Church (building)

Pisgah Baptist Church, a typical Protestant church in rural America

Dutch Reformed Church in Vreeswijk, Netherlands

In the Christian religion, a church building is a building or structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. Originally, Jewish Christians met in synagogues, such as the Cenacle, and in one another's homes, known as house churches. As Christianity grew and became more accepted by governments, notably with the Edict of Milan, rooms and, eventually, entire buildings were set aside for the explicit purpose of Christian worship, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Traditional church buildings are often in the shape of a cross and frequently have a tower or dome. More modern church buildings have a variety of architectural styles and layouts; many buildings that were designed for other purposes have now been converted for church use, and, similarly, many original church buildings have been put to other uses.

History

The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites in Aleppo, Syria is considered to be one of the oldest surviving church buildings in the world.

See also: Jerusalem in Christianity

The first Christians were, like Jesus, Jews resident in Israel who worshiped on occasion in the Temple in Jerusalem and weekly in local synagogues. Temple worship was a ritual involving sacrifice, occasionally including the sacrifice of animals in atonement for sin, offered to the God of Israel. The New Testament includes many references to Jesus visiting the Temple, the first time as an infant with his parents, see Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. The early history of the synagogue is obscure, but it seems to be an institution developed for public Jewish worship during the Babylonian captivity when the Jews (and Jewish Proselytes) did not have access to a Temple (the First Temple having been destroyed c. 586 BC) for ritual sacrifice. Instead, they developed a daily and weekly service of readings from the Torah, and possibly also the Prophets, followed by commentary. This could be carried out in a house if the attendance was small enough, and in many towns of the Diaspora that was the case. In others, more elaborate architectural settings developed, sometimes by converting a house and sometimes by converting a previously public building. The minimum requirements seem to have been a meeting room with adequate seating, a case for the Torah scroll, and a raised platform for the reader.

Jesus himself participated in this sort of service as a reader and commentator (see Gospel of Luke 4:16–24) and his followers probably remained worshipers in synagogues in some cities, for example the Cenacle in Jerusalem. However, following the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, the new Christian movement and Rabbinic Judaism increasingly parted ways, see also List of events in early Christianity. The Church became overwhelmingly Gentile sometime in the 4th century, the era of Constantine I and Christianity and the birth of the State church of the Roman Empire.

The Syrian city of Dura-Europos on the West bank of the Euphrates was an outpost town between the Roman and Parthian empires. During a siege by Parthian troops in A.D. 257, the buildings in the outermost blocks of the city grid were partially destroyed and filled with rubble to reinforce the city wall. Thus were preserved and securely dated an early decorated church and a synagogue decorated with extensive wall paintings. Both had been converted from earlier private buildings.

The Dura-Europos church from 235 AD has a special room dedicated for baptisms with a large baptismal font.

The Cathedral of the Dormition is the mother church of Muscovite Russia

Medieval Europe

During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals and smaller parish churches occurred across Western Europe. In addition to being a place of worship, the cathedral or parish church was used by the community in other ways. It could serve as a meeting place for guilds or a hall for banquets. Mystery plays were sometimes performed in cathedrals, and cathedrals might also be used for fairs. The church could be used as a place to thresh and store grain.^[1]

Paris. Basilique du Sacré-Cœur

Architecture

Main article: Church architecture

A common architecture for churches is the shape of a cross (a long central rectangle, with side rectangles, and a rectangle in front for the altar space or sanctuary). These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in the interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, to represent the church's bringing light to the world. Another common feature is the spire, a tall tower on the "west" end of the church or over the crossing.

Types

Basilica

Main article: Basilica

The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa), was originally used to describe a Roman public building (as in Greece, mainly a tribunal), usually located in the forum of a Roman town.

After the Roman Empire became officially Christian, see Edict of Thessalonica, the term came by extension to refer to a large and important church that has been given special ceremonial rites by the Pope. Thus the word retains two senses today, one architectural and the other ecclesiastical.

Cathedral

Main article: Cathedral architecture of Western Europe

A cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. The word cathedral takes its name from the word cathedra, or Bishop's Throne (In Latin: ecclesia cathedralis). The term is sometimes (improperly) used to refer to any church of great size.

The church that has the function of cathedral is not of necessity a large building. It might be as small as Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford, England, Sacred Heart Cathedral in Raleigh, United States, or Chur Cathedral in Switzerland. But frequently, the cathedral, along with some of the abbey churches, was the largest building in any region.

