Cordell Hull

Cordell Hull
47th United States Secretary of State
In office March 4, 1933 – November 30, 1944
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Deputy	William Phillips (1933-1936) Sumner Welles (1936-1943) Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1943-1944)
Preceded by	Henry L. Stimson
Succeeded by	Edward Stettinius, Jr.
United States Senator from Tennessee
In office March 4, 1931 – March 4, 1933
Preceded by	William Emerson Brock
Succeeded by	Nathan L. Bachman
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th district
In office March 4, 1923 – March 4, 1931
Preceded by	Wynne F. Clouse
Succeeded by	John R. Mitchell
In office March 4, 1907 – March 4, 1921
Preceded by	Mounce Gore Butler
Succeeded by	Wynne F. Clouse
17th Chairman of the Democratic National Committee
In office 1921–1924
Preceded by	George White
Succeeded by	Clem L. Shaver
Personal details
Born	October 2, 1871(1871-10-02) Olympus, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	July 23, 1955(1955-07-23) (aged 83) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Rose Frances Witz
Alma mater	Cumberland School of Law
Profession	Politician, Lawyer
Religion	Episcopalian
Military service
Service/branch	Tennessee Volunteer Infantry
Rank	Captain
Battles/wars	Spanish-American War

Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. He is best known as the longest-serving Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during much of World War II. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the "Father of the United Nations".

Biography

Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee, but was then part of Overton County. He became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party at the age of 19.

In 1891, Hull graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar. He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897. During the Spanish-American War, he served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry.

Hull served 11 terms in the United States House of Representatives (1907–1921 and 1923–1931) and authored the federal income tax laws of 1913 and 1916 and the inheritance tax of 1916. After an electoral defeat in 1920, Hull served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. He was elected to the Senate in 1930, but resigned upon being named Secretary of State in 1933.

In 1933 Hull was appointed Secretary of State by Franklin D. Roosevelt; he served 11 years until he retired from public office. Hull became the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, drafting, along with his staff, the United Nations Charter in mid-1943. He resigned as Secretary of State in November 1944 because of failing health.

In 1945 Cordell Hull was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "co-initiating the United Nations".

Hull died after suffering several strokes and heart attacks in 1955 in Washington, D.C., and is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington National Cathedral, which is an Episcopal church.

There is now a Cordell Hull Museum located near his birthplace in Byrdstown, Tennessee, which houses his papers and other memorabilia.

Early life and family

Hull was born in Olympus, Pickett County, Tennessee, third of the five sons of William Paschal Hull (1840–1923) and Elizabeth (Riley) Hull (1841–1903).

His brothers were named Orestes (1868), Sanadius (1870), Wyoming (1875), and Roy (1881).

His mother Mary Elizabeth Riley Hull was a descendant of Isaac Riley who was granted 200 acres (0.81 km²) in Pickett County near Byrdstown for Revolutionary War service (this land is still in the family), as well as Samuel Wood who immigrated from Leicestershire, England on the ship Hopewell and fought in the Virginia Militia. Hull's mother's family (Riley - Wood) holds the DAR distinction of the most documented ancestors to have fought in the Revolutionary War. Hull devoted a section in his memoirs "Cabin on the Hill" to dispelling an old rumor that his mother was part Cherokee Indian, and subsequent documented family history has confirmed his ancestry.

Hull attended college from 1889 until 1890. At the age of 19, Hull became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party. In 1891, he graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar. He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897.

During the Spanish-American War, Hull served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry.

Hull married Rose Frances (Witz) Whitney (1875–1954) in 1917; the couple had no children.

Early national career

From 1903 to 1907, Hull served as a local judge; later he was elected to the United States House of Representatives where he served 11 terms (1907–1921 and 1923–1931) totaling 22 years. After his defeat in 1920, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. As a member of the powerful Ways and Means committee, he fought for low tariffs and claimed authorship of the federal income tax laws of 1913 and 1916 and the inheritance tax of 1916. He was one of several candidates for President at the 1928 Democratic National Convention, which ultimately chose Al Smith as nominee. Hull was influential in advising Albert Gore, Sr., then a state legislator, to run for the U.S. Congress in 1928.

U.S. Senate, Secretary of State

Hull was elected to the Senate in 1930. In 1933, Roosevelt named him Secretary of State and appointed him to lead the American delegation to the London Economic Conference. Hull strove to enlarge foreign trade and lower tariffs. In 1943, Hull served as United States delegate to the Moscow Conference.

In 1938, Hull engaged in a famous dialog with Mexican Foreign Minister Eduardo Hay concerning the failure of Mexico to compensate Americans who lost farmlands during the Agrarian reforms of the late 1920s. He insisted that compensation must be "prompt, adequate and effective". Though the Mexican Constitution guaranteed compensation for expropriation or nationalization, nothing had yet been paid. While Hay admitted Mexico's responsibility, he replied that there is "no rule universally accepted in theory nor carried out in practice which makes obligatory the payment of immediate compensation..." The so-called "Hull formula" has been adopted in many treaties concerning international investment, but is still controversial, especially in Latin American countries, which historically have subscribed to the Calvo Doctrine, which among other things, suggests that compensation is to be decided by the host country and that as long as there is equality between nationals and foreigners and no discrimination, there cannot be any claim in international law. The tension between the Hull formula and the Calvo Doctrine is still of importance today in the law of international investment.

Japanese Ambassador Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura (left) and Special Envoy Saburō Kurusu (right) meet Hull for the last time on 17 November 1941, two weeks before the attack on Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941).

