National Medal of Science

National Medal of Science
Awarded for	Outstanding contributions in Physics, Biology, Mathematics, Engineering, or Social and Behavioral sciences
Presented by	President of the United States
Location	Washington, D.C.
Country	United States
First awarded	1963
Official website	http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/medal.jsp

The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics. The twelve member presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science is responsible for selecting award recipients and is administered by the National Science Foundation (NSF). On November 17, 2010, President Barack Obama presented the award to its ten most recent recipients, which brings the total number of awardees to 461.^[1] He announced on Tuesday, September 27, 2011, the names of and the research done by seven more individuals whom he intends to award the medal to later that year, which will bring the total to 468.^[2]

History

The National Medal of Science was established on August 25, 1959, by an act of the Congress of the United States under Public Law 86-209. The medal was originally to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical, or engineering sciences." The Committee on the National Medal of Science was established on August 23, 1961 by executive order 10961 of former president John F. Kennedy.^[3]

On January 7, 1979, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) passed a resolution proposing that the medal be expanded to include the social and behavioral sciences.^[4] In response, Senator Ted Kennedy introduced the Science and Technology Equal Opportunities Act into the Senate on March 7, 1979, expanding the medal to include these scientific disciplines as well. President Jimmy Carter's signature enacted this change as Public Law 96-516 on December 12, 1980.

Theodore von Kármán

In 1992, the National Science Foundation signed a letter of agreement with the National Science and Technology Medals Foundation that made the National Science and Technology Medals Foundation the metaorganization over both the National Medal of Science and the very similar National Medal of Technology.

The first National Medal of Science was awarded on February 18, 1963, for the year 1962 by President John F. Kennedy to Theodore von Kármán for his work at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The citation accompanying von Kármán's award reads:

For his leadership in the science and engineering basic to aeronautics; for his effective teaching and related contributions in many fields of mechanics, for his distinguished counsel to the Armed Services, and for his promoting international cooperation in science and engineering.^[5]

Although Public Law 86-209 provides for 20 recipients of the medal per year, it is typical for approximately 12–15 accomplished scientists and engineers to receive this distinction each year. There have been 6 years where no National Medals of Science were awarded between 1962 and 2004. Those years were: 1985, 1984, 1980, 1978, 1977, 1972 and 1971. As of September 16, 2010, there have been a total of 441 individuals recognized.

The award's ceremony is organized by the Office of Science and Technlogy Policy and takes place at the White House.

Award process

Each year the National Science Foundation sends out a call to the scientific community for the nomination of new candidates for the National Medal of Science. Individuals are nominated by their peers with each nomination requiring three letters of support from individuals in science and technology. Nominations are then sent to the Committee of the National Medal of Science which is a board composed of fourteen presidential appointees comprising twelve scientists, and two ex officio members - the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the president of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS).^[6]

According to the Committee, successful candidates must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents who are applying for U.S. citizenship, who have done work of significantly outstanding merit or that has had a major impact on scientific thought in their field. The Committee also values those who promote the general advancement of science and individuals who have influenced science education, although these traits are less important than groundbreaking or thought-provoking research. The nomination of a candidate is effective for three years; at the end of three years, the candidates peers are allowed to renominate the candidate. The Committee makes their recommendations to the President for the final awarding decision.

The Medal

The National Medal of Science depicts Man, surrounded by earth, sea, and sky, contemplating and struggling to understand Nature. The crystal in his hand represents the universal order and also suggests the basic unit of living things. The formula being outlined in the sand symbolizes scientific abstraction.

