List of Nobel laureates in Literature

Horace Engdahl, the former permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, announcing that Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.^[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy.^[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.^[3] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the prize was awarded to Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio of France, who was awarded the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.^[4] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.^[5]

As of 2011, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to 108 individuals.^[6] When he received the award in 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak was forced to decline it under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.^[7] Twelve women have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, more than any other Nobel Prize with the exception of the Nobel Peace Prize.^[8] Among all the years the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded, there have been only four instances in which the award was given to two individuals (1904, 1917, 1966, 1974). There have been seven years in which the Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded (1914, 1918, 1935, 1940–1943).^[6]

Laureates

Year	Laureate		Country[A]	Language	Rationale
1901		Sully Prudhomme	France	French	"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[9]
1902		Theodor Mommsen	Germany	German	"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome"[10]
1903		Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Norway	Norwegian	"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[11]
1904		Frédéric Mistral	France	Occitan	"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[12]
		José Echegaray	Spain	Spanish	"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[12]
1905		Henryk Sienkiewicz	Poland	Polish	"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[13]
1906		Giosuè Carducci	Italy	Italian	"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[14]
1907		Rudyard Kipling	United Kingdom	English	"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"[15]
1908		Rudolf Christoph Eucken	Germany	German	"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"[16]
1909		Selma Lagerlöf	Sweden	Swedish	"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[17]
1910		Paul von Heyse	Germany	German	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[18]
1911		Maurice Maeterlinck	Belgium	French	"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[19]
1912		Gerhart Hauptmann	Germany	German	"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"[20]
1913		Rabindranath Tagore	India	Bengali	"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[21]
1914	Not awarded
1915		Romain Rolland	France	French	"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[22]
1916		Verner von Heidenstam	Sweden	Swedish	"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[23]
1917		Karl Adolph Gjellerup	Denmark	Danish	"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[24]
		Henrik Pontoppidan	Denmark	Danish	"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"[24]
1918	Not awarded
1919		Carl Spitteler	Switzerland	German	"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[25]
1920		Knut Hamsun	Norway	Norwegian	"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[26]
1921		Anatole France	France	French	"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[27]
1922		Jacinto Benavente	Spain	Spanish	"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"[28]
1923		William Butler Yeats	Ireland	English	"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[29]
1924		Władysław Reymont	Poland	Polish	"for his great national epic, The Peasants"[30]
1925		George Bernard Shaw	Ireland	English	"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[31]
1926		Grazia Deledda	Italy	Italian	"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[32]
1927		Henri Bergson	France	French	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[33]
1928		Sigrid Undset	Norway	Norwegian	"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[34]
1929		Thomas Mann	Germany	German	"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[35]
1930		Sinclair Lewis	United States	English	"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[36]
1931		Erik Axel Karlfeldt	Sweden	Swedish	"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[37]
1932		John Galsworthy	United Kingdom	English	"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[38]
1933		Ivan Bunin	Russia France	Russian	"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[39]
1934		Luigi Pirandello	Italy	Italian	"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"[40]
1935	Not awarded
1936		Eugene O'Neill	United States	English	"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[41]
1937		Roger Martin du Gard	France	French	"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault"[42]
1938		Pearl S. Buck	United States	English	"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[43]
1939		Frans Eemil Sillanpää	Finland	Finnish	"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[44]
1940	Not awarded
1941	Not awarded
1942	Not awarded
1943	Not awarded
1944		Johannes Vilhelm Jensen	Denmark	Danish	"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[45]
1945		Gabriela Mistral	Chile	Spanish	"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[46]
1946		Hermann Hesse	Switzerland	German	"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[47]
1947		André Gide	France	French	"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[48]
1948		T. S. Eliot	United Kingdom	English	"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[49]
1949		William Faulkner	United States	English	"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[50]
1950		Bertrand Russell	United Kingdom	English	"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[51]
1951		Pär Lagerkvist	Sweden	Swedish	"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[52]
1952		François Mauriac	France	French	"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[53]
1953		Winston Churchill	United Kingdom	English	"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[54]
1954		Ernest Hemingway	United States	English	"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[55]
1955		Halldór Laxness	Iceland	Icelandic	"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[56]
1956		Juan Ramón Jiménez	Spain	Spanish	"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[57]
1957		Albert Camus	France	French	"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[58]
1958		Boris Pasternak	Soviet Union	Russian	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[59]
1959		Salvatore Quasimodo	Italy	Italian	"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[60]
1960		Saint-John Perse	France	French	"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[61]
1961		Ivo Andrić	Yugoslavia	Serbo-Croatian	"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[62]
1962		John Steinbeck	United States	English	"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[63]
1963		Giorgos Seferis	Greece	Greek	"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[64]
1964		Jean-Paul Sartre	France	French	"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[65]
1965		Mikhail Sholokhov	Soviet Union	Russian	"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[66]
1966		Shmuel Yosef Agnon	Israel	Hebrew	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[67]
		Nelly Sachs	Sweden	German	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[67]
1967		Miguel Ángel Asturias	Guatemala	Spanish	"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[68]
1968		Kawabata Yasunari	Japan	Japanese	"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[69]
1969		Samuel Beckett	Ireland	English and French	"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[70]
1970		Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Soviet Union	Russian	"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[71]
1971		Pablo Neruda	Chile	Spanish	"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[72]
1972		Heinrich Böll	West Germany	German	"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[73]
1973		Patrick White	Australia	English	"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"[74]
1974		Eyvind Johnson	Sweden	Swedish	"for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[75]
		Harry Martinson	Sweden	Swedish	"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"[75]
1975		Eugenio Montale	Italy	Italian	"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[76]
1976		Saul Bellow	United States	English	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[77]
1977		Vicente Aleixandre	Spain	Spanish	"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"[78]
1978		Isaac Bashevis Singer	United States	Yiddish	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[79]
1979		Odysseas Elytis	Greece	Greek	"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[80]
1980		Czesław Miłosz	Poland United States	Polish	"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[81]
1981		Elias Canetti	Bulgaria United Kingdom	German	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[82]
1982		Gabriel García Márquez	Colombia	Spanish	"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[83]
1983		William Golding	United Kingdom	English	"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[84]
1984		Jaroslav Seifert	Czechoslovakia	Czech	"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[85]
1985		Claude Simon	France	French	"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[86]
1986		Wole Soyinka	Nigeria	English	"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"[87]
1987		Joseph Brodsky	United States	English and Russian	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[88]
1988		Naguib Mahfouz	Egypt	Arabic	"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[89]
1989		Camilo José Cela	Spain	Spanish	"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[90]
1990		Octavio Paz	Mexico	Spanish	"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[91]
1991		Nadine Gordimer	South Africa	English	"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[92]
1992		Derek Walcott	Saint Lucia	English	"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[93]
1993		Toni Morrison	United States	English	"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[94]
1994		Kenzaburō Ōe	Japan	Japanese	"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[95]
1995		Seamus Heaney	Ireland	English	"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[96]
1996		Wisława Szymborska	Poland	Polish	"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[97]
1997		Dario Fo	Italy	Italian	"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[98]
1998		José Saramago	Portugal	Portuguese	"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[99]
1999		Günter Grass	Germany	German	"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[100]
2000		Gao Xingjian	France	Chinese	"for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"[101]
2001		V. S. Naipaul	United Kingdom	English	"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[102]
2002		Imre Kertész	Hungary	Hungarian	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[103]
2003		J. M. Coetzee	South Africa	English	"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[104]
2004		Elfriede Jelinek	Austria	German	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[105]
2005		Harold Pinter	United Kingdom	English	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[106]
2006		Orhan Pamuk	Turkey	Turkish	"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[107]
2007		Doris Lessing	United Kingdom	English	"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[108]
2008		J. M. G. Le Clézio	France Mauritius	French	"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[109]
2009		Herta Müller	Germany Romania	German	"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[110]
2010		Mario Vargas Llosa	Peru	Spanish	"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".[111]
2011		Tomas Tranströmer	Sweden	Swedish	"because, through his condensed, transluscent images, he gives us fresh access to reality".[112]

