- Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
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- For the church in Kaliningrad, see Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Kaliningrad).
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Храм Христа Спасителя 
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour as viewed from the bridge over Moscow RiverCoordinates: 55°44′40″N 37°35′20″E / 55.74444°N 37.58889°E Location Moscow Country Russia Denomination Russian Orthodox Website Official home page History Consecrated 26 May 1883;
reconsecrated 19 August 2000Architecture Style Russian Revival Dome height (outer) 105 metres (344 ft) The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Russian: Храм Христа Спасителя) is a Church in Moscow, Russia, on the northern bank of the Moskva River, a few blocks south-west of the Kremlin. With an overall height of 105 metres (344 ft), it is the tallest Orthodox church in the world.
Contents
Design
View of the cathedral and the Great Stone Bridge in 1905.
Remnant of the original Cathedral, preserved at Donskoy Monastery, Moscow.
Interior of the Christ the Savior Cathedral in Moscow (1883).
Photograph taken of the 1931 demolitionWhen Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Moscow, Emperor Alexander I signed a manifest, 25 December 1812, declaring his intention to build a Cathedral in honor of Christ the Saviour "to signify Our gratitude to Divine Providence for saving Russia from the doom that overshadowed Her" and as a memorial to the sacrifices of the Russian people.
It took some time for actual work on the projected cathedral to get started. The first finished architectural project, by Aleksandr Lavrentyevich Vitberg, was endorsed by Alexander I in 1817. It was a flamboyant Neoclassical design full of Freemasonic symbolism. Construction work was begun on the Sparrow Hills, the highest point in Moscow, but the site proved insecure.
In the meantime Alexander I was succeeded by his brother Nicholas I. Profoundly Orthodox and patriotic, the new Tsar disliked the Neoclassicism and Freemasonry of the project selected by his brother. He commissioned his favourite architect Konstantin Thon to create a new design, taking as his model Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Turkey. Thon's Russian Revival design was approved in 1832, and a new site, closer to the Moscow Kremlin, was chosen by the Tsar in 1837. A convent and church on the site had to be relocated, so that the cornerstone was not laid until 1839.
Construction
The Cathedral took many years to build and did not emerge from its scaffolding until 1860. Some of the best Russian painters (Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Surikov, Vasily Vereshchagin) continued to embellish the interior for another twenty years. The Cathedral was consecrated on the very day Alexander III was crowned, 26 May 1883. A year earlier, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture debuted there.
The inner sanctum of the church (naos) was ringed by a two-floor gallery, its walls inlaid with rare sorts of marble, granite, and other precious stones. The ground floor of the gallery was a memorial dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon. The walls displayed more than 1,000 square meters of Carrara bianca marble plaques listing major commanders, regiments, and battles of the Patriotic War of 1812 (with the lists of awards and casualties appended). The second floor of the gallery was occupied by church choirs.
The giant dome of the cathedral for the first time in history was gilded using the technique of gold electroplating, replacing the older and insecure technique of mercury gilding.[1]
Demolition
After the Revolution and, more specifically, the death of Lenin, the prominent site of the cathedral was chosen by the Soviets as the site for a monument to socialism known as the Palace of the Soviets. This monument was to rise in modernistic, buttressed tiers to support a gigantic statue of Lenin perched on top of a dome with his arm raised in the air.
On 5 December 1931, by order of Stalin's minister Kaganovich, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was dynamited and reduced to rubble, as can be seen on this video uploaded to YouTube [2]. It took more than a year to clear the debris from the site. Some of the marble from the walls and marble benches from the cathedral were used in nearby Moscow Metro stations. The original marble high reliefs were preserved and are now on display at the Donskoy Monastery (see the photo). For a long time, these were the only reminders of the largest Orthodox church ever built.
The construction of the Palace of Soviets was interrupted owing to a lack of funds, problems with flooding from the nearby Moskva River, and the outbreak of war. The flooded foundation hole remained on the site until, under Nikita Khrushchev, it was transformed into the world's largest open air swimming pool, named Moskva Pool.
New cathedral
The rebuilt cathedral, view across Moscow River
The dome.In February 1990, the Russian Orthodox Church received permission from the Soviet Government to rebuild the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. A temporary cornerstone was laid by the end of the year. The restorer Aleksey Denisov was called upon to design a replica of extraordinary accuracy.
A construction fund was initiated in 1992 and funds began to pour in from ordinary citizens in the autumn of 1994. In this year the pool was demolished and the cathedral reconstruction commenced. About one million Muscovites donated money for the project. There are still arguments about the reconstruction. First the project was supervised by architect Aleksey Denisov. Soon he was fired from the project because of disagreements with the Mayor’s office.[3]
When construction was well under way, Denisov was replaced by Zurab Tsereteli, who introduced several controversial innovations. For instance, the original marble high reliefs along the walls gave way to the modern bronze ones, which have few, if any, parallels in Russian church architecture. The lower church was consecrated to the Saviour's Transfiguration in 1996, and the completed Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was consecrated on the Transfiguration day, 19 August 2000.
A footbridge across the river from Balchug was constructed between 21 June 2003 and 3 September 2004 (photo). On the slope of the hill to the right of the cathedral are the monumental statues of Alexander II and Nicholas II. The cathedral square is graced by several chapels, designed in the same style as the cathedral itself.
This church served as the venue when the last Russian Tsar, and his family were glorified as saints in 2000. On 17 May 2007, the Act of Canonical Communion between the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia was signed there. The full restoration of communion with the Moscow Patriarchate was celebrated by a Divine Liturgy at which the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Alexius II and the First Hierarch of ROCOR, Metropolitan Laurus, concelebrated the Divine Liturgy for the first time in history.
The first Russian President Boris Yeltsin, who died of heart failure on 23 April 2007, lay in state in the cathedral prior to his burial in Novodevichy Cemetery.
According to an interview with Metropolitan Jonah (Paffhausen), primate of the Orthodox Church in America, the Cathedral, while only half full, holds about 2,500 faithful. During his visit and co-celebration of Liturgy with Patriarch Kirill I, Metropolitan Jonah stated that there were about 16 bishops serving during the Divine Liturgy, although this number may have been greater than normal due to the visit of Metropolitan Jonah and the ordination of a new bishop that day.[4] Below the new church is a large hall for church assemblies.
See also
- List of tallest Orthodox churches
Notes
- ^ The history of galvanoplating in Russia (Russian)
- ^ "Video showing Demolition of the Christ the Savior Cathedral, 1931". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFlx55OANg8. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Moscow's Iconic Cathedral Was Restored Wrongfully on Cursed Location". http://english.pravda.ru/russia/history/24-09-2009/109492-moscow_cathedral-0. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ "Conversations with Metropolitan Jonah: Ministry, Monasticism, and the Episcopacy". 2 June 2009. http://audio.ancientfaith.com/conversations/cmj_2009-06-02.mp3. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
External links
- Official website, with full details of the construction and reconstruction history.
- Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow: A Russian Allegory
- Churches Around the World Archive
Photos and videos
- 360º Virtual Tour of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
Coordinates: 55°44′40″N 37°36′20″E / 55.74444°N 37.60556°E
Categories:- Russian Orthodox cathedrals
- Cathedrals in Moscow
- Destroyed landmarks
- Religious buildings completed in 1883
- 19th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
- Neo-Byzantine architecture in Russia
- Russian Revival architecture
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