Laureates

Year	Laureate	Citation
2010	Jacqueline K. Barton	"For discovery of a new property of the DNA helix, long-range electron transfer, and for showing that electron transfer depends upon stacking of the base pairs and DNA dynamics. Her experiments reveal a strategy for how DNA repair proteins locate DNA lesions and demonstrate a biological role for DNA-mediated charge transfer."
2010	Ralph L. Brinster	"For his fundamental contributions to the development and use of transgenic mice. His research has provided experimental foundations and inspiration for progress in germline genetic modification in a range of species, which has generated a revolution in biology, medicine, and agriculture."
2010	Shu Chien	"For pioneering work in cardiovascular physiology and bioengineering, which has had tremendous impact in the fields of microcirculation, blood rheology and mechanotransduction in human health and disease."
2010	Rudolf Jaenisch	"For improving our understanding of epigenetic regulation of gene expression: the biological mechanisms that affect how genetic information is variably expressed. His work has led to major advances in our understanding of mammalian cloning and embryonic stem cells."
2010	Peter J. Stang	"For his creative contributions to the development of organic supramolecular chemistry and for his outstanding and unique record of public service."
2010	Richard A. Tapia	"For his pioneering and fundamental contributions in optimization theory and numerical analysis and for his dedication and sustained efforts in fostering diversity and excellence in mathematics and science education."
2010	Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan	"For his work in probability theory, especially his work on large deviations from expected random behavior, which has revolutionized this field of study during the second half of the twentieth century and become a cornerstone of both pure and applied probability. The mathematical insights he developed have been applied in diverse fields including quantum field theory, population dynamics, finance, econometrics, and traffic engineering."
2009	Susan Lindquist	"For her studies of protein folding, demonstrating that alternative protein conformations and aggregations can have profound and unexpected biological influences, facilitating insights in fields as wide-ranging as human disease, evolution, and biomaterials."
2008	JoAnne Stubbe	"For her ground-breaking experiments establishing the mechanisms of ribonucleotide reductases, polyester synthases, and natural product DNA cleavers compelling demonstrations of the power of chemical investigations to solve problems in biology."
2007	Mostafa El-Sayed	"For his seminal and creative contributions to our understanding of the electronic and optical properties of nano-materials and to their applications in nano-catalysis and nano-medicine, for his humanitarian efforts of exchange among countries and for his role in developing the scientific leadership of tomorrow."
2007	Leonard Kleinrock	"For his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks, and for the functional specification of packet switching, which is the foundation of Internet technology. His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world."
2007	Robert Lefkowitz	"For his discovery of the seven transmembrane receptors, deemed the largest, most versatile, and most therapeutically accessible receptor signaling system, and for describing the general mechanism of their regulation, influencing all fields of medical practice."
2006	Peter B. Dervan	"For his fundamental research contributions at the interface of organic chemistry and biology, and for his influence in education and industrial innovation."
2005	Bradley Efron	""For his contributions to theoretical and applied statistics, especially the bootstrap sampling technique; for his extraordinary geometric insight into nonlinear statistical problems; and for applications in medicine, physics, and astronomy."[7]
2005	Torsten Wiesel	"For providing key insights into the operation of the visual system and for the discovery of the manner in which neural connections in the brain are made during development and how they are maintained."
2004	Stephen J. Lippard	"For pioneering research in bioinorganic chemistry, which enriched our understanding of how metal compounds interact with DNA, provided important synthetic models for the active sites of metalloproteins, and elucidated key structural and mechanistic features of methane monooxygenase."
2003	G. Brent Dalrymple	"For his pioneering work in determining the geomagnetic polarity reversal timescale; a discovery that led to the theory of plate tectonics."
2002	Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao	"For his theoretical work which solely help to lay the foundation of modern statistics."
2002	Edward Witten	"For his leadership in a broad range of topics in mathematics and theoretical physics, including attempts to understand the fundamental forces of nature through string theory, and his inspired use of insights from physics to unify apparently disparate areas of mathematics."
1998	William Julius Wilson	"For his innovative approach to studying urban poverty, his dedication to the proposition that rigorous social science change will improve his fellow American's lives, and his advocacy of policies which reflect more accurately what we have learned from research and which therefore take a broader point of view with respect to the interactions of race, class, and location."
1997	James D. Watson	"For five decades of scientific and intellectual leadership in molecular biology, ranging from his co-discovery of the double helical structure of DNA to the launching of the Human Genome Project."
1994	Robert K. Merton	"For founding the sociology of science and for his pioneering contributions to the study of social life, especially the self-fulfilling prophecy and the unintended consequences of social action."
1991	G. Evelyn Hutchinson	(posthumously)
1990	Stephen Cole Kleene	"For his leadership in the theory of recursion and effective computability and for developing it into a deep and broad field of mathematical research."
1990	Leonid Hurwicz	"For his pioneering work on the theory of modern decentralized allocation mechanisms."
1990	Herbert Boyer	"For his contributions to the basic research of the development of recombinant DNA technology. This seminal breakthrough has opened new vistas in experimental biology, and it has led directly to the development of the biotechnology industry."
1989	Samuel Karlin	"For his broad and remarkable researches in mathematical analysis, probability theory and mathematical statistics, and in the application of these ideas to mathematical economics, mechanics, and population genetics."
1988	Stanley Norman Cohen	"For his discovery of methods for propagating and expressing the hereditary information of DNA introduced into living cells, thereby enabling the cloning of individual genes and the study of their structure and function."
1988	George W Housner	"For his profound and decisive influence on the development of earthquake engineering worldwide."
1987	James Van Allen	"For his central role in the exploration of outer space, including the discoveries of the magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn."
1987	Robert B. Bird	"For his profoundly influential books and research on kinetic theory, transport phenomena, the behavior of polymeric fluids, and foreign language study for engineers and scientists."
1986	Chen-Ning Yang	"For his pathbreaking research in theoretical physics, which he has influenced for many years by his profound questions and deep mathematical insight. His ideas have had great impact not only on theoretical developments but also on experiments in elementary particles and condensed matter."
1986	Stanley Cohen	"For his pioneering discovery and characterization of hormone-like growth factors which specifically control the multiplication of certain cells during growth and development."
1982	Edward Teller	"For his outstanding contribution to molecular physics, understanding the origin of stellar energy, the theory and application of fusion reaction, the field of nuclear safety, and for his continued leadership in science and technology."
1982	Gilbert Stork	"For his contributions as one of the world's most innovative and productive organic synthetic chemists who has discovered a variety of important synthetic reactions which have made possible the synthesis of some of the most complicated and important biologically active compounds."
1981	Philip Handler	""For his outstanding contribution to biochemical research, resulting in significant contributions to mankind, including research which led to a clearer understanding of pellagra"
1979	Richard P. Feynman	"In recognition of his essential contributions to the quantum theory of radiation and to his illumination of behavior of constituents of the atom, of the atomic nucleus, and of the subnuclear particles."
1979	Severo Ochoa	"Ochoa continued research on protein synthesis and replication of RNA viruses until 1985, when he returned to Spain and gave advice to Spanish science policy authorities and scientists."
1976	Edward O. Wilson	"For his pioneering work on the organization of insect societies and the evolution of social behavior among insects and other animals."
1975	Wernher von Braun	"For his work in making the liquid-fuel rocket a practical launch vehicle and for individual contributions to a series of advanced space vehicles, culminating in the Saturn series that made the Apollo program possible."*
1974	Kurt Gödel	"For laying the foundation for today's flourishing study of mathematical logic."
1974	Linus Pauling	"For the extraordinary scope and power of his imagination, which has led to basic contributions in such diverse fields as structural chemistry and the nature of chemical bonding, molecular biology, immunology, and the nature of genetic diseases."
1973	Carl Djerassi	"In recognition of his major contributions to the elucidation of the complex chemistry of the steroid hormones and to the application of these compounds to medicinal chemistry and population control by means of oral contraceptives."
1973	Earl Sutherland	"For the discovery that epinephrine and hormones of the pituitary gland occasion their diverse regulatory effects by initiating cellular synthesis of cyclic adenylic acid, now recognized as a universal biological second messenger, which opened a new level of understanding of the subtle mechanisms that integrate the chemical life of the cell while offering hope of entirely new approaches to chemotherapy."
1970	Barbara McClintock	"For establishing the relations between inherited characters in plants and the detailed shapes of their chromosomes, and for showing that some genes are controlled by other genes within chromosomes." [8]
1970	John Archibald Wheeler	"For his basic contributions to our understanding of the nuclei of atoms, exemplified by his theory of nuclear fission, and his own work and stimulus to others on basic questions of gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena."
1969	Ernst Mayr	"For notable contributions to systematics, biogeography, and the study of birds, and especially for great work on the evolution of animal populations."
1969	B.F. Skinner	"For basic and imaginative contributions to the study of behavior which have had profound influence upon all of psychology and many related areas."
1967	Paul J. Cohen	"For epoch-making results in mathematical logic which have enlivened and broadened investigations in the foundation of mathematics."
1966	Claude Shannon	"For brilliant contributions to the mathematical theories of communications and information processing and for his early and continuing impact on the development of these disciplines."
1964	Harold Urey	"For outstanding contributions to our understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system and the origin of life on Earth and for pioneering work in the application of isotopes to the determination of the temperatures of ancient oceans."
1963	Vannevar Bush	"For his distinguished achievements in electrical engineering, in the technology of computing machines, in the effective coupling of the physical and life sciences; and in his mobilizing science, engineering and education in enduring ways in the service of the Nation."
1963	Norbert Wiener	"For his marvellously versatile contributions, profoundly original, ranging within pure and applied mathematics, and penetrating boldly into the engineering and biological sciences."

