the club when they became World Speedway Champions.

Places of interest

St Peter's Collegiate Church

St. Peter's Collegiate Church is located at the highest point within the city centre,^[167] and is the leading church of the Parish of Central Wolverhampton.^[168] The Grade I listed building, much of which dates from the 15th century, is of significant architectural and historical interest; and is the seat of the Bishop of Wolverhampton. The earliest part of the church dates from 1205. The former grounds of the church (known as St. Peter's Gardens) contain several artifacts: the Horsman Fountain, the Harris Memorial, a Saxon Pillar and Bargaining Stone. The Horsman Fountain dates from 1896, and commemorates Philip Horsman, a local businessman who founded Wolverhampton Art Gallery, and the Wolverhampton & Staffordshire Eye Infirmary; whilst the Harris Memorial commemorates a wireless operator in World War I who, whilst posted to an Italian ship, continued to send messages whilst under heavy fire until he was killed by shrapnel on 15 May 1917.^[169]

The church of St. John in the Square is located on the southern side of the city centre, and is a Grade II* listed building. It opened in 1760, although it was only given its own parish in 1847.^[170] It contains a Renatus Harris organ, of which there is a local story that it was played by Handel during the first performance of Messiah, prior to its installation in the church.^[171] The church was endowed by Sir Samuel Hellier,^[172] guardian of the Hellier Stradivarius and known to scholars of the organ.^[173]

Wightwick Manor

Wightwick Manor is a Victorian manor house located on Wightwick Bank on the western side of the city and one of only a few surviving examples of a house built and furnished under the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement.^[146] Wightwick Manor was built by Theodore Mander, of the Mander family, who were successful 19th-century industrialists in the area, and his wife Flora, daughter of Henry Nicholas Paint, member of Parliament in Canada. It was designed by Edward Ould of Liverpool in two phases; the first was completed in 1887 and the house was extended with the Great Parlour wing in 1893.^[146] It is a Grade I listed building. The nearby Old Malhouse is a Grade II listed building.

The Molineux Hotel is a former mansion house originally known as Molineux House, which later served as an hotel and is planned to be the home of the city's archive service in March 2009. It is a Grade II* listed building, and stands in the city centre. It was constructed in about 1720, with extensions throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1860 the grounds were opened to the public as Wolverhampton's first public park, whilst several years later the park was leased out to Wolverhampton Wanderers FC, for the Molineux Stadium. The hotel was closed in 1979, and restoration work started in 2005.^[174]

The statue of Prince Albert that stands in Queen Square was erected in 1866, and is one of the most recognised landmarks within the city. It is colloqually known as "The Man on the Horse", and was unveiled by Queen Victoria, on what is reputed to be her first public engagement after the death of Prince Albert.^[175]

Famous residents

Statue of Billy Wright outside Molineux Stadium

Main article: List of residents of Wolverhampton

There are a number of notable people who are associated with Wolverhampton.

Political figures include Enoch Powell MP, Sir Charles Pelham Villiers MP – who holds the record for the longest serving MP, Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman who was the first Lord Speaker within the House of Lords, former Cabinet minister Stephen Byers, David Wright, a former UK Ambassador to Japan and Button Gwinnett, who was a signatory of the US Declaration of Independence and briefly served as Governor of Georgia.

There are many sportspeople associated with the city, with footballers such as Billy Wright, Steve Bull, Bert Williams and Jimmy Mullen; along with Percy Stallard and Hugh Porter within the world of cycling, the Olympic medallist swimmer Anita Lonsbrough, professional darts player Wayne Jones, racing driver and winner of the 24 hours of Le Mans Richard Attwood as well as athletes such as Tessa Sanderson and Denise Lewis and cricketer Vikram Solanki who grew up here and played for Wolverhampton Cricket Club before joining Worcestershire.

