- Demolition
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For other uses, see Demolition (disambiguation).
Demolition is the tearing-down of buildings and other structures, the opposite of construction. Demolition contrasts with deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for re-use.
For small buildings, such as houses, that are only two or three stories high, demolition is a rather simple process. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment: elevated work platforms, cranes, excavators or bulldozers. Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball, a heavy weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into the side of the buildings. Wrecking balls are especially effective against masonry, but are less easily controlled and often less efficient than other methods. Newer methods may use rotational hydraulic shears and silenced rock-breakers attached to excavators to cut or break through wood, steel, and concrete. The use of shears is especially common when flame cutting would be dangerous.
The tallest building demolished by nonterrorist methods was the 47-story Singer Building in New York City, which was built in 1908 and torn down in 1967-1968 to be replaced by One Liberty Plaza. There were later taller buildings in the area that fell down due to the September 11 attacks.
Contents
Non-explosive demolition
A wrecking ball in action at the demolition of the Rockwell Gardens.
Before any demolition activities, there are many steps that need to take place — including but not limited to performing asbestos abatement, removing hazardous or regulated materials, obtaining necessary permits, submitting necessary notifications, disconnecting utilities, rodent baiting, and development of site-specific safety and work plans.
The typical razing of a building is accomplished as follows:
Hydraulic excavators may be used to topple one- or two-story buildings by an undermining process. The strategy is to undermine the building while controlling the manner and direction in which it falls. The demolition project manager/supervisor will determine where undermining is necessary so that a building is pulled in the desired manner and direction. The walls are typically undermined at a building's base, but this is not always the case if the building design dictates otherwise. Safety and cleanup considerations are also taken into account in determining how the building is undermined and ultimately demolished. Hoe rams are typically used for removing the concrete road deck and piers during bridge demolition, while hydraulic shears are used to remove the bridge's structural steel.
In some cases a crane with a wrecking ball is used to demolish the structure down to a certain manageable height. At that point undermining takes place as described above. However crane mounted demolition balls are rarely used within demolition due to the uncontrollable nature of the swinging ball and the safety implications associated.
High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not appropriate or possible. Excavators with shear attachments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete structures and concrete processing attachments are used to crush concrete to a manageable size, and to remove reinforcing steel.
To control dust, fire hoses are used to maintain a wet demolition. Hoses may be held by workers, secured in fixed location, or attached to lifts to gain elevation.
Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with "rakes" (thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building walls. Skid loaders and loaders will also be used to take materials out and sort steel.
The technique of Vérinage is used in France to weaken and buckle the supports of central floors promoting the collapse of the top part of a building onto the bottom resulting in a rapid, symmetrical, collapse.[1]
The Japanese company Kajima Construction has developed a new method of demolishing buildings which involves using computer-controlled hydraulic jacks to support the bottom floor as the support beams are removed. The floor is lowered and this process is repeated for each floor. This technique is safer and more environmentally friendly, and is useful in areas of high population density.[2]
Building implosion
Main article: Building implosion
Demolition of a chimney at the former brewery "Henninger" in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on 2 December 2006
Large buildings, tall chimneys, smokestacks, and increasingly some smaller structures may be destroyed by building implosion using explosives. Imploding a building is very fast — the collapse itself only takes seconds — and an expert can ensure that the building falls into its own footprint, so as not to damage neighboring structures. This is essential for tall structures in dense urban areas.
Any error can be disastrous, however, and some demolitions have failed, severely damaging neighboring structures. The greatest danger is from flying debris which, when improperly prepared for, can kill onlookers.
Even more dangerous is the partial failure of an attempted implosion. When a building fails to collapse completely the structure may be unstable, tilting at a dangerous angle, and filled with un-detonated but still primed explosives, making it difficult for workers to approach safely.
