Metric system

This article is about the metric system in general. For information about specific versions of the system, such as the International System of Units or the cgs system of units, see #Variants.

For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to the metric system.

"The metric system is for all people for all time." (Condorcet 1791) Four objects used in making measurements that have metric calibrations are shown. Three of the objects, a tape measure calibrated in centimetres, a thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius and a kilogram weight are for domestic use while the fourth, an electrical multimeter which measures volts, amps and ohms, is for normal use by tradesmen.

The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement. France was first to adopt it in 1799 and it is now the official system of measurement used in almost every country in the world, the United States being the only industrialised country in the world that uses customary units (based on English units) as its official system of measurement, although the metric system has been sanctioned for use there since 1866.^[1] Although the United Kingdom has officially adopted the metric system for many measurement applications, it is still not in universal use there and the customary imperial system is still in common and widespread use. Although the originators intended to devise a system that was equally accessible to all, it proved necessary to use prototype units under the custody of government or other approved authorities as standards. Until 1875, control of the prototype units of measure was maintained by the French Government when it passed to an inter-governmental organisation – the Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM). It is now hoped that the last of these prototypes can be retired by 2015.

From its beginning, the main feature of the metric system was the standard set of inter-related base units and a standard set of prefixes in powers of ten. These base units are used to derive larger and smaller units and replaced a huge number of unstandardised units of measure that existed previously. While the system was first developed for commercial use, its coherent set of units made it particularly suitable for scientific and engineering purposes.

The uncoordinated use of the metric system by different scientific and engineering disciplines, particularly in the late 19th century, resulted in different choices of fundamental units, even though all were based on the same definitions of the metre and the kilogram. During the 20th century, efforts were made to rationalise these units and in 1960 the CGPM published the International System of Units ("Système international d'unités" in French, hence "SI") which, since then, has been the internationally recognised standard metric system.

Features

Although the metric system has changed and developed since its inception, its basic features have remained constant.

Universality

Chinese expressway distances road sign in eastern Beijing. Although the primary text is in Chinese, the distances use internationally recognised characters.

The metric system was, in the words of the French philosopher Condorcet to be "for all people for all time".^[2] It was designed for ordinary people, for engineers who worked in human-related measurements and for astronomers and physicists who worked with numbers both small and large, hence the huge range of prefixes that have now been defined in SI.^[3]

The metric system was designed to be universal, that is, available to all. When the French Government first investigated the idea of overhauling their system of measurement, Talleyrand, in the late 1780s, acting on Concordet's advice, invited Riggs, a British Parliamentarian and Jefferson, the American Secretary of State to George Washington, to work with the French in producing an international standard by promoting legislation in their respective legislative bodies. However, these overtures failed and the custody of the metric system remained in the hands of the French Government until 1875.^[4]

To help make it universal, common symbols that are independent of language were developed. Thus the symbol "km" is used in French and in British English for "kilometre", in German and in American English for "kilometer", in Spanish for "kilómetro", in Portuguese for "quilómetro", in Italian for "chilometro", in Greek for "χιλιόμετρα", in Russian for "Километр" and so on.^[5][6]

Decimal multiples

The metric system is decimal. All multiples and divisions of the base units are factors of the power of ten, an idea first proposed by Stevin in 1586.^[7] Thus all lengths and distances, for example, are measured in metres, millimetres (¹⁄₁₀₀₀ of a metre), or kilometres (1000 m). There is no profusion of different units with different conversion factors, such as inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, chains, furlongs, miles, nautical miles, leagues, etc. The practical benefits of a decimal system have also been used to replace other non-decimal systems such as currencies, with decimal systems.

The simple decimal prefixes encouraged the adoption of the metric system; the use of base 10 arithmetic aids in unit conversion, as compared to 12 inches per foot, 3 feet per yard, et cetera. Differences in expressing units are simply a matter of shifting the decimal point or changing an exponent; for example, the speed of light may be expressed as 299792.458 km/s or 2.99792458×10⁸ m/s.

Prefixes

SI prefixes in everyday use
Text Symbol Factor tera T 1000000000000 giga G 1000000000 mega M 1000000 kilo k 1000 hecto h 100 (none) (none) 1 centi c 0.01 milli m 0.001 micro μ 0.000001 nano n 0.000000001

Main article: SI prefix

All derived units use a common set of prefixes for each multiple. (This idea was first suggested by Mouton in 1670.^[8]) Thus the prefix kilo is used for mass (kilogram) or length (kilometre) both indicating a thousand times the base unit. This did not prevent the popular use of names for some derived units such as the tonne which is a megagram; derived from old customary units and rounded to metric.

