1956 Summer Olympics

Games of the XVI Olympiad

Host city	Melbourne, Australia
Nations participating	72
Athletes participating	3,314 (2,938 men, 376 women)
Events	145 in 17 sports
Opening ceremony	22 November
Closing ceremony	8 December
Officially opened by	Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Athlete's Oath	John Landy
Olympic Torch	Ron Clarke
Stadium	Melbourne Cricket Ground

The 1956 Melbourne Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne, Australia, in 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. Instead, those events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, Sweden, marking the second time that events of the same Olympics were held in different countries. (At the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, one sailing event had been held in Dutch waters because of water quality). The 1956 Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America.

Host city selection

Main article: Bids for the 1956 Summer Olympics

Melbourne was selected as the host city over bids from Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and six American cities on 28 April 1949, at the 43rd IOC Session in Rome, Italy.^[1]

1956 Summer Olympics bidding results[2]
City	Country	Round 1	Round 2	Round 3	Round 4
Melbourne	Australia	14	18	19	21
Buenos Aires	Argentina	9	12	13	20
Los Angeles	United States	5	4	5	—
Detroit	United States	2	4	4	—
Mexico City	Mexico	9	3	—	—
Chicago	United States	1	—	—	—
Minneapolis	United States	1	—	—	—
Philadelphia	United States	1	—	—	—
San Francisco	United States	0	—	—	—

Prelude

Many members of the IOC were sceptical about Melbourne as an appropriate site. Its location in the Southern Hemisphere was a major concern, since the reversal of seasons would mean the Games were held during the northern winter. This was thought likely to inconvenience athletes from the Northern Hemisphere who were accustomed to resting during their winter.

Melbourne was selected, in 1949, to host the 1956 Olympics by a one-vote margin. The first sign of trouble was the revelation that Australian equine quarantine would prevent the country from hosting the equestrian events. Stockholm was selected as the alternate site, so equestrian competition began on 10 June, five and a half months before the rest of the Olympic games were to open, half the world away.

The problems of the Melbourne Games were compounded by bickering over financing among Australian politicians. Faced with a housing shortage, the Premier of Victoria refused to allocate money for the Olympic Village (eventually sited in Heidelberg West), and the country's Prime Minister barred the use of federal funds.

At one point, IOC President Avery Brundage suggested that Rome, which was to host the 1960 Games, was so far ahead of Melbourne in preparations that it might be ready as a replacement site in 1956.

As late as April 1955, Brundage was still doubtful about Melbourne, and was not satisfied by an inspection trip to the city. Construction was well underway by then, thanks to a $4.5 million federal loan to Victoria, but it was behind schedule. He still held out the possibility that Rome might have to step in.

By the beginning of 1956, though, it was obvious that Melbourne would be ready for the Olympics.^[3]

Political worries

Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon announced that they would not participate in the Olympics in response to the Suez Crisis when Egypt was invaded by Israel, the United Kingdom, and France after Egypt nationalised the Suez canal. Meanwhile, in 1956 the Soviet Union brutally and mercilessly crushed the Hungarian Revolution, and the Soviet presence at the Games led to the withdrawal of the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland.

Less than two weeks before the 22 November opening ceremony, the People's Republic of China chose to boycott the event because the Republic of China had been allowed to compete under the name "Formosa".

Although the number of countries participating (67) was almost the same as in 1952 (69), the number of athletes competing dropped sharply, from 4,925 to 3,342. (This figure does not include the 158 athletes from 29 countries who took part in the Stockholm equestrian competition.)

Events

Once underway, the Games unfolded smoothly, and became known as the "Friendly Games". Betty Cuthbert, an 18-year-old from Sydney, won the 100- and 200-metre dashes and ran a great final leg in the 4 x 100-metre relay to overcome Great Britain's lead and claim her third gold medal. The veteran Shirley Strickland repeated in the 80-metre hurdles and also ran on the relay team, running her career total to seven, three golds, a silver, and three bronze medals.

But it was in swimming that the Australians really shone. They won all of the freestyle races, men's and women's, and collected a total of eight gold, four silver and two bronze medals. Murray Rose became the first male swimmer to win two freestyle events since Johnny Weissmuller in 1924, while Dawn Fraser won gold medals in the 100-metre freestyle and as the leadoff swimmer on the 4 x 100-metre relay team.

Controversial judging prevented the United States from winning all four diving events, which had become almost customary. Pat McCormick again took gold medals in both the springboard and the platform, and Bob Clotworthy won the men's springboard. However, Gary Tobian was given unusually low scores by the Soviet and Hungarian judges, and he finished second by just .03 to Mexico's Joaquim Capilla in the platform event.