Entertainers include actors Nigel Bennett, Goldie, Frances Barber, Meera Syal and Eric Idle; and musicians Noddy Holder, Dave Hill, Jamelia, Beverley Knight, Dave Holland, Maggie Teyte, Edward Elgar, Mitch Harris, Robert Plant, and Paul Raven; whilst television presenters Suzi Perry, Mark Rhodes, the late Mark Speight and Liam Payne from the band One Direction are also associated.

Within the area of commerce and industry, Sir Alfred Hickman (first Chairman of Tarmac), Sir Geoffrey Mander, John Marston (founder of the Sunbeam company), John 'Iron Mad' Wilkinson (pioneer of Cast Iron) and Mervyn King Governor of the Bank of England are amongst the most notable.

Sister cities

Notes

^ "Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages)". Office for Neighbourhood Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276806&c=wolverhampton&d=13&e=13&g=378049&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1206389717666&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Population figures". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/government_democracy/statistics/statistics/population/mid_year_estimate.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&Pos=2&ColRank=1&Rank=224. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ ^a ^b Keith Farley (1985). "Wolverhampton 985 – 1985". Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/history/farley/oldwlv.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ Rudi Herbert. "An Architectural Walk". Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/HistoricalWalks/ArchitecturalWalk/Architectural2.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "In Pics: W'ton St George's Day". BBC Black Country. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blackcountry/content/image_galleries/wton_st_georges_06_gallery.shtml. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "Wolverhampton Civic Hall". http://www.wolvescivic.co.uk/index.asp?loc=home. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "Wolverhampton Marathon 2005". BBC Black Country. 2005-10-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blackcountry/content/articles/2005/09/04/wolverhampton_marathon_2005_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "Low Hill Branch Library". Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/listed/lowhill%20lib/lowhillib.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "Historic Cities in Western Europe". City Mayors. http://www.citymayors.com/culture/historic_weurope2.html#Anchor-United-60133. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Anglicanism in Wolverhampton". Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies. http://www.wolverhamptonhistory.org.uk/people/faith/christian/cofe/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ "The Battle of Tettenhall, Wednesfield, wherever". Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/news/2007/news01.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-13. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Wolverhampton City Council – Wodensfield School". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/education_learning/schools/list/primary/Wodensfield.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ "Wodensfield Tower". Skyscraper Page. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=21576. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Lady Wulfruna". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/wulfruna/wulfruna01.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "History of Wolverhampton". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/history/farley/oldwlv.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Wolverhampton Coat of Arms – Wolverhampton History". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhamptonhistory.org.uk/politics/local_government/wolves/coat_arms/index.html?sid=d988a0dcd52acacef8612d4e5f01f4e6. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ "Wolverhampton Grammar School". Wolverhampton Grammar School. http://www.wolverhamptongrammarschool.com/pages/prospective/history.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
^ http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/history/chronology/upto1700.htm Up to 1700, Wolverhampton History & Heritage Website
^ http://rowleyvillage.webs.com/rowleytimeline.htm Time Line for Rowley
^ ^a ^b "A History of Wolverhampton 985–1985". John Woodfield. http://johnwoodfield.co.uk/oldwlv.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
^ "City winners named". BBC News. 2000-12-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1074434.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c J.V. Beckett (2006). City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754650676.
^ "The town determined to join the city life". The Times: p. 12. 1985-01-23
^ "Queen Victoria's Visit to Wolverhampton". Wolverhampton Archives & Local Studies. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080214205957/http://www.wolverhamptonarchives.dial.pipex.com/local_queen.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "The first trunk line – The Grand Junction Railway" (PDF). Virgin Trains. http://www.virgintrainsmediaroom.com/media/adobepdf/3%20Grand%20Junction%20D.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "Heath Town Station". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/railways/heath%20town.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "A History of Manufacturing in Wolverhampton". John Woodfield. http://johnwoodfield.co.uk/wlvmanuf.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "Wolverhampton Station". Rail around Birmingham and the West Midlands. http://www.railaroundbirmingham.co.uk/Stations/wolverhampton.php. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "Wolverhampton low level". Disused Stations. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/w/wolverhampton_low_level/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "Trams in Wolverhampton". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/Trams/Trams.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ Graham Sidwell (2006). Wolverhampton Trolleybuses 1961–67. Middleton Press. ISBN 978-1-904474-85-2.