The function of the prefix is to multiply or divide the measure by a factor of ten, one hundred or a positive integer power of one thousand. Initially positive powers of ten had Greek-derived prefixes and negative power of ten Latin-derived prefixes. However later SI extensions to the prefix system did not follow the Greek-greater-than-one/Latin-less-than-one convention. The most familiar ones from everyday use are the kilo-, which is of Greek origin, and the centi- and milli- which are of Latin origin. Most other metric measurements also use prefixes rooted in Latin or Greek: deci- has a Latin root, while nano-, micro-, deca-, hecto-, mega-, giga- have Greek roots.

During the 19th century, the factor ten thousand was also used. The corresponding prefixes myria~ 10⁴ and myrio~ 10^-4 were both Greek-derived.

Replicable prototypes

The initial way to establish a standard was to make prototypes of the base units and distribute copies to approved centres. This made the new standard reliant on the original prototypes, which would be in conflict with the previous goal, since all countries would have to refer to the one holding the prototypes.

Instead, where possible, definitions of the base units were developed so that any laboratory equipped with proper instruments would be able to construct their own copies of the standard. In the original version of the metric system the base units could be derived from a specified length (the metre) and the weight [mass] of a specified volume (¹⁄₁₀₀₀ of a cubic metre) of pure water. Initially the Assemblée Constituante considered defining the metre as the length of a pendulum that has a period of one second at 45°N and an altitude equal to sea level. The altitude and latitude were specified to accommodate variations in gravity – the specified latitude was a compromise between the latitude of London (51° 30'N), Paris (48° 50'N) and the median parallel of the United States (38°N) to accommodate variations.^[9] However Borda persuaded the Assemblée Constituante that a survey having its ends at sea level and based on a meridian that spanned at least 10% of the earth's quadrant would be more appropriate for such a basis.^[10]

Realisability

K48, above, came from the second batch of kilogram replicas to be produced. It was delivered to Denmark in 1949 with an official mass of 1 kg + 81 µg. Like all other replicas, it is stored under two nested bell jars virtually all the time.

The base units used in the metric system must be realisable, ideally with reference to natural phenomena rather than unique artifacts. Each of the base units in SI is accompanied by a mise en pratique published by the BIPM that describes in detail at least one way in which the base unit can be measured.^[11]

Two of the base units originally depended on artifacts – the metre and the kilogram. The original prototypes of each artifact were adopted in 1799 and replaced in 1889. The 1889 prototypes used the best technology of the day to ensure stability.

In 1889 there was no generally accepted theory regarding the nature of light but by 1960 the wavelength of specific light spectra could give a more accurate and reproducible value than a prototype metre. In that year the prototype metre was replaced by a formal definition which defines the metre in terms of the wavelength of specified light spectra. By 1983 it was accepted that the speed of light was constant and that this provided a more reproducible procedure for measuring length, the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light. These definitions give a much better reproducibility and also allow anyone, anywhere to make their own "standard" metre (assuming that they have a good enough laboratory).^[12]

Similarly, at the 13th convocation of the GCPM in 1968, the definitive second was redefined in terms of measurements taken from atomic clocks rather than from the earth's rotation;^[13] in 2008 the solar day was 0.002 s longer than in 1820^[14] but it was only in the 1960s that this could be measured more accurately using clocks rather than relying on astronomy.

Coherence

Each variant of the metric system has a degree of coherence – the various derived units being directly related to the base units without the need of intermediate conversion factors. Whereas the cgs system had two units of energy, the erg that was related to mechanics and the calorie that was related to thermal energy, coherence was a design aim of SI resulting in only one unit of energy – the joule.^[15] For example, the units of force, energy and power are chosen so that the equations

force = mass × acceleration

energy = force × distance

energy = power × time

hold without the introduction of constant factors. Many relationships in physics, including Einstein's mass-energy equation, E = mc², do not require extraneous constants when expressed in coherent units.^[16]

In SI, which is a coherent system, the unit of power is the "watt" which is defined as "one joule per second". In the foot-pound-second system of measurement, which is non-coherent, the unit of power is the "horsepower" which is defined as "550 foot-pounds per second", the pound in this context being the pound-force.

Other defined units are derived in a similar way building up on the base units.

