List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.^[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.^[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.^[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the prize was awarded to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien, who shared the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million).^[4] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.^[5]

At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.^[6] Two winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is the only laureate to win the prize twice, in 1958 and 1980. Two others also won Nobel Prizes in other subjects: Marie Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Carl Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).^[7] Four women have won the prize: Marie Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935), Dorothy Hodgkin (1964), and Ada E. Yonath (2009).^[8] As of 2011, the prize has been awarded to 160 individuals. There have been eight years in which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded.

Laureates

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1901		Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	the Netherlands	"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[9]
1902		Hermann Emil Fischer	Germany	"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[10]
1903		Svante August Arrhenius	Sweden	"[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[11]
1904		Sir William Ramsay	United Kingdom	"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[12]
1905		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[13]
1906		Henri Moissan	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[14]
1907		Eduard Buchner	Germany	"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[15]
1908		Ernest Rutherford	United Kingdom New Zealand	"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[16]
1909		Wilhelm Ostwald	Germany	"[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[17]
1910		Otto Wallach	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[18]
1911		Marie Curie, née Sklodowska	Poland/France	"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[19]
1912		Victor Grignard	France	"for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[20]
		Paul Sabatier	France	"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[20]
1913		Alfred Werner	Switzerland	"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[21]
1914		Theodore William Richards	United States	"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[22]
1915		Richard Martin Willstätter	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[23]
1916	Not awarded
1917
1918		Fritz Haber	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[24]
1919	Not awarded
1920		Walther Hermann Nernst	Germany	"[for] his work in thermochemistry"[25]
1921		Frederick Soddy	United Kingdom	"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[26]
1922		Francis William Aston	United Kingdom	"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[27]
1923		Fritz Pregl	Austria	"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[28]
1924	Not awarded
1925		Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	Germany / Hungary	"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[29]
1926		The (Theodor) Svedberg	Sweden	"for his work on disperse systems"[30]
1927		Heinrich Otto Wieland	Germany	"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[31]
1928		Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Germany	"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[32]
1929		Arthur Harden	United Kingdom	"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[33]
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin	Germany
1930		Hans Fischer	Germany	"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[34]
1931		Carl Bosch	Germany	"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[35]
		Friedrich Bergius	Germany
1932		Irving Langmuir	United States	"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[36]
1933	Not awarded
1934		Harold Clayton Urey	United States	"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[37]
1935		Frédéric Joliot	France	"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[38]
		Irène Joliot-Curie	France
1936		Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye	the Netherlands	"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[39]
1937		Walter Norman Haworth	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[40]
		Paul Karrer	Switzerland	"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938		Richard Kuhn	Germany	"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[41]
1939		Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt	Germany	"for his work on sex hormones"[42]
		Leopold Ruzicka	Croatia	"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[42]
1940	Not awarded
1941
1942
1943		George de Hevesy	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[43]
1944		Otto Hahn	Germany	"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[44]
1945		Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Finland	"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[45]
1946		James Batcheller Sumner	United States	"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[46]
		John Howard Northrop	United States	"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[46]
		Wendell Meredith Stanley	United States
1947		Sir Robert Robinson	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[47]
1948		Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius	Sweden	"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[48]
1949		William Francis Giauque	United States	"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[49]
1950		Otto Paul Hermann Diels	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[50]
		Kurt Alder	Federal Republic of Germany
1951		Edwin Mattison McMillan	United States	"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[51]
		Glenn Theodore Seaborg	United States
1952		Archer John Porter Martin	United Kingdom	"for their invention of partition chromatography"[52]
		Richard Laurence Millington Synge	United Kingdom
1953		Hermann Staudinger	Federal Republic of Germany	"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[53]
1954		Linus Carl Pauling	United States	"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[54]
1955		Vincent du Vigneaud	United States	"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[55]
1956		Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood	United Kingdom	"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[56]
		Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov	USSR
1957		Lord (Alexander R.) Todd	United Kingdom	"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[57]
1958		Frederick Sanger	United Kingdom	"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"[58]
1959		Jaroslav Heyrovský	Czechoslovakia	"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[59]
1960		Willard Frank Libby	United States	"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[60]
1961		Melvin Calvin	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[61]
1962		Max Ferdinand Perutz	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[62]
		John Cowdery Kendrew	United Kingdom
1963		Karl Ziegler	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[63]
		Giulio Natta	Italy
1964		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	United Kingdom	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[64]
1965		Robert Burns Woodward	United States	"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[65]
1966		Robert S. Mulliken	United States	"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[66]
1967		Manfred Eigen	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[67]
		Ronald George Wreyford Norrish	United Kingdom
		George Porter	United Kingdom
1968		Lars Onsager	United States	"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[68]
1969		Derek H. R. Barton	United Kingdom	"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[69]
		Odd Hassel	Norway
1970		Luis F. Leloir	Argentina	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[70]
1971		Gerhard Herzberg	Canada	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[71]
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[72]
		Stanford Moore	United States	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[72]
		William H. Stein	United States
1973		Ernst Otto Fischer	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[73]
		Geoffrey Wilkinson	United Kingdom
1974		Paul J. Flory	United States	"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[74]
1975		John Warcup Cornforth	Australia United Kingdom	"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[75]
		Vladimir Prelog	Yugoslavia/Switzerland	"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[75]
1976		William N. Lipscomb	United States	"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[76]
1977		Ilya Prigogine	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[77]
1978		Peter D. Mitchell	United Kingdom	"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[78]
1979		Herbert C. Brown	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[79]
		Georg Wittig	Federal Republic of Germany
1980		Paul Berg	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[80]
		Walter Gilbert	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[80]
		Frederick Sanger	United Kingdom
1981		Kenichi Fukui	Japan	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[81]
		Roald Hoffmann	United States
1982		Aaron Klug	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[82]
1983		Henry Taube	United States	"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[83]
1984		Robert Bruce Merrifield	United States	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[84]
1985		Herbert A. Hauptman	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[85]
		Jerome Karle	United States
1986		Dudley R. Herschbach	United States	"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[86]
		Yuan T. Lee	United States
		John C. Polanyi	Canada / Hungary
1987		Donald J. Cram	United States	"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[87]
		Jean-Marie Lehn	France
		Charles J. Pedersen	United States
1988		Johann Deisenhofer	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[88]
		Robert Huber	Federal Republic of Germany
		Hartmut Michel	Federal Republic of Germany
1989		Sidney Altman	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[89]
		Josh Henshaw	United States
1990		Elias James Corey	United States	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[90]
1991		Richard R. Ernst	Switzerland	"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[91]
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[92]
1993		Kary B. Mullis	United States	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[93]
		Hassan Adil	Canada	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[93]
1994		George A. Olah	United States / Hungary	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[94]
1995		Paul J. Crutzen	the Netherlands	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[95]
		Mario J. Molina	(México)United States
		F. Sherwood Rowland	United States
1996		Scott Barrow	United States	"for their discovery of fullerenes"[96]
		Sir Harold W. Kroto	United Kingdom
		Richard E. Smalley	United States
1997		Paul D. Boyer	United States	"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[97]
		John E. Walker	United Kingdom
		Jens C. Skou	Denmark	"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[97]
1998		Walter Kohn	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"[98]
		John A. Pople	United Kingdom	"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[98]
1999		Gareth Bird	Egypt United States	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[99]
2000		Alan J. Heeger	United States	"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[100]
		Alan G MacDiarmid	United States New Zealand
		Hideki Shirakawa	Japan
2001		William S. Knowles	United States	"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[101]
		Ryōji Noyori	Japan
		Richard Darton	United States	"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[101]
2002		John B. Fenn	United States	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[102]
		Koichi Tanaka	Japan
		Kurt Wüthrich	Switzerland	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[102]
2003		Peter Agre	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[103]
		Roderick MacKinnon	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[103]
2004		Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[104]
		Avram Hershko	Israel
		Irwin Rose	United States
2005		Yves Chauvin	France	"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[105]
		Robert H. Grubbs	United States
		Richard R. Schrock	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[106]
2007		Gerhard Ertl	Germany	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[107]
2008		Osamu Shimomura	Japan[108]	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[109]
		Martin Chalfie	United States
		Roger Y. Tsien	United States
2009		Venkatraman Ramakrishnan	United States	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[110]
		Thomas A. Steitz	United States
		Ada E. Yonath	Israel
2010		Richard F. Heck	United States	"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"[111]
		Ei-ichi Negishi	United States
		Akira Suzuki	Japan
2011		Dan Shechtman	Israel	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"[112]