See also

• National Medal of Arts
• National Medal of Technology and Innovation
• List of National Medal of Science laureates
• Searchable Database of ALL National Medal of Science Recipients

References

1. ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 15, 2010). "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/10/15/president-obama-honors-nations-top-scientists-and-innovators. 
2. ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/27/president-obama-honors-nation-s-top-scientists-and-innovators
3. ^ John F. Kennedy (21 August 1961). "Executive Order 10961 Providing Procedures for the Award of the National Medal of Science". The White House. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20070819012118/http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/jfkeo/eo/10961.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10. 
4. ^ AAAS Council (7 January 1979). "AAAS Resolution: National Medal of Science". American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://archives.aaas.org/docs/resolutions.php?doc_id=338. Retrieved 2007-10-10. 
5. ^ "2008 Call for Nominations through December 7, 2007". National Science Foundation. 24 September 2007. http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=375. Retrieved 2007-10-10. 
6. ^ "President's Committee, 2007". National Science Foundation. 15 August 2007. http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/committee.jsp. Retrieved 2007-10-10. 
7. ^ "National Medal of Science: Recipient Details - Bradley Efron". National Science Foundation. http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=5300000000429. 
8. ^ http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=234

External links

• National Science Foundation
• National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
• Using the National Medal of Science to recognize advances in psychology