History

Main article: History of the metric system

See also: Metrication

In 1586, the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin published a small pamphlet called De Thiende ("the tenth").^[7] Decimal fractions had been employed for the extraction of square roots some five centuries before his time, but nobody used decimal numbers in daily life. Stevin declared that using decimals was so important that the universal introduction of decimal weights, measures and coinage was only a matter of time.

The idea of a metric system was proposed by John Wilkins, first secretary of the Royal Society of London in 1668.^[17][18][19] Two years later, in 1670, Gabriel Mouton, a French abbot and scientist, proposed a decimal system of measurement based on the circumference of the Earth. His suggestion was that a unit, the milliare, be defined as a minute of arc along a meridian. He then suggested a system of sub-units, dividing successively by factors of ten into the centuria, decuria, virga, virgula, decima, centesima, and millesima.^[8] His ideas attracted interest at the time, and were supported by both Jean Picard and Christiaan Huygens in 1673, and also studied at the Royal Society in London. In the same year, Gottfried Leibniz independently made proposals similar to those of Mouton.

In pre-revolutionary Europe, each state had its own system of units of measure. Some countries, such as Spain and Russia, saw the advantages of harmonising their units of measure with those of their trading partners.^[20] However, vested interests who profited from variations in units of measure opposed this. This was particularly prevalent in France where there was a huge inconsistency in the size of units of measure.^[2] During the early years of the French Revolution, the leaders of the French revolutionary Assemblée Constituante decided that rather than standardising the size of the existing units, they would a introduce a completely new system based on the principles of logic and natural phenomena.^[2]

Initially France attempted to work with other countries towards the adoption of a common set of units of measure. Among the supporters of such an international system of units was Thomas Jefferson who, in 1790, presented a document Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States to congress in which he advocated a decimal system that used traditional names for units (such as ten inches per foot).^[21] The report was considered but not adopted by Congress. There was little support from other countries.

Woodcut dated 1800 illustrating the new decimal units which became the legal norm across all France on 4 November 1800

Original system

The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:^[22]

• The metre for length
• The are (100 m²) for area [of land]
• The stère (1 m³) for volume of stacked^[23] firewood
• The litre (1 dm³) for volumes of liquid
• The gram for mass.

This system continued the tradition of having separate base units for geometrically related dimensions, e.g., metre for lengths, are (100 m²) for areas, stère (1 m³) for dry capacities, and litre (1 dm³) for liquid capacities. The hectare, equal to a hundred ares, is the area of a square 100 metres on a side (about 2.47 acres), and is still in use. The early metric system included only a few prefixes from milli (one thousandth) to myria (ten thousand), and they were based on powers of 10 unlike later prefixes added in the SI, which are based on powers of 1,000.

Originally the kilogram was called the "grave"; the "gram" being an alternative name for a thousandth of a grave. However, the word "grave", being a synonym for the title "count" had aristocratic connotations and was renamed the kilogram.^[24]

France officially adopted the metric system on 10 December 1799^[25] with conversion being mandatory first in Paris and then across the provinces.

International adoption

The areas that were annexed by France during the Napoleonic era inherited the metric system. In 1812, Napoleon introduced a system known as mesures usuelles which used the names of pre-metric units of measure, but defined them in terms of metric units – for example, the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g and the toise metrique (metric fathom) was 2 metres.^[26] After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, France lost the territories that she had annexed; some, such as the Papal States reverted to their pre-revolutionary units of measure, others such as Baden adopted a modified version of the mesures usuelles, but France kept her system of measurement intact.^[27]

In 1817, the Netherlands reintroduced the metric system, but used pre-revolutionary names – for example 1 cm became the duim (thumb), the ons (ounce) became 100 g and so on.^[28] Certain German states adopted similar systems^[29][27] and in 1852 the German Zollverein (customs union) adopted the zollpfund (customs pound) of 500 g for intrastate commerce.^[30] In 1872 the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system as its official system of weights and measures^[31] and the newly formed Kingdom of Italy likewise, following the lead given by Piedmont, adopted the metric system in 1861.^[32]

The Exposition Universelle (1867) (Paris exhibition) devoted a stand to the metric system and by 1875 two thirds of the European population and close on half the world's population had adopted the metric system. The principal European countries not to have adopted the metric system were Russia and the United Kingdom.^[33]

International Standards

In 1861, a committee of the British Association for Advancement of Science (BAAS) including William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), James Clerk Maxwell and James Prescott Joule introduced the concept of a coherent system of units based on the metre, gram and second which, in 1873, was extended to include electrical units.