^ "Traffic Control and Traffic Signals". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/transport_streets/motor/management/control.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "Mander Family History". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/genealogy/Mander/history/ManderFamilyHistory.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ "A Wolverhampton Wander". BBC Black Country. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blackcountry/uncovered/wolves_wander/wolverhampton_wander2.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UqofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iNYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6614,2120737&dq=wolverhampton+riot&hl=en
^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lrBPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SFIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5815,1034932&dq=wolverhampton+riot&hl=en
^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kaNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ao0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2633,798128&dq=wolverhampton&hl=en
^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wy9VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2j0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=6977,4782459&dq=wolverhampton&hl=en
^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/8050359@N07/2502450004/
^ [1]
^ http://www.localhistories.org/wolverhampton.html
^ http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/Cinemas/Cinemas.htm
^ http://www.wolverhamptonarchives.dial.pipex.com/local_heritage_civic.htm
^ "Wolverhampton, the Millennium City – 10 years on " BBC – Black Country: Accessed March 13, 2010
^ http://www.metro.co.uk/news/871961-wolverhampton-riots-a-timeline-of-unrest-following-birmingham-trouble
^ "Key Statistics for Urban Areas in the Midlands" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_midlands_part_1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
^ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Apr 2007". United Kingdom Parliament. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070423/debtext/70423-0011.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ The West Midland Group (1948). Conurbation: A Survey of Birmingham and the Black Country. London: The Architectural Press. p. 41.
^ David Horovitz - The Place Names Of Staffordshire (2006)
^ "Local Government in Wolverhampton". The History of Wolverhampton – The City and its People. 2005. http://www.wolverhamptonhistory.org.uk/politics/local_government/wolves/index.html?sid=14003c39a8d30c9d4326cdaba02d54e8. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ "Local government in and around Wolverhampton". Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies. http://www.wolverhamptonarchives.dial.pipex.com/local_govern_2.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-23. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Wolverhampton Borough Police". West Midlands Police Museum. http://www.westmidlandspolicemuseum.co.uk/wolverhamptonboroughpolice.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
^ ^a ^b "Archive Gazetter – Wolverhampton". Staffordshire County Archives. http://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/leisure/archives/history/placeguide/SPGWolverhamptonTown.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
^ ^a ^b "Relationships / unit history of WOLVERHAMPTON". A Vision of Britain. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10136544&c_id=10001043. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ HMSO. Local Government in England: Government Proposals for Reorganisation. Cmnd. 4584
^ "The Church". St. Peter's Guild of Change Ringers. http://www.stpetersguild.org.uk/thechurch.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
^ "Wolverhampton City Council: Contact Us". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/Contact_us/. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ "Wolverhampton City Council local elections 2008". BBC Online. 2008-05-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/cw.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ Wolverhampton City Council. "The Mayor of Wolverhampton". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/council/mayors/biography.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
^ "Wolverhampton City Council comprehensive performance assessment (CPA) scorecard 2007". Audit Commission. 2007. http://cpa.audit-commission.gov.uk/STCCScorecard.aspx?TaxID=107108. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ "Looking for a council house". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/housing/looking/council/. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ "Council vision". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/government_democracy/council/vision.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ Wolverhampton City Council 2008 election results
^ "Bilston East ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941021&c=WV14+8UP&d=14&e=13&g=377829&i=1x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1212572950984&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Bilston North ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941020&c=Bilston+North&d=14&e=16&g=377865&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212573477109&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Blakenhall ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941019&c=Blakenhall&d=14&e=16&g=377908&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212573682312&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Bushbury North ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941018&c=bushbury+north&d=14&e=16&g=377941&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212573842265&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Bushbury South and Low Hill ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941017&c=bushbury+south&d=14&e=16&g=377943&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212580542588&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "East