List of Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.^[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.^[2]

Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.^[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.^[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.^[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.^[5]

As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.^[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.

Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.^[7] Among the 826 Nobel laureates, 43 have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.^[8] She was also the first person (male or female) to win two Nobel Prizes, the second being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded in 1911.^[7]

In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.^[9] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.^[10]

Laureates

Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics
1901	Röntgen, Wilhelm ConradWilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Hoff, Jacobus H. van 'tJacobus H. van 't Hoff	von Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von Behring	Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme	Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant; Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy	—
1902	Lorentz, Hendrik A.Hendrik A. Lorentz; Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman	Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer	Ross, RonaldRonald Ross	Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen	Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun; Gobat, AlbertAlbert Gobat	—
1903	Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel; Curie, PierrePierre Curie; Curie, MarieMarie Curie	Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius	Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen	Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer	—
1904	Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh	Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay	Pavlov, Ivan PetrovichIvan Petrovich Pavlov	Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral; Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray	Institut de Droit International	—
1905	Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard	Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von Baeyer	Koch, RobertRobert Koch	Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz	Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner	—
1906	Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson	Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan	Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi; Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal	Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci	Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt	—
1907	Michelson, Albert A.Albert A. Michelson	Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner	Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran	Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling	Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta; Renault, LouisLouis Renault	—
1908	Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann	Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford	Mechnikov, Ilya IlyichIlya Ilyich Mechnikov; Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich	Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken	Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson; Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer	—
1909	Braun, FerdinandFerdinand Braun; Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi	Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald	Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher	Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf	Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert; d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant	—
1910	Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals	Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach	Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel	Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse	International Peace Bureau	—
1911	Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien	Curie, MarieMarie Curie	Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand	Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck	Asser, Tobias Michael CarelTobias Michael Carel Asser; Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried	—
1912	Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén	Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard; Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier	Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel	Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann	Root, ElihuElihu Root	—
1913	Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes	Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner	Richet, CharlesCharles Richet	Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore	La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine	—
1914	von Laue, MaxMax von Laue	Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards	Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány	None	None	—
1915	Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg; Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg	Willstätter, Richard MartinRichard Martin Willstätter	None	Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland	None	—
1916	None	None	None	Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam	None	—
1917	Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla	None	None	Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup; Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan	International Committee of the Red Cross	—
1918	Planck, MaxMax Planck	Haber, FritzFritz Haber	None	None	None	—
1919	Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark	None	Bordet, JulesJules Bordet	Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler	Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson	—
1920	Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume	Nernst, Walther HermannWalther Hermann Nernst	Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh	Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun	Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois	—
1921	Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein	Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy	None	France, AnatoleAnatole France	Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting; Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange	—
1922	Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr	Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston	Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill; Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof	Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente	Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen	—
1923	Millikan, Robert A.Robert A. Millikan	Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl	Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting; Macleod, John James RichardJohn James Richard Macleod	Yeats, William ButlerWilliam Butler Yeats	None	—
1924	Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn	None	Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven	Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont	None	—
1925	Franck, JamesJames Franck; Hertz, GustavGustav Hertz	Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy	None	Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw	Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain; Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes	—
1926	Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin	Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg	Fibiger, Johannes Andreas GribJohannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda	Briand, AristideAristide Briand; Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann	—
1927	Compton, Arthur H.Arthur H. Compton; Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson	Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland	Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg	Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson	Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson; Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde	—
1928	Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson	Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle	Undset, SigridSigrid Undset	None	—
1929	Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie	Harden, ArthurArthur Harden; von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin	Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins	Mann, ThomasThomas Mann	Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg	—
1930	Raman, VenkataVenkata Raman	Fischer, HansHans Fischer	Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner	Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis	Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom	—
1931	None	Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch; Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius	Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg	Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt	Addams, JaneJane Addams; Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler	—
1932	Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg	Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir	Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, Edgar DouglasEdgar Douglas Adrian	Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy	None	—
1933	Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger; Dirac, Paul A.M.Paul A.M. Dirac	None	Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan	Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin	Angell, NormanNorman Angell	—
1934	None	Urey, Harold ClaytonHarold Clayton Urey	Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple; Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot; Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy	Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello	Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson	—
1935	Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick	Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie; Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie	Spemann, HansHans Spemann	None	von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky	—
1936	Hess, Victor F.Victor F. Hess; Anderson, Carl D.Carl D. Anderson	Debye, PeterPeter Debye	Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale; Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi	O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill	Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas	—