Seal of the International Bureau for Weights and Measures (BIPM)

On 20 May 1875 an international treaty known as the Convention du Mètre (Metre Convention)^[34] was signed by 17 states. This treaty established the following organisations to conduct international activities relating to a uniform system for measurements:^[35]

• Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM), an intergovernmental conference of official delegates of member nations and the supreme authority for all actions;
• Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM), consisting of selected scientists and metrologists, which prepares and executes the decisions of the CGPM and is responsible for the supervision of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures;
• Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM), a permanent laboratory and world centre of scientific metrology, the activities of which include the establishment of the basic standards and scales of the principal physical quantities and maintenance of the international prototype standards.

In 1881, first International Electrical Congress adopted the BAAS recommendations on electrical units, followed by a series of congresses in which further units of measure were defined.^[36]

Variants

A number of variants of the metric system evolved, all using the Mètre des Archives and Kilogramme des Archives as their base units, but differing in the definitions of the various derived units.

James Clerk Maxwell played a major role in developing the concept of a coherent cgs system and in extending the metric system to include electrical units.

Centimetre-gram-second systems

The centimetre gram second system of units (CGS) was the first coherent metric system, having been developed in the 1860s and promoted by Maxwell and Thomson. In 1874 this system was formally promoted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS).^[37] The system's characteristics are that density is expressed in g/cm³, force expressed in dynes and mechanical energy in ergs. Thermal energy was defined in calories, one calorie being the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15.5 °C to 16.5 °C. The meeting also proposed two sets of units for electrical and magnetic properties - the electrostatic set of units and the electromagnetic set of units.

Metre-kilogram-second systems

The cgs units of electricity were cumbersome to work with. This was remedied at the 1893 International Electrical Congress held in Chicago by defining the "international" ampere and ohm using definitions based on the metre, kilogram and second.^[38] In 1901, Giorgi showed that by adding an electrical unit as a fourth base unit, the various anomalies in electromagnetic systems could be resolved. The metre-kilogram-second-coulomb (MKSC) and metre-kilogram-second-ampere (MKSA) systems are examples of such systems.^[39]

The International System of Units (System international units or SI) is the current international standard metric system and the system most widely used around the world. It is an extension of Giorgi's MKSA system; its base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela and mole. Proposals have been made to change the definitions of four of the base units at the 24th meeting of the CGPM in October 2011. These changes should not affect the average person.^[40]

Metre-tonne-second systems

The metre-tonne-second system of units (MTS) was based on the metre, tonne and second - the unit of force is the sthène and the unit of pressure is the pièze. It was invented in France in industry and was mostly used in the Soviet Union from 1933 to 1955.^[36][41]

Gravitational systems

Gravitational metric systems use the kilogram-force (kilopond) as a base unit of force, with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl, TME, mug or metric slug. Note these are not part of the International System of Units (SI).

International System of Units

Main article: International System of Units

Cover of brochure The International System of Units

The 9th CGPM met in 1948, fifteen years after the 8th CGPM. In response to formal requests made by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and by the French Government to establish a practical system of units of measure, the CGPM requested the CIPM to prepare recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement, suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention.^[42] At the same time the CGPM formally adopted a recommendation for the writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers.^[43] The recommendation also catalogued the recommended symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure and for the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units.

The CIPM's draft proposal, which was an extensive revision and simplification of the metric unit definitions, symbols and terminology based on the MKS system of units, was put to the 10th CGPM in 1954. In accordance with Giorgi's proposals of 1901, the CIPM also recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical would be derived. The definitions for the ohm and volt that had previously been in use were discarded and these units became derived units based on the metre, ampere, second and kilogram. After negotiations with the CIS and IUPAP, two further base units, the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units.^[44] The full system and name "Système International d'Unités" were adopted at the 11th CGPM.^[45] During the years that followed the definitions of the base units and particularly the mise en pratique^[46] to realise these definitions have been refined.

The formal definition of International System of Units (SI) along with the associated resolutions passed by the CGPM and the CIPM are published by the BIPM on the Internet and in brochure form at regular intervals. The eighth edition of the brochure Le Système International d'Unités - The International System of Units was published in 2006.^[47]

"New SI"

Main article: New SI definitions

Relations between proposed SI units definitions (in colour) and with seven fundamental constants of nature (in grey) with fixed numerical values in the proposed system.

When the metre was redefined in 1960, the kilogram was the only SI base unit that relied on a specific artifact. Moreover, after the 1996-1998 recalibration a clear divergence between the various prototype kilograms was observed.

