Ilya Prigogine

Ilya Prigogine
Ilya Prigogine

Born 25 January 1917(1917-01-25)
Moscow, Russia
Died 28 May 2003(2003-05-28) (aged 86)
Brussels, Belgium
Nationality Belgian
Fields Chemistry, Physics
Institutions Université Libre de Bruxelles
International Solvay Institute
University of Texas, Austin
Alma mater Université Libre de Bruxelles
Doctoral advisor Théophile de Donder
Doctoral students Adi Bulsara
Radu Balescu
Dilip Kondepudi
Known for Dissipative structures
Notable awards Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1977)

Ilya, Viscount Prigogine (Russian: Илья́ Рома́нович Приго́жин, Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin) (25 January 1917 – 28 May 2003) was a Russian-born naturalized Belgian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility.

Contents

Biography

Prigogine was born in Moscow a few months before the Russian Revolution of 1917, into a Jewish family.[1][2][3][4][5][6] His father, Roman (Ruvim Abramovich) Prigogine, was a chemical engineer at the Moscow Institute of Technology; his mother, Yulia Vikhman, was a pianist. Because the family was critical of the new Soviet system, they left Russia in 1921. They first went to Germany and in 1929, to Belgium, where Prigogine received Belgian citizenship in 1949.

Prigogine studied chemistry at the Free University of Brussels, where in 1950, he became professor. In 1959, he was appointed director of the International Solvay Institute in Brussels, Belgium. In that year, he also started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States, where he later was appointed Regental Professor and Ashbel Smith Professor of Physics and Chemical Engineering. From 1961 until 1966 he was affiliated with the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. In Austin, in 1967, he co-founded what is now called The Center for Complex Quantum Systems. In that year, he also returned to Belgium, where he became director of the Center for Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics.

He was a member of numerous scientific organizations, and received numerous awards, prizes and 53 honorary degrees. In 1955, Ilya Prigogine was awarded the Francqui Prize for Exact Sciences. For this study in irreversible thermodynamics, he received the Rumford Medal in 1976, and in 1977, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1989, he was awarded the title of Viscount in the Belgian nobility by the King of the Belgians. Until his death, he was president of the International Academy of Science and was in 1997, one of the founders of the International Commission on Distance Education (CODE), a worldwide accreditation agency. In 1998 he was awarded an honoris causa doctorate by the UNAM in Mexico City.

Prigogine was first married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé /in literature Hélène Prigogine/(son Yves 1945). After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz(-Prigogine) in 1961 (son Pascal 1970).[7]

Research

Prigogine is best known for his definition of dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium, a discovery that won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977. In summary, Ilya Prigogine discovered that importation and dissipation of energy into chemical systems could reverse the maximization of entropy rule imposed by the second law of thermodynamics, that only applies to closed thermodynamic systems with no exchange of energy or entropy with the environment [8] .

Dissipative structures theory

Dissipative structure theory led to pioneering research in self-organizing systems, as well as philosophical inquiries into the formation of complexity on biological entities and the quest for a creative and irreversible role of time in the natural sciences.

His work is seen by many as a bridge between natural sciences and social sciences. With professor Robert Herman, he also developed the basis of the two fluid model, a traffic model in traffic engineering for urban networks, in parallel to the two fluid model in Classical Statistical Mechanics.

Prigogine's formal concept of self-organization was used also as a "complementary bridge" between General Systems Theory and Thermodynamics, conciliating the cloudiness of some important systems theory concepts with scientific rigour.

Work on unsolved problems in physics

In his later years, his work concentrated on the fundamental role of Indeterminism in nonlinear systems on both the classical and quantum level. Prigogine and coworkers proposed a Liouville space extension of quantum mechanics aimed to solving the arrow of time problem of thermodynamics and the measurement problem of quantum mechanics.[9] He also co-authored several books with Isabelle Stengers, including End of Certainty and La Nouvelle Alliance (The New Alliance).

The End of Certainty

In his 1997 book, The End of Certainty, Prigogine contends that determinism is no longer a viable scientific belief. "The more we know about our universe, the more difficult it becomes to believe in determinism." This is a major departure from the approach of Newton, Einstein and Schrödinger, all of whom expressed their theories in terms of deterministic equations. According to Prigogine, determinism loses its explanatory power in the face of irreversibility and instability.