Park ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941016&c=east+park&d=14&e=16&g=377870&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212580814053&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Ettingshall ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941015&c=ettingshall&d=14&e=16&g=378012&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212590354593&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Fallings Park ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941014&c=fallings+park&d=14&e=16&g=378048&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212590453156&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Graiseley ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941013&c=Graiseley&d=14&e=16&g=378083&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212590674750&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Heath Town ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941012&c=heath+town&d=14&e=16&g=378123&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212590802265&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Merry Hill ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941011&c=merry+hill&d=14&e=16&g=378199&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212590910375&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Oxley ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941010&c=oxley&d=14&e=16&g=378240&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212593716591&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Park ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941009&c=park&d=14&e=16&g=378282&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212593951385&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Penn ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941008&c=penn&d=14&e=16&g=378328&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212594092774&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "St. Peter's ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941007&c=WV1+1SH&d=14&e=16&g=378394&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1212594345099&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Spring Vale ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941006&c=spring+vale&d=14&e=16&g=378411&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212594473519&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Tettenhall Regis ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941005&c=tettenhall+regis&d=14&e=16&g=378451&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212594569893&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Tettenhall Wightwick ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941004&c=tettenhall+Wightwick&d=14&e=16&g=378287&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212594654657&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Wednesfield North ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941003&c=wednesfield+north&d=14&e=16&g=378529&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212594757547&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ "Wednesfield South ward dataset – Population Density (UV02)". Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=5941002&c=wednesfield+south&d=14&e=16&g=378127&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1212598588197&enc=1&dsFamilyId=789. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
^ Wolverhampton Borough Council Coat of Arms
^ KS06 Ethnic Group: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas. National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8283&More=Y. Retrieved 2009-02-16
^ KS06 Ethnic group: Key Statistics for urban areas, summary results for local authorities. National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8296&More=Y. Retrieved 2009-02-16
^ "MARITAL STATUS" (pdf). Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BE7BAD9A-265D-4D15-9CC0-AA146F0FEA87/0/keystats_marital.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ KS07 Religion: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas. National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8286&More=Y. Retrieved 2009-02-16
^ KS07 Religion: Key Statistics for urban areas, summary results for local authorities. National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8301&More=Y. Retrieved 2009-02-16
^ "ECONOMIC ACTIVITY" (pdf). Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/48B872C0-9D67-4AA0-943D-196056FFB88B/0/keystats_econactivity.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ "QUALIFICATIONS" (pdf). Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/027DE738-9E1F-4291-893D-72F5370CCB17/0/keystats_qualifications.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ "TRAVEL TO WORK" (pdf). Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/0C868727-A44E-4A93-AD3A-EC5FB425E067/0/keystats_travel.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ "CAR OWNERSHIP" (pdf). Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/F023DBE5-E4D1-4739-B29D-10642E7B7335/0/keystats_car.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ "Travel to Work Areas". Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/ttwa.asp. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
^ "Urban Audit Analysis II" (PDF). Eurostat. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/tender/pdf/2007urban/reference.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ "European Regional and Urban Statistics" (PDF). Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-RA-07-024/EN/KS-RA-07-024-EN.PDF. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ "Urban Audit – City Profiles: Wolverhampton". Urban Audit. http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=UK028C&CountryCode=UK. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ "Wolverhampton USD". Vision of Britain. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10297485&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Wolverhampton USD". Vision of Britain. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10137445&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Wolverhampton County Borough". Vision of Britain. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10136544&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ 1981 Key Statistics for Urban Areas GB Table 1. Office for National Statistics. 1981