At its 23rd meeting (2007), the CGPM mandated the CIPM to investigate the use of natural constants as the basis for all units of measure rather than the artifacts that were then in use. At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading, United Kingdom in September 2010, a resolution^[48] and draft changes to the SI brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle.^[40] The proposals that the CCU put forward were:

• In addition to the speed of light, four constants of nature - Planck's constant, an elementary charge, Boltzmann constant and Avogadro's number be defined to have exact values.
• The international prototype kilogram be retired
• The current definitions of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole be revised.
• The wording of the definitions of all the base units be tightened up

The CIPM meeting of October 2010 found that "the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met. For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time".^[49] The CIPM did however sponsor a resolution at the 24th CGPM in which the changes were agreed in principal and which were expected to be finalised at the CGPM's next meeting in 2014.^[50]

Usage around the world

Further information: Metrication

The usage of the metric system varies around the world. According to the American Central Intelligence Agency's Factbook, the International System of Units is the official system of measurement for all nations in the world except for Burma, Liberia and the United States.^[51] Some sources, though, suggest that this information is out of date:^[52] an Agence France-Presse of 2010 noted that Sierra Leone was to adopt the metric system, thereby aligning her system of measurement with her Mano River Union (MRU) neighbours Guinea and Liberia.^[53] Reports from Burma suggest that that country is planning to adopt the metric system.^[54]

In the United States, where the use of metric units was by authorised by Congress in 1866,^[55] such units are widely used in science, military, and partially in industry, but customary units predominate in household use.^[56][57] At retail stores, the litre is a commonly used unit for volume, especially on bottles of beverages, and milligrams are used to denominate the amounts of medications, rather than grains. Also, other standardised measuring systems other than metric are still in universal international use, such as nautical miles and knots in international aviation.

In the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations the metric system has replaced the imperial system by varing degrees: Australia, New Zealand and Commonwealth countries in Africa are almost totally metric, India is mostly metric, Canada is partly metric while in the United Kingdom the metric system, the use of which was first permitted for trade in 1864,^[58] is used in government work, in most professional applications including building, health and engineering and for pricing in most application, both wholesale and retail. However the imperial system continues to be used in many unregulated and casual everyday applications.^[59]

A number of other jurisdictions, such as Hong Kong,^[60] have laws mandating or permitting other systems of measurement in parallel with the metric system in some or all contexts.

Variations in spelling

Although the symbol for the kilometre throughout the world is "km", there is no consistency in the spelling of the name "kilometre". Variants include chilometro (Italian), Kilometer (German, Malay), kilomètre (French), χιλιόμετρο (Greek), quilómetro (Portuguese) and Километър (Bulgarian).^[61] Similar variations are found with the spelling of other units of measure in various countries including differences in American English and British spelling. For example meter and liter are used in the United States whereas metre and litre are used in other English-speaking countries. In addition, the official US spelling for the rarely used SI prefix for ten is deka. In American English the term metric ton is the normal usage whereas in other varieties of English tonne is common. Gram is also sometimes spelled gramme in English-speaking countries other than the United States, though this older usage is declining.^[62]

The US government has approved this terminology for official use. In scientific contexts, only the symbols are used;^{[citation needed]} since these are universally the same, the differences do not arise in practice in scientific use.

Conversion and calculation errors

The dual usage of metric and non metric units has resulted in serious errors. These include:

• The degree of overloading of an American International Airways aircraft flying from Miami to Maiquetia, Venezuela on 26 May 1994 was consistent with a cargo weighed in kilograms, not pounds.^[63]
• The Institute for Safe Medication Practices has reported that confusion between grains and grams led to a patient receiving phenobarbital 0.5 grams instead of 0.5 grains (0.03 grams) after the practitioner misread the prescription.^[64]
• The Canadian "Gimli Glider" accident in 1983, when a Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid-flight because of two mistakes in calculating the fuel supply of Air Canada's first aircraft to use metric measurements.^[65]
• The root cause of NASA's 1999 loss of the $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter which crashed into Mars was a mismatch of units - the spacecraft engineers calculated the thrust forces required for velocity changes using US customary units (lbf·s) whereas the team who built the thrusters were expecting a value in metric units (N·s) as per the agreed specification.^[66][67]

Conversion between SI and legacy units

Main article: Conversion of units

During its evolution, the metric system has adopted many units of measure. The introduction of SI rationalised both the way in which units of measure were defined and also the list of units in use. These are now catalogued in the official SI Brochure.^[68] The table below lists the units of measure in this catalogue and shows the conversion factors connecting them with the equivalent units that were in use on the eve of the adoption of SI.