References and notes

General

• "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
• "Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/browse?browseId=255938. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 

Specific

1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20080731233358/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
6. ^ Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (2001-12-03). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08. 
7. ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
8. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
9. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
10. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
11. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
12. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
13. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
14. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
15. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
16. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
17. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
18. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
20. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
22. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
23. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
24. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
25. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
26. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
27. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
28. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
29. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
30. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
31. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
32. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
33. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
34. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
35. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
36. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
37. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
38. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
39. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
40. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
41. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
42. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
43. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
44. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
45. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
46. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
47. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
48. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
49. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
50. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
51. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
52. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
53. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
54. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
55. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
56. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
57. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
58. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
59. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
60. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
61. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
62. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
63. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
64. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
65. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
67. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
68. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
69. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
70. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
71. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
72. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
73. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
74. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
75. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
76. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
77. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
78. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
79. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
80. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
81. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
82. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
83. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
84. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
85. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
86. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
87. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
88. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
89. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
90. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
91. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
92. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
93. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
94. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
95. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
96. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
97. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
98. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
99. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
100. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
101. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
102. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
103. ^ ^{a b} "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
104. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
105. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
106. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
107. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
108. ^ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08. 
109. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08. 
110. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/index.html. Retrieved 2009-10-07. 
111. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html. Retrieved 2009-10-06. 
112. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/index.html. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 

Notes

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel Laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel Laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel Laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

External links

• Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• Official website of the Nobel Foundation
• Nobel Laureates and Universities at Nobelprize.org