^ "West Midlands Urban Area 1991 Census". National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/west_midlands_urban_area.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&Pos=2&ColRank=1&Rank=224. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough". Vision of Britain. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10168650&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Nomis Official Labour Market Statistics 2008 Local Authority Profile: Wolverhampton". Office for National Statistics. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038431971/printable.aspx. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
^ "About Us". City of Wolverhampton College. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20080615204124/http://www.wolvcoll.ac.uk/international/details/about_us.html. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Jobs and Careers". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/jobs_careers/. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "West Midlands SSA Regional Summary Spring 2008" (PDF). CACI. http://www.skillsmartretail.com/pdfs/west_midlands_regional_summary.pdf.
^ Wolverhampton City Council Policy Team (November 2007). "Unemployment Briefing" (pdf). Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8EDD3203-4C4E-4CC4-9F2F-1ACCBF334854/0/unem_brief_nov07.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/business/regeneration/city_centre/ Wolverhampton City Council, "City centre improvememnts".
^ http://www.tsrsurveyors.co.uk/news/COMPULSORY-PURCHASE.pdf Towler Shaw Roberts, "Compulsory Purchase (or an Englishman's home is not his castle)"
^ http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/business/regeneration/summer_row/cpo2006.htm Wolverhampton City Council (2006) - Compulsory purchase order
^ http://www.summer-row.co.uk/scheme.aspx Summer Row official website
^ http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2011/01/25/wolverhamptons-summer-row-dream-is-over/ Express and Star, "Wolverhampton’s Summer Row dream is over" (2011-01-25)
^ http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2011/01/26/debenhams-still-keen-on-wolverhampton-move/ Express and Star, "Debenhams still keen on Wolverhampton move" (2011-01-26)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Opening dates for Motorways in the UK in chronological order". The Motorway Archive. http://www.iht.org/motorway/openings.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "UK’S Congestion Hotspots Revealed". RAC Foundation. http://www.racfoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=35. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
^ "Western Orbital". Pathetic Motorways. http://pathetic.org.uk/unbuilt/western_orbital/. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Bilston Link Motorway". Pathetic Motorways. http://pathetic.org.uk/unbuilt/bilston_link_motorway/. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "M54 to M6 / M6 (Toll) Link Road". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/11814.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Birmingham New Road circa 1927". Sedgleymanor Photo Gallery. http://www.sedgleymanor.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=topn&cat=0&pos=8. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "A580 East Lancashire Road". Lancashire Roads and Motorways Site. http://www.lmars.co.uk/roadpix/a580/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Forward" (PDF). Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080609124804/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/Media/75.pdf?MEDIA_ID=223058&FILENAME=75.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ Becky Sharpe (2006-10-18). "All change at station". Express & Star. http://www.expressandstar.com/2006/10/18/all-change-at-station/. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2011/06/21/glowing-future-for-wolverhampton-bus-station/
^ http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2011/07/26/new-bus-network-could-be-reviewed/
^ "The 5Ws Route" (pdf). Centro. http://www.centro.org.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1826&sID=4319. Retrieved 2008-06-17. ^{[dead link]}
^ Phil Clayton (February 2004). "The Airport and Boulton Paul". The History of Pendeford. Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/Pendeford/Airport.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "strans Route 81". Sustrans. http://www.sustrans.org.uk/default.asp?sID=1099911816156. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Cycle routes in Wolverhampton". Sustrans. http://www.sustrans.org.uk/default.asp?sRegion=The_Midlands&map.x=-2.12099658260843&map.y=52.5904259392369&bLarge=&nZoom=3. Retrieved 2008-07-24. ^{[dead link]}
^ "BBC Black Country music". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blackcountry/music/2003/06/bon_jovi/bon_jovi.shtml. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
^ "Wolves Civic details". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolvescivic.co.uk/index.asp?loc=venues&venueid=1&subnav=tech. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Wolverhampton Wulfrun Hall Information". Safe Concerts. http://www.safeconcerts.com/safe-concerts-venues-details.asp?vurn=128. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Regent Records: Contact Us". http://www.regent-records.co.uk/contact_us.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
^ "City of Wolverhampton Choir". http://www.cityofwolverhamptonchoir.org.uk/. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
^ Wolverhampton Grand Theatre History
^ "About the Arena Theatre". University of Wolverhampton. http://www.arena.wlv.ac.uk/about.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