A third danger comes from air overpressure that occurs during the implosion. If the sky is clear, the shock wave, a wave of energy and sound, travels upwards and disperses, but if cloud coverage is low, the shock wave can travel outwards, breaking windows or causing other damage to surrounding buildings.[3]
Stephanie Kegley of CST Environmental described shock waves by saying, "The shock wave is like a water hose. If you put your hand in front of the water as it comes out, it fans to all sides. When cloud coverage is below 1,200 feet, it reacts like the hand in front of the hose. The wave from the shock fans out instead of up toward the sky."[4]
While a controlled implosion is the method that the general public often thinks of when discussing demolition due to its spectacularity, it can be dangerous and is only used as a last resort when other methods are impractical or too costly. The destruction of large buildings has become increasingly common as the massive housing projects of the 1960s and 1970s are being leveled around the world. At 439 feet (134 m) and 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2), the J. L. Hudson Department Store and Addition is the tallest steel framed building and largest single structure ever imploded.[5]
Preparation
It takes several weeks or months to prepare a building for implosion. All items of value, such as copper wiring, are stripped from a building. Some materials must be removed, such as glass that can form deadly projectiles, and insulation that can scatter over a wide area. Non-load bearing partitions and drywall are removed.[6] Selected columns on floors where explosives will be set are drilled and nitroglycerin, TNT or C4 are placed in the holes. Smaller columns and walls are wrapped in detonating cord. The goal is to use as little explosive as possible; only a few floors are rigged with explosives, so that it is safer (fewer explosives) and less costly. The areas with explosives are covered in thick geotextile fabric and fencing to absorb flying debris.[6] Far more time-consuming than the demolition itself is the clean-up of the site, as the debris is loaded into trucks and hauled away.
Deconstruction
Main article: Deconstruction (building)A new approach to demolition is the deconstruction of a building with the goal of minimizing the amount of materials going to landfills. This "green" approach is applied by removing the materials by type material and segregating them for reuse or recycling. With proper planning this approach has resulted in landfill diversion rates that exceed 90% of an entire building and its contents in some cases.
The development of plant and equipment has allowed for the easier segregation of waste types on site and the reuse within the construction of the replacement building. On site crushers allow the demolished concrete to be reused as type 1 crushed aggregate either as a piling mat for ground stabilization or as aggregate in the mixing of concrete.
Timber waste can be shredded using specialist timber shredders and composted, or used to form manufactured timber boards, such as MDF or Chipboard.
Safety is paramount, a site safety officer is usually assigned to each project to enforce all safety rules and regulations.
Gallery
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An excavator is used to demolish a barn.
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With heavy equipment, demolition of a house is a two-person job that can be completed in a day or two.
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Rotational hydraulic shears and standard reinforced bucket attachments are common demolition tools.
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A high-reach excavator is used to demolish this tower block in northern England.
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Grain elevator demolition in Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Demolition of the Jamestown Bridge in Rhode Island
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Implosion of Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, April 1999
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Kays Catalogues Distribution Centre on Marshall Street in Holbeck, Leeds, UK, undergoing demolition in June 2008
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Hydraulic excavators can be purpose-built for the rigorous work of demoliton.
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Demolition of a house in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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This high-reach excavator can reach up to 110-feet and can carry up to 8,000 lb. work tools for demolishing tall structures.
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A tower block in Glasgow being demolished by explosives.
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Demolition of Bacinol in Delft, Netherlands.
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Demolition of Rockwell Gardens in Chicago.
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Demolition of Clarke Tower in Ballymun, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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Demolition of housing in Stoke-on-Trent, England. Men in the foreground are dressing bricks for re-use.
See also
- Construction waste
- Demolition waste
- Collapse of the World Trade Center, which involved an unusual method of causing structural failure
- World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories
- House demolition (military tactic)
- Excavator Ram guard (Protection of excavators used for demolition)
- Demolition belt
- ICE demolition protocol
- National Federation of Demolition Contractors (UK)
References
- Momber, A.W.: Hydrodemolition of Concrete Substrates and Reinforced Concrete Structures. Elsevier Applied Science, London, 2005
- Notes
- ^ http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2td63_hd20h20070822chunk2_news
- ^ "Kajima Demolition Tech". Popular Science. December 2008. http://www.popsci.com/bown/2008/product/kajima-demolition-tech. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ Cultice, Curtice (1997). "Blasting a path to world markets". BNET Business Network. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n1-2_v118/ai_19118720/pg_3. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Bohart, Maura (2007-09-26). "Demolition Eliminates Final Remnant of Charlotte Hornets". Construction Equipment Guide. http://www.cegltd.com/story.asp?story=9327. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ "J.L. Hudson Department Store". Controlled Demolition, Inc.. http://www.controlled-demolition.com/default.asp?reqLocId=7&reqItemId=20030225133807.
- ^ a b WGBH Boston (1996-12). "Interview with Stacey Loizeaux". NOVA Online. Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/kaboom/loizeaux.html. Retrieved 2009-04-29. "She learned the fine art of demolition from her father, Mark Loizeaux, and her uncle, Doug Loizeaux—president and vice-president of the company. NOVA spoke with Ms. Loizeaux a few days before Christmas, 1996."
External links
Categories:- Building engineering
- Demolition
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