References

General

• "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/. Retrieved 2008–10–16. 

Specific

1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20080731233358/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
6. ^ ^{a b} "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
7. ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
8. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
9. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1901". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1901/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
10. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1902". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1902/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
11. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1903". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1903/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
12. ^ ^{a b} "Nobel Prize in Literature 1904". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1904/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
13. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1905". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1905/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
14. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1906". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1906/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
15. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1907". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1907/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
16. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1908". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1908/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
17. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1909". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1909/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
18. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1910". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1910/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
19. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1911". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1911/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
20. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1912". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1912/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
21. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1913". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
22. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1915". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1915/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
23. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1916". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1916/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
24. ^ ^{a b} "Nobel Prize in Literature 1917". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1917/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
25. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1919". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1919/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
26. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1920". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1920/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
27. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1921". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1921/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
28. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1922". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1922/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
29. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1923". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1923/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
30. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1924". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1924/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
31. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1925". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1925/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
32. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1926". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1926/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
33. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1927". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1927/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
34. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1928". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1928/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
35. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1929". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1929/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
36. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1930". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1930/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
37. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1931". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1931/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
38. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1932". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1932/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
39. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1933". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1933/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
40. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1934". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1934/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
41. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1936". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1936/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
42. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1937". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1937/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
43. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1938". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1938/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
44. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1939". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1939/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
45. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1944". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1944/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
46. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1945". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1945/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
47. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1946". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1946/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
48. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1947". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1947/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
49. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1948". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
50. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1949". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
51. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1950". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
52. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1951". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1951/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
53. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1952". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1952/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
54. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1953". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
55. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
56. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1955". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1955/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
57. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1956". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1956/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
58. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1957". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1957/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
59. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1958/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
60. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1959". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1959/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
61. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1960". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1960/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
62. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1961". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1961/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
63. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
64. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1963". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1963/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
65. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1964". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1964/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
66. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1965". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1965/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
67. ^ ^{a b} "Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1966/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
68. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1967". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1967/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
69. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1968". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1968/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
70. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1969". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1969/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
71. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1970". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
72. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1971". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1971/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
73. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1972". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1972/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
74. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1973". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1973/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
75. ^ ^{a b} "Nobel Prize in Literature 1974". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1974/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
76. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1975". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1975/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
77. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1976". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1976/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
78. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1977". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1977/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
79. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1978". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1978/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
80. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1979". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1979/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
81. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1980". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1980/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
82. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1981". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1981/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
83. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1982". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
84. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1983". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1983/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
85. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1984". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1984/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
86. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1985". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1985/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
87. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1986". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1986/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
88. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1987". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1987/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
89. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1988". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1988/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
90. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1989". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1989/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
91. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1990". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1990/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
92. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
93. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1992". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1992/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
94. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1993/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
95. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1994". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1994/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
96. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1995". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1995/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
97. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
98. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1997". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1997/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
99. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
100. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1999". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1999/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
101. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2000". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
102. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2001". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
103. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2002". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2002/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
104. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2003". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
105. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2004/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
106. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2005". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
107. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2006". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2006/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
108. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2007". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
109. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-14. 
110. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2009/index.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08. 
111. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2010/index.html. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
112. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011". Nobel Foundation. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2011/. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 

Notes

^ A. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

External links

• Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• Official website of the Nobel Foundation