^ "Cineworld Wolverhampton". Cineworld Cinemas. http://www.cineworld.co.uk/cinemas/69/. Retrieved 2008-12-15. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Light House". Light House Media Centre. http://www.light-house.co.uk/. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "Exhibitions at Wolverhampton Art Gallery". Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Service. http://www.wolverhamptonart.org.uk/wolves/exhibitions/002876.html. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
^ "Bantock House and Museum". Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Service. http://www.wolverhamptonart.org.uk/bantock. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "Bilston Craft Gallery". Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Service. http://www.wolverhamptonart.org.uk/bilston. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "What is the Black Country". Black Country Living Museum. http://www.bclm.co.uk/whatis.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
^ "An Introduction to Eagle Works". BBC Black Country. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blackcountry/content/articles/2005/12/07/eagle_works_1_introduction_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Greeves, Lydia (2005). History and Landscape: The Guide to National Trust Properties in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. National Trust Books. pp. 429. ISBN 1905400136.
^ "Moseley Old Hall". National Trust. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-moseleyoldhall.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ "Boscobel House". English Heritage. http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.16650. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
^ "Boulton Paul Association". Boulton Paul. http://www.boultonpaul.com/. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ "Museum Location". RAF Fire Service Museum. http://www.raf-fireservicemuseum.org/location.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ "Chillington Hall". Chillington Hall. http://www.chillingtonhall.co.uk/. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c "History of Central Library". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/leisure_culture/libraries/central_library/history.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Branch Libraries". Wolverhampton City Council. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/leisure_culture/libraries/branch/. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "About Us". Express & Star. http://www.expressandstar.com/about-us/. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
^ "Talk of the Town: And the winner is...". BBC News. 2005-12-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/breakfast/4528566.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "School League Tables, 2004 for Wolverhampton". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/03/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/336.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "History of Wolverhampton Grammar School". Wolverhampton Grammar School. http://www.wolverhamptongrammarschool.com/pages/prospective/history.aspx. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "Royal Wolverhampton School". ISSCC. http://www.isscc.com/detail.php?schoolid=895. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "S. Peter's Collegiate School". S. Peter's Collegiate School. http://www.speters.org.uk/. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "History of the College". Tettenhall College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20080723225523/http://www.tettenhallcollege.co.uk/hist_about01.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
^ "Wolverhampton & Bilston Athletics Club". Wolverhampton & Bilston Athletics Club. http://www.wolvesandbilstonac.co.uk/. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
^ "Newest Sporting Hall of Fame inductees". Wolverhampton City Council. 2006-10-30. http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/government_democracy/council/documents/news/press_releases/2006/october/301006d.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Percy Stallard". The History of Wolverhampton – The City and its People. http://www.wolverhamptonhistory.org.uk/people/local/stallard_p. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ Colin Weyer. "Sunbeam – The Supreme Car". The Sunbeam Talbot Darracq Register. http://www.sunbeam.org.uk/Sunbeam.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ Jim Evans. "Cyril Kieft". Wolverhampton History & Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/genealogy/Kieft/CyrilKieft.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "Wolverhampton Speedway". BBC Black Country. 2005-05-04. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blackcountry/content/articles/2005/03/29/wolverhampton_speedway_venue_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
^ "The Collegiate Church of St Peter in Wolverhampton" (pdf). Parish of Central Wolverhampton. http://www.wulfruna.org.uk/history.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ "Welcome". Parish of Central Wolverhampton. http://www.wulfruna.org.uk/. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ "St. Peter's Gardens". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/listed/lichfieldst.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ "St. John's in the Square". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/listed/StJohns/johns01.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ "St. John's in the Square: The Renatus Harris Organ". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/listed/StJohns/johns06.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ "A Tale of Two Squares: St. John's and St. James's" by Maureen Hunt
^ The British Institute of Organ Studies ISSN 0309-8052. BIOS Reporter Volume 28, number 4, page 15. October 2004.
^ "The Molineux Hotel". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/listed/molineuxhotel.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
^ "Prince Albert". Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society. http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/listed/princealbert.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-29.