United States men dominated track and field. They not only won 15 of 24 events, they swept four of them and finished first and second in five others. Bobby Morrow led the way with gold medals in the 100- and 200-metre dashes and the 4 x 100-metre relay. Tom Courtney barely overtook Great Britain's Derek Johnson in the 800-metre run, then collapsed from the exertion and needed medical attention.

Vladimir Kuts of the Soviet Union ran away from his competition in the 5,000- and 10,000-metre runs, while Ireland's Ron Delaney ran a brilliant 53.8 over the last 400 metres to win the 1,500-metre run, in which favourite John Landy of Australia finished third.

There was a major upset, marred briefly by controversy, in the 3,000-metre steeplechase. Little-known Chris Brasher of Great Britain finished well ahead of the field, but judges announced that he was disqualified for interfering with Norway's Ernst Larsen, and they anointed Sándor Rozsnyói of Hungary as the winner. Brasher's appeal, remarkably, was supported by Larsen, Rozsnyói, and fourth-place finisher Heinz Laufer of Germany. The decision was reversed and Brasher became the first Briton to win a gold medal in track and field since 1936.

Coles' Olympic Games decorations, December, 1956. Bourke Street, Melbourne.

Only two world records were set in track and field. Mildred McDaniel, the first American woman to win gold in the sport, set a high jump record of 5 feet 9+¹⁄₄ inches (1.759 m) and Egil Danielsen of Norway overcame a troublesome wind with a remarkable javelin throw of 281 feet 2+¹⁄₂ inches (85.712 m).

Throughout the Olympics, Hungarian athletes were cheered by fans from Australia and other countries. Many of them gathered in the boxing arena when thirty-year-old Laszlo Papp of Hungary won his third gold medal by beating José Torres for the light-middleweight championship.

A few days later, the crowd was with the Hungarian water polo team in its match against the Soviet Union which became known as the Blood In The Water match. The game became rough and, when a Hungarian was forced to leave the pool with blood streaming from a cut over his eye, a riot almost broke out. But police restored order and the game was called early, with Hungary leading 4–0. The Hungarians went on to win the gold medal.

Despite the international tensions of 1956 – or perhaps because of them – a young Melburnian, John Ian Wing, came up with a new idea for the closing ceremony. Instead of marching as teams, behind their national flags, the athletes mingled with one another as they paraded into and around the arena for a final appearance before the spectators. That began an Olympic tradition that has been followed ever since.^[4]

Highlights

• Hungary and the Soviet Union were both present at the Games which, among other things, led to a hotly contested and violent water polo encounter between the nations.
• Athletes from both East and West Germany competed in a combined team. This remarkable combination would disappear at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
• Australian athlete Betty Cuthbert became the "Golden Girl" by winning three track gold medals. Her performance was equalled by sprinter Bobby Morrow.
• Another Australian, Murray Rose, won three gold medals in swimming.
• Soviet runner Vladimir Kuts won both the 5000m and 10000m.
• Inspired by Australian teenager John Wing, an Olympic tradition began when athletes of different nations are allowed to parade together at the closing ceremony, instead of with their national teams, as a symbol of world unity.

During the Games there will be only one nation. War, politics and nationalities will be forgotten. What more could anybody want if the world could be made one nation.
—Extract from a letter by John Ian Wing to the Olympic organisers, 1956

• Laszlo Papp defended his light-middleweight boxing title, gaining an unprecedented third gold.
• Ronnie Delany wins gold for Ireland in the 1500m final. It is the last gold medal Ireland have won in a track event.
• The India national field hockey team won its sixth consecutive gold

Olympic Flame Relay

Torch Relay monument, Cairns

The Olympic Flame was relayed to Melbourne after being lit at Olympia on 2 November 1956.

• Greek runners took the flame to Athens.
• The flame was transferred to a miner's lamp then flown by Qantas Super Constellation aircraft "Southern Horizon" to Darwin, Northern Territory.
• A Royal Australian Air Force English Electric Canberra jet bomber flew it to Cairns, Queensland where it arrived on 9 November 1956.
• The Mayor of Cairns, Alderman W.J. Fulton, lit the first torch.
• The first runner was Con Verevis, a local man of Greek parentage.
• The flame was relayed down the east coast of Australia using diecast aluminium torches weighing about 3 pounds (1.8 kg).
• The flame arrived in Melbourne on 22 November 1956.
• The Olympic Flame was lit at the stadium by Ron Clarke.

