Harold Urey

Harold Clayton Urey
Harold Urey, circa 1963
Born	April 29, 1893(1893-04-29) Walkerton, Indiana, USA
Died	January 5, 1981(1981-01-05) (aged 87) La Jolla, California, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physical chemistry
Institutions	University of Copenhagen Johns Hopkins University Columbia University Institute for Nuclear Studies University of Chicago University of California, San Diego
Alma mater	University of Montana University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisor	Gilbert N. Lewis
Doctoral students	Stanley Miller
Known for	discovery of deuterium Miller–Urey experiment Urey–Bradley force field
Notable awards	Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1934) Franklin Medal (1943)
Signature

Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter.

Biography

Urey was born in Walkerton, Indiana to Reverend Samuel Clayton Urey and Cora Rebecca Reinoehl. After briefly teaching in rural schools, Urey earned a degree in zoology from the University of Montana and a Ph.D. in chemistry, studying thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis at the University of California at Berkeley.

At Berkeley, Urey was influenced by the work of physicist Raymond T. Birge and soon joined Niels Bohr in Copenhagen to work on atomic structure at the Institute for Theoretical Physics. On his return to the U.S. and between 1924 and 1928, he taught at The Johns Hopkins University as 'Associate in Chemistry', and then at Columbia where he assembled a team of associates that included Rudolph Schoenheimer, David Rittenberg and T. I. Taylor. After completion of his text with Arthur Ruark, Atoms, Quanta and Molecules, one of the first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems, Urey became interested in nuclear systematics. This led to his discovery of deuterium.

During this time, Urey isolated deuterium by repeatedly distilling a sample of liquid hydrogen. In 1931, he and his associates went on to demonstrate the existence of heavy water. Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for this work.^[1]

During World War II, Urey's team at Columbia worked on a number of research programs that contributed towards the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb for the United States. Most importantly, they developed the gaseous diffusion method to separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. In autumn 1941, Urey, with G. B. Pegram, led a diplomatic mission to England to establish co-operation on development of the atomic bomb.

Isaac Asimov, a student at Columbia at this time, remembers Urey lamenting, perhaps too vehemently, how pained he was that he could do nothing to help the war effort. Asimov pointed out innocently that perhaps the enriched uranium kept at Columbia may have had something to do with the war effort. Urey reddened and changed the subject.^[2] He had worried about the German atomic bomb while working on uranium separation at Columbia during the war, was now referring to the most dangerous situation that humanity has ever faced in all history.^[3]

After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, then Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago before progressing to honorific offices at the University of California, San Diego. A UCSD building was named in his honor in the early 1960s, during a time when nearly all buildings other than student dormitories had only generic names. The name of the building is actually the "Frieda and Harold Urey Hall". Urey would have rejected the honor, he hated the architecture of the building, but since it also honored his wife he accepted.

In later life, Urey helped develop the field of cosmochemistry and is credited with coining the term. His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on earth and of their abundance and evolution in the stars. This work was among the pioneering paleoclimatic research. Urey summarised his work in the book The Planets: Their Origin and Development (1952). Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was probably composed of ammonia, methane and hydrogen; it was one of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller, who showed that, if such a mixture be exposed to electric sparks and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly called the "building blocks of life" (see Miller-Urey experiment).

Urey died at La Jolla, California, and is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana. While working at Columbia University, Urey was a resident of Leonia, New Jersey.^[4]

Apart from his Nobel Prize, he also won the J. Lawrence Smith Medal in 1962, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1966, and the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1973. In 1964 he received the National Medal of Science. Named after him are lunar impact crater Urey, asteroid 4716 Urey and the H. C. Urey Prize, awarded for achievement in planetary sciences by the American Astronomical Society. The Harold C. Urey Middle School in Walkerton, Indiana, is also named for him, as is Urey Hall, the chemistry building at Revelle College, UCSD, in La Jolla, California. (The actual name of the building is "Freida and Harold Urey Hall" because the naming committee worried that Dr. Urey might reject the honor, but knew he could not decline an honor to his wife.)^{[citation needed]} UCSD has also established a Harold C. Urey chair whose first holder is Dr. James R. Arnold. Urey Lecture Hall on the University of Montana campus in Missoula, Montana also bears his name.

References

1. ^ H. C. Urey, Ferdinand G. Brickwedde, G. M. Murphy (1932). "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2". Physical Review 39: 164–5. Bibcode 1932PhRv...39..164U. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.39.164. 
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, In Memory Yet Green (1979).
3. ^ The Catcher was a Spy, Nicholas Dawidoff, 1994, p.234
4. ^ Staff. "3 Nobel Winners for Town", The New York Times, November 4, 1960. Accessed March 30, 2011.

Publications

• Urey, H. C.; Grosse, A. V. & G. Walden. "Production of D{Sub 2}O for Use in the Fission of Uranium", Columbia University, Manhattan Project, (June 23, 1941).
• Urey, H. C. "Investigation of the Photochemical Method for Uranium Isotope Separation", Columbia University - Division of War Research, Manhattan Project, (July 10, 1943).
• Urey, H. C., Lowenstam, H. A., Epstein S., McKinney, C. R. (1951). "Measurement of paleotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark and the Southeastern United States". Geological Society of America Bulletin 62 (4): 299. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[399:MOPATO]2.0.CO;2. 
• Suess, H. E. & H. C. Urey. "Abundances of the Elements", Columbia University - Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, United States Geological Survey, (July 13, 1955).
• Urey, H. C. "Research on the Natural Abundance of Deuterium and Other Isotopes in Nature. Final Report for Period Ending September 30, 1958", University of Chicago, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 31, 1959).

Further reading

• Patrick Coffey, Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-532134-0
• Miller SL, Oró J (1981). "Harold C. Urey 1893-1981". J. Mol. Evol. 17 (5): 263–4. doi:10.1007/BF01795747. PMID 7024560. 

External links

• Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
• National Academy of Sciences biography
• A biography
• Annotated bibliography for Harold Urey from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Harold Urey - Explaining why he rejects the notion of the moon breaking away from the earth - 1972

Persondata
Name	Urey, Harold C.
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	April 29, 1893
Place of birth	Walkerton, Indiana, USA
Date of death	January 5, 1981
Place of death	La Jolla, California, USA