External links

v · Wards of Wolverhampton City Council

Bilston East · Bilston North · Blakenhall · Bushbury North · Bushbury South and Low Hill · East Park · Ettingshall · Fallings Park · Graiseley · Heath Town · Merry Hill · Oxley · Park · Penn · St Peter's · Spring Vale · Tettenhall Regis · Tettenhall Wightwick · Wednesfield North · Wednesfield South

v · d · eCeremonial county of West Midlands

Metropolitan districts	City of Birmingham · City of Coventry · City of Wolverhampton · Metropolitan Borough of Dudley · Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell · Metropolitan Borough of Solihull · Metropolitan Borough of Walsall

Major settlements	Aldridge · Bilston · Birmingham · Blackheath · Bloxwich · Brierley Hill · Brownhills · Coseley · Coventry · Cradley Heath · Darlaston · Dudley · Fordbridge · Halesowen · Oldbury · Rowley Regis · Smethwick · Solihull · Stourbridge · Sutton Coldfield · Tipton · Walsall · Wednesbury · Wednesfield · West Bromwich · Willenhall · Wolverhampton See also: West Midlands

Rivers	River Blythe · River Cole · River Penk · River Rea · Smestow Brook · River Sherbourne · River Sow · River Sowe · River Stour · River Tame

Canals	Birmingham Canal Navigations · Shropshire Union Canal · Staffordshire & Worcestershire · Worcester & Birmingham

Topics	Black Country · Centro · Conservation areas · Coventry/Bedworth Urban Area · History of West Midlands County · Museums · West Midlands conurbation

v · d · eDistricts of the West Midlands Region

	Herefordshire	Herefordshire

	Shropshire	Shropshire · Telford and Wrekin

	Staffordshire	Cannock Chase · East Staffordshire · Lichfield · Newcastle-under-Lyme · South Staffordshire · Stafford · Staffordshire Moorlands · Stoke-on-Trent · Tamworth

	Warwickshire	North Warwickshire · Nuneaton and Bedworth · Rugby · Stratford-on-Avon · Warwick

	West Midlands	Birmingham · Coventry · Dudley · Sandwell · Solihull · Walsall · Wolverhampton

	Worcestershire	Bromsgrove · Malvern Hills · Redditch · Worcester · Wychavon · Wyre Forest

v · d · eCities of the United Kingdom

England	Bath · Birmingham · Bradford · Brighton and Hove · Bristol · Cambridge · Canterbury · Carlisle · Chester · Chichester · Coventry · Derby · Durham · Ely · Exeter · Gloucester · Hereford · Kingston upon Hull · Lancaster · Leeds · Leicester · Lichfield · Lincoln · Liverpool · London · Manchester · Newcastle upon Tyne · Norwich · Nottingham · Oxford · Peterborough · Plymouth · Portsmouth · Preston · Ripon · St Albans · Salford · Salisbury · Sheffield · Southampton · Stoke-on-Trent · Sunderland · Truro · Wakefield · Wells · Westminster · Winchester · Wolverhampton · Worcester · York

Scotland	Aberdeen · Dundee · Edinburgh · Glasgow · Inverness · Stirling

Wales	Bangor · Cardiff · Newport · St Davids · Swansea

Northern Ireland	Armagh · Belfast · Derry · Lisburn · Newry

25 largest settlements in the UK by urban core population

London: 7,172,091
Birmingham: 970,892
Glasgow: 629,501
Liverpool: 469,017
Leeds: 443,247

Manchester: 441,200
Sheffield: 439,866
Edinburgh: 430,082
Bristol: 420,556
Cardiff: 341,054

Leicester: 330,574
Coventry: 303,475
Kingston-upon-Hull: 301,416
Bradford: 293,717
Belfast: 276,459

Newcastle-upon-Tyne: 273,600
Stoke-on-Trent: 259,252
Wolverhampton: 251,462
Nottingham: 249,584
Plymouth: 243,795