1937	Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson; Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson	Haworth, WalterWalter Haworth; Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer	Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi	du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard	Chelwood, Viscount, Cecil ofCecil of Chelwood, Viscount	—
1938	Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi	Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A]	Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans	Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck	Nansen International Office For Refugees	—
1939	Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence	Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A] Ružička, LavoslavLavoslav Ružička	Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A]	Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää	None	—
1940	None	None	None	None	None	—
1941	None	None	None	None	None	—
1942	None	None	None	None	None	—
1943	Stern, OttoOtto Stern	Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy	Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam; Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy	None	None	—
1944	Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi	Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn	Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser	Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen	International Committee of the Red Cross	—
1945	Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli	Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen	Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming; Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain; Florey, Howard WalterHoward Walter Florey	Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral	Hull, CordellCordell Hull	—
1946	Bridgman, Percy W.Percy W. Bridgman	Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner; Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley	Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller	Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse	Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch; Mott, JohnJohn Mott	—
1947	Appleton, Edward V.Edward V. Appleton	Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson	Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, Gerty TheresaGerty Theresa Cori; Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay	Gide, AndréAndré Gide	Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee	—
1948	Blackett, Patrick M.S.Patrick M.S. Blackett	Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius	Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller	Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot	None[B]	—
1949	Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa	Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque	Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess; Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz	Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner	Orr, John BoydJohn Boyd Orr	—
1950	Powell, CecilCecil Powell	Diels, OttoOtto Diels; Alder, KurtKurt Alder	Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein	Russell, BertrandBertrand Russell	Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche	—
1951	Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft; Walton, Ernest T.S.Ernest T.S. Walton	McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan; Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg	Theiler, MaxMax Theiler	Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist	Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux	—
1952	Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch; Purcell, Edward M.Edward M. Purcell	Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge	Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman	Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac	Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer	—
1953	Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike	Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger	Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann	Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill	Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall	—
1954	Born, MaxMax Born; Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe	Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling	Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders; Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller	Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	—
1955	Lamb, Willis E.Willis E. Lamb; Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch	du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud	Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell	Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness	None	—
1956	Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Brattain, Walter H.Walter H. Brattain; Shockley, William B.William B. Shockley	Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semenov, Nikolay NikolaevichNikolay Nikolaevich Semenov	Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards	Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez	None	—
1957	Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang; Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee	Todd, Lord (Alexander R.)Lord (Alexander R.) Todd	Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet	Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus	Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson	—
1958	Cherenkov, Pavel A.Pavel A. Cherenkov; Frank, Il´ja M.Il´ja M. Frank; Tamm, Igor Y.Igor Y. Tamm	Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger	Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg	Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C]	Pire, GeorgesGeorges Pire	—
1959	Segrè, EmilioEmilio Segrè; Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain	Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský	Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg; Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa	Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo	Noel-Baker, Philip J.Philip J. Noel-Baker	—
1960	Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser	Libby, WillardWillard Libby	Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar	Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse	Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli	—
1961	Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer	Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin	von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy	Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić	Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld	—
1962	Landau, LevLev Landau	Perutz, MaxMax Perutz; Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew	Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick; Watson, James D.James D. Watson; Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins	Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck	Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling	—
1963	Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner; Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen	Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler; Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta	Eccles, John CarewJohn Carew Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley	Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis	International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies	—
1964	Townes, Charles H.Charles H. Townes; Basov, Nicolay G.Nicolay G. Basov; Prokhorov, Aleksandr M.Aleksandr M. Prokhorov	Hodgkin, Dorothy CrowfootDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch; Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen	Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D]	King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr.	—
1965	Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger; Feynman, Richard P.Richard P. Feynman	Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward	Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob; Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff; Monod, JacquesJacques Monod	Sholokhov, Michail AleksandrovichMichail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov	United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	—
1966	Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler	Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken	Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins	Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs	None	—
1967	Bethe, HansHans Bethe	Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter	Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit; Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald	Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias	None	—
1968	Alvarez, LuisLuis Alvarez	Onsager, LarsLars Onsager	Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley; Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg	Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata	Cassin, RenéRené Cassin	—
1969	Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann	Barton, DerekDerek Barton; Hassel, OddOdd Hassel	Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück; Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey; Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria	Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett	International Labour Organization	Frisch, Ragnar Anton KittilRagnar Anton Kittil Frisch; Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen
1970	Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén; Néel, LouisLouis Néel	Leloir, Luis F.Luis F. Leloir	Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod; von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler; Katz, BernardBernard Katz	Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug	Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson
1971	Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor	Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg	Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.	Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda	Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt	Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets
1972	Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen; Cooper, Leon NeilLeon Neil Cooper; Schrieffer, RobertRobert Schrieffer	Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, StanfordStanford Moore; Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein	Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter	Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll	None	Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks; Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow
1973	Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki; Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever; Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson	Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson	von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch; Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen	White, PatrickPatrick White	Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger; Thọ, Lê ÐứcLê Ðức Thọ[E]	Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief
1974	Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle; Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish	Flory, PaulPaul Flory	Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude; de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve; Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade	Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson; Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson	MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride; Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō	Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal; Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek
1975	Bohr, AageAage Bohr; Mottelson, Ben R.Ben R. Mottelson; Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater	Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth; Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog	Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore; Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco; Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin	Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale	Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov	Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich; Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans
1976	Richter, BurtonBurton Richter; Ting, Samuel C.C.Samuel C.C. Ting	Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb	Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek	Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow	Williams, BettyBetty Williams; Corrigan, MaireadMairead Corrigan	Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman
1977	Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson; Mott, Sir Nevill F.Sir Nevill F. Mott; van Vleck, John H.John H. van Vleck	Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine	Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin; Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow	Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre	Amnesty International	Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin; Meade, JamesJames Meade
1978	Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa; Penzias, ArnoArno Penzias; Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson	Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell	Arber, WernerWerner Arber; Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith	Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer	Sadat, Anwar ElAnwar El Sadat; Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin	Simon, HerbertHerbert Simon
1979	Glashow, SheldonSheldon Glashow; Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam; Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg	Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig	Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield	Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis	Teresa, MotherMother Teresa	Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz; Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis
1980	Cronin, JamesJames Cronin; Fitch, ValVal Fitch	Berg, PaulPaul Berg; Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert; Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger	Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf; Dausset, JeanJean Dausset; Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell	Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz	Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel	Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein
1981	Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur L.Arthur L. Schawlow; Siegbahn, Kai M.Kai M. Siegbahn	Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann	Sperry, Roger W.Roger W. Sperry; Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel; Wiesel, Torsten N.Torsten N. Wiesel	Canetti, EliasElias Canetti	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Tobin, JamesJames Tobin
1982	Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson	Klug, AaronAaron Klug	Bergström, SuneSune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, John RobertJohn Robert Vane	Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez	Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal; Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles	Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler
1983	Chandrasekhar, SubramanyanSubramanyan Chandrasekhar; Fowler, William A.William A. Fowler	Taube, HenryHenry Taube	McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock	Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding	Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa	Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu
1984	Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia; van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer	Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield	Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne; Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler; Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein	Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert	Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu	Stone, RichardRichard Stone
1985	von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing	Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, JeromeJerome Karle	Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein	Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani
1986	Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska; Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig; Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer	Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, John C.John C. Polanyi	Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen; Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini	Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka	Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel	Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan
1987	Bednorz, J. GeorgJ. Georg Bednorz; Müller, K. AlexK. Alex Müller	Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram; Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen	Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa	Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky	Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias	Solow, RobertRobert Solow
1988	Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz; Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger	Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer; Huber, RobertRobert Huber; Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel	Black, James W.James W. Black; Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings	Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz	United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces	Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais
1989	Ramsey, Norman F.Norman F. Ramsey; Dehmelt, Hans G.Hans G. Dehmelt; Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul	Altman, SidneySidney Altman; Cech, ThomasThomas Cech	Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop; Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus	Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela	Gyatso, TenzinTenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama	Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo
1990	Friedman, Jerome I.Jerome I. Friedman; Kendall, Henry W.Henry W. Kendall; Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor	Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey	Murray, JosephJoseph Murray; Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas	Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz	Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev	Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz; Miller, MertonMerton Miller; Sharpe, William ForsythWilliam Forsyth Sharpe
1991	Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes	Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst	Neher, ErwinErwin Neher; Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann	Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer	Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi	Coase, RonaldRonald Coase
1992	Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak	Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus	Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs	Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott	Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú	Becker, GaryGary Becker
1993	Hulse, Russell A.Russell A. Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph H.Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.	Mullis, KaryKary Mullis; Smith, MichaelMichael Smith	Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts; Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp	Morrison, ToniToni Morrison	Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela; de Klerk, Frederik WillemFrederik Willem de Klerk	Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel; North, DouglassDouglass North
1994	Brockhouse, Bertram N.Bertram N. Brockhouse; Shull, Clifford G.Clifford G. Shull	Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah	Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman; Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell	Oe, KenzaburoKenzaburo Oe	Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat; Peres, ShimonShimon Peres; Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin	Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi; Nash, John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash; Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten
1995	Perl, Martin L.Martin L. Perl; Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines	Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland	Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis; Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus	Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney	Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr.