Quantity	Dimension	SI unit and symbol	Legacy unit and symbol	Conversion factor[69][70][71]
Time	T	second (s)	second (s)	1
Length	L	metre (m)	centimetre (cm) ångström (Å)	0.01 10−10
Mass	M	kilogram (kg)	gram (g)	0.001
Area	L2	square metre (m2)	are (are)	100
Acceleration	LT − 2	(ms−2)	gal (gal)	10−2
Electric current	I	ampere (A)	international ampere abampere or biot statampere	1.000022 10.0 3.335641×10−10
Temperature	Θ	kelvin (K) degrees Celsius (°C)	centigrade (°C)	K = °C + 273.15 1
Luminous intensity	J	candela (cd)	international candle	0.982
Amount of substance	N	mole (mol)	No legacy unit	n/a
Frequency	T − 1	hertz (Hz)	cycles per second	1
Energy	L2MT − 2	joule (J)	erg (erg)	10−7
Power	L2MT − 3	watt (W)	(erg/s) horsepower (HP) Pferdestärke (PS)	10−7 745.7 735.5
Force	LMT − 2	newton (N)	dyne (dyn) sthene (sn) kilopond (kp)	10−5 103 9.80665
Pressure	L − 1MT − 2	pascal (Pa)	barye (Ba) pieze (pz) atmosphere (at)	0.1 103 1.0197×10−5
Electric charge	IT	coulomb (C)	abcoulomb statcoulomb or franklin	10 3.335641×10−10
Potential difference	L2MT − 3I − 1	volt (V)	international volt abvolt statvolt	1.00034 10−8 2.997925×102
Capacitance	L − 2M − 1T4I2	farad (F)	abfarad statfarad	109 1.112650×10−12
Inductance	L2MT − 2I − 2	henry (H)	abhenry stathenry	10−9 8.987552×1011
Electric resistance	L2MT − 3I − 2	ohm (Ω)	international ohm abohm statohm	1.00049 10−9 8.987552×1011
Electric conductance	L − 2M − 1T3I2	siemens (S)	mho (℧) abmho statmho	0.99951 109 1.112650×10−12
Magnetic flux	L2MT − 2I − 1	weber (Wb)	maxwell (Mx)	10−8
Magnetic flux density	MT − 2I − 1	tesla (T)	gauss (G)	1×10−4
Magnetic field strength	IL − 1	(A/m)	oersted (Oe)	103/4π = 79.57747
Dynamic viscosity	ML − 1T − 1	(Pa·s)	poise (P)	0.1
Kinematic viscosity	L2T − 1	(m2s−1)	stokes (St)	10−4
Luminous flux	J	lumen (lm)	stilb (sb)	104
Illuminance	JL − 2	lux (lx)	phot (ph)	104
[Radioactive] activity	T − 1	bequerel (Bq)	curie (Ci)	3.70×1010
Absorbed [radiation] dose	L2T − 2	gray (Gy)	roentgen (R) rad (rad)	2.58×10−4 0.01
Radiation dose equivalent	L2T − 2	sievert	roentgen equivalent man (rem)	0.01
Catalytic activity	NT − 1	katal (kat)	No legacy unit	n/a

The SI brouchure also catalogues certain non-SI units that are widely used with the SI in matters of everyday life or units that are exactly defined values in terms of SI units and are used in particular circumstances to satisfy the needs of commercial, legal, or specialised scientific interests. These units include:

Quantity	Dimension	Unit and symbol	Equivalence
Mass	M	tonne (t)	1000 kg
Area	L2	hectare (ha)	0.01 km2 104 m2
Volume	L3	litre (L or l)	0.001 m3
Time	T	minute (min) hour (h) day (d)	60 s 3600 s 86400 s
Pressure	L − 1MT − 2	bar	100 kPa
Plane angle	none	degree (°) minute (ʹ) second (″)	(π⁄180) rad (π⁄10800) rad (π⁄648000) rad

See also

• Conversion of units
• History of measurement
• ISO/IEC 80000, style manual for measurements metric and non metric, superseding ISO 31
• Metrication, the process of introducing the SI metric system as the worldwide standard for physical measurements
• Metrology
• IEC Binary Prefixes, used in computer science
• Units of measurement

References

• [Alder] Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus. ISBN 0 349 11507 9. 
• [SI Brochure] International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf 

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External links

• CBC Radio Archives For Good Measure: Canada Converts to Metric