Southampton: 234,224
Reading: 232,662
Derby: 229,407
Salford: 221,300
Aberdeen: 217,120

v · d · eMetropolitan counties and metropolitan districts

Greater Manchester	Bolton Bury Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Stockport Tameside Trafford Wigan

Merseyside	Knowsley Liverpool Sefton St Helens Wirral

South Yorkshire	Barnsley Doncaster Rotherham Sheffield

Tyne and Wear	Gateshead Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside South Tyneside Sunderland

West Midlands	Birmingham Coventry Dudley Sandwell Solihull Walsall Wolverhampton

West Yorkshire	Bradford Calderdale Kirklees Leeds Wakefield

v · d · eCultural venues in Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton Grand Theatre • Wolverhampton Art Gallery • Church of St John's-in-the-Square • Molineux Stadium • Civic, Wulfrun & Little Civic Halls

Wolverhampton Varsity · Oceana club · Lafayette club · Canal Club

Coordinates: 52°35′N 2°08′W / 52.583°N 2.133°W / 52.583; -2.133

Categories:

Wolverhampton
985 establishments
Populated places established in the 10th century
Cities in the West Midlands (region)
Metropolitan boroughs
West Midlands (county)
Staffordshire
Local government districts of the West Midlands (region)
NUTS 3 statistical regions of the United Kingdom

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

Wolverhampton — Wolverhampton … Wikipédia en Français
Wolverhampton — Escudo … Wikipedia Español
WOLVERHAMPTON — Principale ville de la banlieue ouest de Birmingham, Wolverhampton (242 200 hab. en 1991) est située dans le comté de Staffordshire, dans la région des West Midlands. Plus que les autres villes du «pays noir», Wolverhampton est caractérisée par… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Wolverhampton — (spr. Uolverhämt n), Stadt in der englischen Grafschaft Stafford, an der Eisenbahn von Birmingham nach Liverpool u. am Kanale von Bristol; mehre Kirchen (darunter die Stiftskirche zu St. Peter), Fabriken in Eisen , Kupfer , Blechwaaren,… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Wolverhampton — (spr. wulwerhämmt n), Stadt und Grafschaft im Innern Englands, 21 km nordwestlich von Birmingham, inmitten von Steinkohlengruben und Eisenhütten, hat eine Kirche aus dem 15. Jahrh. (St. Peter s), ein neues Rathaus im Renaissancestil, ein Museum… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Wolverhampton — (spr. wullwĕrhämmt n), Stadt in der engl. Grafsch. Stafford, (1905) 99.456 E., ein Hauptsitz der Eisenindustrie … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Wolverhampton — (Uulwerhämmptn), Stadt in der engl. Grafschaft Stafford, am Kanale von Bristol, mit 50000 E., der merkwürdigen Kirche St. Peter, großartiger Eisenfabrikation … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Wolverhampton — [ wʊlvəhæmptən], Industriestadt in der Metropolitan County West Midlands, England, im Black Country, 257 900 Einwohner; Universität (gegründet 1969 als polytechnische Hochschule, seit 1992 Universitätsstatus), Kunstgalerien, Museen; bedeutende… … Universal-Lexikon
Wolverhampton — [wool′vər hamp΄tən] borough of West Midlands, central England: county district pop. 242,000 … English World dictionary
Wolverhampton — City of Wolverhampton … Deutsch Wikipedia

Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

Wikipedia

Wolverhampton

Contents

History

19th century

Since 1900

Art and culture

Geography

Climate

Areas of the city

Nearby places

Government

Civic history

Wolverhampton City Council

Wards

Coat of arms

Demographics

Population change

Economy

Regeneration

Transport

Road

Public transport

Buses

Metro

Air

Waterways

Cycling

Culture

Music

Arts and museums

Libraries

Media

Education

Sport

Football

Athletics

Cycling

Horse and greyhound racing

Motor sports

Places of interest

Famous residents

Sister cities

Notes

External links

Look at other dictionaries:

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link