Paul Alfred Weiss

Infobox_Scientist
name = Paul Alfred Weiss


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birth_date = March 21, 1898
birth_place = Vienna, Austria
death_date = September 8, 1989
death_place = New York, USA
residence = White Plains, New York, USA
citizenship = USA
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ethnicity =
field = developmental biology
work_institution = Vienna University of Technology
Biological Research Institute of the Vienna Academy of Sciences Yale University
University of Chicago
Rockefeller University
alma_mater = Technische Hochschule Wien (1922)
doctoral_advisor = Hans Prizbram
doctoral_students = Roger Sperry
known_for = morphogenesis developmental biology neurobiology
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prizes = National Medal of Science (1979)
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Paul Alfred Weiss (March 21 1898-September 8 1989) was an Austrian biologist who specialised in morphogenesis, development, differentiation and neurobiology. A teacher, experimenter and theorist, he made a lasting contribution to science in his lengthy career, throughout which he sought to encourage specialists in different fields to meet and share insights.

Paul Weiss was born in Vienna the son of Carl S. Weiss, a businessman, and Rosalie Kohn Weiss. His background favoured music, poetry, and philosophy - Weiss himself was a violinist - but an uncle encouraged an interest in science. Weiss received his baccalaureate in 1916.

After the end of the First World War, having served for three years as an officer in the artillery, he commenced studies in mechanical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, (now Vienna University of Technology). He then then shifted his focus to biology with a minor in physics. He absorbed the studies of Edmond B. Wilson, Edwin G. Concklin, and Theodor Bovari, ande completed his doctoral thesis in 1922, under Hans Prizbram, then director of the Biological Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna, on the responses of butterflies to light and gravity.

After completing his thesis he traveled widely in Europe, becoming an assistant director of the Biological Research Institute of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. In 1926 he married Maria Helen Blaschka.

His studies of limb regeneration in newts showed that a complete limb could regenerate even if particular tissue forms were removed from the stump: the required types of tissue would reform. He studied cell differentiation and the transplanting and reforming of connections in the nerves of limbs, using newts and frogs for his experiments. He went on to consider neurobiology and morphogenesis. He introduced the idea of the "natural experiment" - the quest for suggestive examples from nature - and this became a favourite teaching device.

In 1930 a prospective post at the University of Frankfurt was lost due to the depression and Weiss moved to the USA. In 1931, after studying developing cell cultures for some time, Weiss won a Sterling fellowship to work with Ross Granville Harrison at Yale. He took US citizenship in 1939, publishing his "Principles of Development" the same year. [ P.A. Weiss, "Principles of Development", Henry Holt and Company, 1939] From 1933 to 1954, after working briefly at Yale, he taught at the University of Chicago.

In his work on tissue cultures Weiss outlined several features of cell proliferation: he showed how cell-patterns are affected by their substrate and, through grafts, proved that basic neural patterns of coordination were self-differentiating rather than learned, though higher vertebrates can "retrain" reflexes.

During World War 2 he worked with the American government on nerve injury. In 1947 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1954 he became one of the first professors at the new Rockefeller University in New York, where he remained for fifteen years. Paul Wiess was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. He died at White Plains, New York, on September 8, 1989, at the age of 91. [Jane Overton, "Paul Alfred Weiss", Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/pweiss.html accessdate = 2007-07-22]

ee also

*Organicism
*Morphogenetic fields

References

External links

*Citation | title = Biographical Memoirs | volume = 72 | publisher = National Academy of Science | year = 1997 | pages = 372–386 | contribution = Paul Alfred Weiss | first = Jane | last = Overton | url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5859&page=372 . (A longer version of the above.)