When the Olympic Flame was being carried to Sydney, an Australian veterinary student named Barry Larkin carried a fake Olympic Flame and fooled the mayor of Sydney.^[5]

Medals awarded

See the medal winners, ordered by sport:

Athletics Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Football Gymnastics

Hockey Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling

Demonstration sports

• Australian Football
• Baseball

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 1956 Summer Olympics

Melbourne

• Broadmeadows – Cycling (road)
• Hockey Field – Field hockey
• Lake Wendouree – Canoeing, Rowing
• Melbourne Cricket Ground – Athletics, Field hockey (final), Football (final)
• Oaklands Hunt Club – Modern pentathlon (riding, running)
• Olympic Park Stadium – Football
• Port Phillip – Sailing
• Royal Australian Air Foce, Laverton Air Base – Shooting (shotgun)
• Royal Exhibition Building – Basketball (final), Modern pentathlon (fencing), Weightlifting, Wrestling
• St Kilda Town Hall – Fencing
• Swimming/Diving Stadium – Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Water polo
• Velodrome – Cycling (track)
• West Melbourne Stadium – Basketball, Boxing, Gymnastics
• Williamstown – Modern pentathlon (shooting), Shooting (pistol, rifle)

Stockholm

• Lill-Jansskogen – Equestrian (eventing)
• Olympic Stadium – Equestrian (dressage, eventing, jumping)
• Ulriksdal – Equestrian (eventing)

Participating nations

Participating nations marked in green and blue.

A total of 67 nations competed in Melbourne. Ethiopia, Fiji, Kenya, Liberia, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo (modern-day Sabah of Malaysia), and Uganda made their Olympic debut. Athletes from East Germany and West Germany competed together as the United Team of Germany, an arrangement that would last until 1968.

For the first time the team of Republic of China effectively represented only Taiwan.

Afghanistan Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Republic of China Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Fiji Finland France

Germany Great Britain Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Liberia Luxembourg Malaya Mexico New Zealand Nigeria North Borneo

Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Singapore South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Sweden Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia

Five nations competed in the equestrian events in Stockholm, but did not attend the Games in Melbourne:

• Cambodia
• Egypt
• Netherlands
• Spain
• Switzerland

Egypt did not compete in Melbourne due to the Suez Crisis, whilst Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland all boycotted the Australian event in protest at the Soviet invasion of Hungary.^[6]

Medal count

Main article: 1956 Summer Olympics medal table

These are the top ten nations that won medals at these Games.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Soviet Union	37	29	32	98
2	United States	32	25	17	74
3	Australia	13	8	14	35
4	Hungary	9	10	7	26
5	Italy	8	8	9	25
6	Sweden	8	5	6	19
7	Germany	6	13	7	26
8	Great Britain	6	7	11	24
9	Romania	5	3	5	13
10	Japan	4	10	5	19

The heritage registered former Olympic Pool (now Westpac Centre) from the Yarra River.

Buildings from the Olympics

The Olympics left Melbourne with some landmark buildings. The Olympic Stand at the Melbourne Cricket Ground was demolished in 2004. However, the former Olympic Pool remains as part of the Westpac Centre at the Olympic Park complex. The former athlete's village in Heidelberg West, Victoria remains as public housing. St Kilda Town Hall, where the fencing events were held, also still remains.

See also

Olympics portal

• 1956 Winter Olympics
• Olympic games celebrated in Australia
  • 1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne
  • 2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney

• Summer Olympic Games
• Olympic Games
• International Olympic Committee
• List of IOC country codes

Notes

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xFvf0ufx. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
3. ^ Wendy Lewis, Simon Balderstone and John Bowan (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. pp. 212–217. ISBN 9781741104929. 
4. ^ Text of John Ian Wing's letter, page found 28 June 2011.
5. ^ Turpin, Adrian (8 August 2004). "Olympics Special: The Lost Olympians (Page 1)". Find Articles, originally The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080413034334/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20040808/ai_n12758702. Retrieved 6 April 2008. 
6. ^ 1956 Games (see All Facts section) olympic.org

References

• "Melbourne 1956". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Melbourne-1956. 
• "All the Medallists since 1896". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/All-Olympic-results-since-1896/?AthleteName=&Games=1333822&Country=&Sport=&TargetResults=true&resultsPageIPP=30. 

External links

• "Melbourne 1956". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Melbourne-1956. 

Preceded by Helsinki

Summer Olympic Games Melbourne XVI Olympiad (1956)

Succeeded by Rome