1996	Lee, David M.David M. Lee; Osheroff, Douglas D.Douglas D. Osheroff; Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson	Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, HaroldHarold Kroto; Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley	Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska	Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta	Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees; Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey
1997	Chu, StevenSteven Chu; Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji; Phillips, William D.William D. Phillips	Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer; Walker, John E.John E. Walker; Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou	Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner	Fo, DarioDario Fo	International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Williams, JodyJody Williams	Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton; Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes
1998	Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst L.Horst L. Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui	Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn; Pople, JohnJohn Pople	Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, Louis J.Louis J. Ignarro; Murad, FeridFerid Murad	Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago	Hume, JohnJohn Hume; Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble	Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen
1999	Hooft, Gerardus 'tGerardus 't Hooft; Veltman, Martinus J.G.Martinus J.G. Veltman	Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail	Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel	Grass, GünterGünter Grass	Médecins Sans Frontières	Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell
2000	Alferov, Zhores I.Zhores I. Alferov; Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer; Kilby, JackJack Kilby	Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa	Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson; Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard; Kandel, EricEric Kandel	Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian	Jung, Kim DaeKim Dae Jung	Heckman, JamesJames Heckman; McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden
2001	Cornell, Eric A.Eric A. Cornell; Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, Carl E.Carl E. Wieman	Knowles, William S.William S. Knowles; Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless	Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell; Hunt, TimTim Hunt; Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse	Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul	United Nations; Annan, KofiKofi Annan	Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof; Spence, MichaelMichael Spence; Stiglitz, Joseph E.Joseph E. Stiglitz
2002	Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi	Fenn, John BennettJohn Bennett Fenn; Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich	Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner; Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, John E.John E. Sulston	Kertész, ImreImre Kertész	Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter	Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman; Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith
2003	Abrikosov, Alexei A.Alexei A. Abrikosov; Ginzburg, Vitaly L.Vitaly L. Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony J.Anthony J. Leggett	Agre, PeterPeter Agre; MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon	Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur; Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield	Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee	Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi	Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle; Granger, CliveClive Granger
2004	Gross, David J.David J. Gross; Politzer, H. DavidH. David Politzer; Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek	Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover; Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko; Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose	Axel, RichardRichard Axel; Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck	Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek	Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai	Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland; Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott
2005	Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L.John L. Hall; Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch	Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin; Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock	Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall; Warren, RobinRobin Warren	Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter	International Atomic Energy Agency; ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei	Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann; Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling
2006	Mather, John C.John C. Mather; Smoot, George F.George F. Smoot	Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg	Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire; Mello, CraigCraig Mello	Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk	Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank	Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps
2007	Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert; Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg	Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl	Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi; Evans, MartinMartin Evans; Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies	Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Gore, AlAl Gore	Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz; Maskin, EricEric Maskin; Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson
2008	Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa	Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura; Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien	zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen; Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi; Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier	Le Clézio, Jean-Marie GustaveJean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio	Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari	Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman
2009	Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao; Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle; Smith, George E.George E. Smith	Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan; Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz; Yonath, Ada E.Ada E. Yonath	Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn; Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider; Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak	Müller, HertaHerta Müller	Obama, BarackBarack Obama	Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom; Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson
2010	Geim, AndreAndre Geim; Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov	Heck, RichardRichard Heck; Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi; Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki	Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards	Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa	Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F]	Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond; Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen; Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides
2011	Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter; Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess; Schmidt, Brian P.Brian P. Schmidt	Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman	Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler; Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann; Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman	Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer	Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf; Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee; Karman, TawakelTawakel Karman	Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent; Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims
Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics

Notes

• ^A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel Laureates to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.^[7]
• ^B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, however, due to his assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.^[11]
• ^C In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.^[7]
• ^D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.^[7]
• ^E In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.^[7][10]
• ^F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to eleven years of imprisonment by the Chinese authority.^[12]

References

General

• "All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
• "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
• "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
• "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
• "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
• "All Laureates in Economics". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 

Specific

1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
3. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20080731233358/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
6. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://www.nobelprize.org/faq/nobel_laureates.html. Retrieved 2011-10-14. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
8. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html. Retrieved 2011-10-11. 
9. ^ "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/1942.html. Retrieved 2008-11-30. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestad-review/index.html. Retrieved 2008-11-30. 
11. ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (December 1, 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/index.html. Retrieved January 3, 2010. "Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year." 
12. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/presentation-speech.html. Retrieved October 10, 2011. 

External links

• Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• Official website of the Nobel Foundation
• Downloadable Database of Nobel Laureates