Alternative buildings

Old and disused church buildings can be seen as an interesting proposition for developers as the architecture and location often provide for attractive homes^[2][3] or city centre entertainment venues^[4] On the other hand, many newer Churches have decided to host meetings in public buildings such as schools,^[5] universities,^[6] cinemas^[7] or theatres.^[8]

There is another trend to convert old buildings for worship use rather than face the construction costs and planning difficulties of a new build. Unusual venues in the UK include an old Tram power station,^[9] a former bus garage,^[10] an old cinema and bingo hall,^[11] a former Territorial Army Drill Hall,^[12] a former synagogue^[13] and a windmill.

Gallery

Førde Church, a typical Protestant church in Norway   Cathedral of Brasília in Brasília, Brasil   The Holy Family Catholic Church in Columbus, Georgia, USA   Wooden Kryvka Church in Lviv, Ukraine   Basilica of Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa, Poland   Interior of church in Mălâncrav, Romania   A church in France being fired at during the First World War   Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow, Russia).   Barnabas Community Church, a former army centre now used by a church in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England   Wasserkirche in Zurich (Switzerland), used as public library (1634–1917)   St Domenics Church in Macau, China   A Syrian Catholic Church in Kerala, India   Orthodox Episcopal Cathedral in Roman, Romania   Catholic Temple of Vilcashuaman, built on remains of Inca temple, Peru   Church of the Deposition of the Robe in Moscow   A part of a former gothic St. Mary's Church in The Old Town of Police, Poland  St. Michael and All Angels church is an example of a small wooden church in Wood End, United Kingdom   Church with bell-gable in Coubon, Haute-Loire, France   Sofia Church in Stockholm, Sweden   Manila Cathedral in Manila, Philippines   Velankanni Church in Tamil Nadu, India   St.Paul Church in Tamil Nadu, Mela Ilandaikulam(village), India.   Svetitskhoveli, Georgian Orthodox cathedral in Mtskheta. Built in the 11th century by the Georgian architect Arsukisdze.

See also

Religion portal

• Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
• Basilica
• Cathedral
• Cathedral architecture of Western Europe
• Cathedral diagram
  • Iconostasis
  • Narthex
  • Nave
  • Sanctuary
• Chapel of ease
• Church architecture
• Chapel
  • Sistine Chapel
• Cowboy church
• Double church
• Duomo
• Eastern Orthodox church architecture
• House church
• List of basilicas
  • Church of the Holy Sepulchre
  • Hagia Sophia
  • St. Peter's Basilica
• List of cathedrals
  • List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
• List of highest church naves
• List of largest church buildings in the world
• List of tallest churches in the world
• List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches
• Meeting house
• Monastery
• Mosque
• Oldest churches in the world
• Palisade church
• Post church
• Pub Church
• Parish
• Polish Cathedral style
• Places of worship
• Post-congregational narrative
• Stave church
• Simultaneum
• Synagogue
• Temple

References

1. ^ Levy. Cathedrals and the Church. p. 12. 
2. ^ Alexander, Lucy (2007-12-14). "Church conversions". The Times (London). http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/new_homes/article3047285.ece. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
3. ^ "Buying a church conversion". OurProperty.co.uk. http://www.ourproperty.co.uk/guides/buying_a_church_conversion.html. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
4. ^ Site design and technology by Lightmaker.com. "quality food and drink". Pitcher and Piano. http://www.pitcherandpiano.com/locations/bar.cfm?area=Nottingham. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
5. ^ "Welcome to the Family Church Christchurch Dorset". The Family Church Christchurch. http://www.familychurchchristchurch.org.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
6. ^ "Welcome to The Hope Church, Manchester... A Newfrontiers Church based in Salford, Manchester UK, Manchester Churches, Churches Manchester, Newfrontiers Church Manchester, Manchester Newfrontiers Churc". The-hope.org.uk. http://www.the-hope.org.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
7. ^ Jubilee Church London
8. ^ Hillsong Church London^{[dead link]}
9. ^ "CITY CHURCH NEWCASTLE & GATESHEAD – enjoying God...making friends...changing lives – Welcome". City-church.co.uk. http://www.city-church.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
10. ^ "Aylsham Community Church". Aylsham Community Church. http://www.aylshamcommunitychurch.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
11. ^ Hall, Reg (2004). Things are different now: A short history of Winchester Family Church. Winchester: Winchester Family Church. p. 11. 
12. ^ "Shrewsbury Venue Shrewsbury – Barnabas Community Church Shrewsbury". Barnabascommunitychurch.com. http://www.barnabascommunitychurch.com/barnabascentre.htm. Retrieved 18 October 2011. 
13. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}

• Levy, Patricia (2004). Cathedrals and the Church. Medieval World. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media. ISBN 1-58340-572-0. 
• Krieger, Herman (1998). Churches ad hoc. PhotoZone Press. 

External links

• New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – Ecclesiastical Buildings
• New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – The Church
•  "Ecclesiastical Buildings". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.