Prigogine traces the dispute over determinism back to Darwin, whose attempt to explain individual variability according to evolving populations inspired Ludwig Boltzmann to explain the behavior of gases in terms of populations of particles rather than individual particles. This led to the field of statistical mechanics and the realization that gases undergo irreversible processes. In deterministic physics, all processes are time-reversible, meaning that they can proceed backward as well as forward through time. As Prigogine explains, determinism is fundamentally a denial of the arrow of time. With no arrow of time, there is no longer a privileged moment known as the "present," which follows a determined "past" and precedes an undetermined "future." All of time is simply given, with the future as determined or undetermined as the past. With irreversibility, the arrow of time is reintroduced to physics. Prigogine notes numerous examples of irreversibility, including diffusion, radioactive decay, solar radiation, weather and the emergence and evolution of life. Like weather systems, organisms are unstable systems existing far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Instability resists standard deterministic explanation. Instead, due to sensitivity to initial conditions, unstable systems can only be explained statistically, that is, in terms of probability.

Prigogine asserts that Newtonian physics has now been "extended" three times, first with the use of the wave function in quantum mechanics, then with the introduction of spacetime in general relativity and finally with the recognition of indeterminism in the study of unstable systems.

Publications

See also

  • Autocatalytic reactions and order creation
  • List of Jewish Nobel laureates
  • Systems theory

References

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Ilya Prigogine — (russisch Илья Романович Пригожин / Ilja Romanowitsch Prigoshin, wiss. Transliteration Il ja Romanovič Prigožin; * 25. Januar 1917 in Moskau; † 28. Mai 2003 in Brüssel) war ein russisch belgischer Physikochemiker, Philosoph und… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Ilya Prigogine — Naissance 25 janvier 1917 Moscou (Russie) Décès 28 mai 2003 (à 86 ans) Bruxelles (Belgique) Nationalité Russe (1917 1949) Belge (1949 2003) Champs Physique …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Ilya Prigogine — Nacimiento 25 de enero de 1917 Moscú, Rusia Fallecimiento 28 de mayo de 2003, 82 años Bruselas, Bélgica Nacionalidad Bélgica …   Wikipedia Español

  • Ilya Prigogine — (25 de enero, 1917 28 de mayo, 2003) fue un físico y químico belga. Prigogine nació en Moscú, Rusia y estudió Química en la Universidad Libre de Bruselas en Bélgica. En 1959, se convirtió en el director del Instituto Internacional de Solvay de …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • Ilya Prigogine — …   Википедия

  • Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine — Haute École Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine La Haute École Libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine (HELB IP) est un établissement d’enseignement libre non confessionnel établi à Bruxelles (Belgique). Elle doit son nom d une part à son lien… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Haute École Libre de Bruxelles - Ilya Prigogine — La Haute École Libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine (HELB IP) est un établissement d’enseignement libre non confessionnel établi à Bruxelles (Belgique). Elle doit son nom d une part à son lien associatif avec l Université Libre de Bruxelles, d… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Chemienobelpreis 1977: Ilya Prigogine —   Der belgische Wissenschaftler erhielt den Nobelpreis für »seinen Beitrag zur Ungleichgewichtsthermodynamik, insbesondere zur Theorie dissipativer Strukturen«.    Biografie   Ilya Prigogine, * Moskau 25. 1. 1917; Studium der Physik und Chemie in …   Universal-Lexikon

  • Prigogine — Ilya Prigogine (russisch Илья Романович Пригожин / Ilja Romanowitsch Prigoshin, wiss. Transliteration Il ja Romanovič Prigožin; * 25. Januar 1917 in Moskau; † 28. Mai 2003 in Brüssel) war ein russisch belgischer Physikochemiker, Philosoph und… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Prigogine — Ilya Prigogine Ilya Prigogine Naissance 25 janvier 1917 Moscou (Russie) Décès 28 mai 2003 (à 86 ans) Bruxelles (Belgique) Nationalité R …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”