Cordell Hull pursued the "Good Neighbor Policy" with Latin American nations which has been credited with preventing Nazi subterfuge in that region. Hull and Roosevelt also maintained relations with Vichy France which Hull credits with allowing General Weygand's forces to join allied forces in the North African campaign against Germany.^[1]

Hull was responsible for United States foreign relations before and during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack, which was formally titled "Outline of proposed Basis for Agreement Between The United States and Japan" but had been part of the United States' attempt to open Chinese markets to U.S. goods against Japanese interests there.

On the day of the attack, not long after it had begun, Hull received the news that it was taking place. The Japanese ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura and Japan's special envoy Saburō Kurusu were waiting to see Hull at that moment. Admiral Edwin T. Layton, at the time chief intelligence officer to the commander of the Pacific Fleet, tells the rest of the story:

"Roosevelt advised him not to tell them about the raid but 'to receive them formally and coolly bow them out'.

"After he had glanced at their copy of the fourteen-part message [Japan's declaration that negotiations were at an end], Hull's anger burst forth. 'In all my fifty years of public service,' he told the astonished diplomats, 'I have never seen such a document that was more crowded with infamous falsehood and distortion.' Nomura and Kurusu, who had not been told of the attack, bowed themselves out in an embarrassed fluster. A department official overheard Hull muttering under his breath as the door closed, 'Scoundrels and piss-ants.' "^[2]

Hull chaired the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy, created in February 1942.

When the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle liberated the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon south of Newfoundland in December 1941, Hull lodged a very strong protest and even went as far as referring to the Gaullist naval forces as "the so-called Free French." His request to have the Vichy governor reinstated was met with strong criticism in the American press. The islands remained under the Free French movement until the end of World War II.

In 1939, Hull advised President Roosevelt to reject the SS St. Louis carrying 936 Jews seeking asylum. Hull's decision sent these people back to Europe on the eve of the Nazi Holocaust. There is some controversy over Hull's role in the affair. These Jews fled Europe to escape from the Nazis and after being denied entry into Cuba and the U.S. were granted refuge in the United Kingdom and in continental European nations. Many of the latter group became victims of the Holocaust after the Nazis invaded Western Europe in the following years.

To wit, there were two conversations on the subject between (Secretary of the Treasury) Morgenthau and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. In the first, 3:17 PM on 5 June 1939, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the passengers could not legally be issued U.S. tourist visas as they had no return addresses. Furthermore, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the issue at hand was between the Cuban government and the passengers. The U.S., in effect, had no role. In the second conversation at 3:54 PM on June 6, 1939, Morgenthau said they did not know where the ship was and he inquired whether it was “proper to have the Coast Guard look for it.” Hull responded by saying that he didn’t see any reason why it could not. Hull then informed him that he did not think that Morgenthau would want the search for the ship to get into the newspapers. Morgenthau said. “Oh no. No, no. They would just—oh, they might send a plane to do patrol work. There would be nothing in the papers.” Hull responded, “Oh, that would be all right.”^[3]

Hull and Chinese Ambassador Wei Daoming at the State Department exchanging ratifications of the treaty abolishing extraterritorial rights of the United States in China.

In September 1940, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt maneuvered with another State Department official to bypass Hull's refusal to allow Jewish refugees aboard a Portuguese ship, the Quanza, to receive visas to enter the U.S. Through Mrs. Roosevelt's efforts, the Jewish refugees disembarked on September 11, 1940, in Virginia.^[4] In a similar incident, American Jews sought to raise money to prevent the mass murder of Romanian Jews. However, "In wartime, in order to send money out of the United States, two government agencies had to sign a simple release- the Treasury Department under Henry Morgenthau and the State Department under Secretary Cordell Hull. Morgenthau signed immediately. The State Department delayed, delayed, and delayed, as more Jews were dying in the Transnistria camps." (7).

Hull was the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, as recognized by the 1945 Nobel Prize for Peace, an honor for which Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him. During World War II, Hull and Roosevelt spent tireless hours working toward the development of a world organization to prevent a third World War. Hull and his staff drafted the "Charter of the United Nations" in mid-1943.

Never one to sit idly by if American interests were (in his view) threatened, Hull would think nothing of dressing down close allies, such as what happened to New Zealand Prime Minister Peter Fraser in early 1944, over U.S. objections to the Canberra Pact (a military treaty of alliance between Australia and New Zealand made in February 1944 without U.S. consultation).

Later years

Hull resigned as Secretary of State in November 1944 because of failing health. Roosevelt described Hull, upon his departure as "the one person in all the world who has done his most to make this great plan for peace (the United Nations) an effective fact". The Norwegian Nobel Committee honored Hull with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 in recognition of his efforts for peace and understanding in the Western Hemisphere, his trade agreements, and his work to establish the United Nations. Hull was the longest-serving Secretary of State: 11 years, nine months.

Hull died in Washington, D.C., after a lifelong struggle with familial remitting-relapsing Sarcoidosis (often confused with Tuberculosis) and is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington Cathedral.

Legacy

Cumberland School of Law's Cordell Hull Moot Court Room - Portrait at head of room

Hull's memory is preserved by Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland River near Carthage, Tennessee. The dam impounds Cordell Hull Lake, covering approximately 12,000 acres (49 km²).

His law school, Cumberland School of Law, continues to honor him with a Cordell Hull Speaker's Forum and the pictured Moot Court Room.

Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park, near Byrdstown, Tennessee, was established in 1997 to preserve Hull's birthplace and various personal effects Hull had donated to the citizens of Pickett County, including his Nobel Peace Prize.

A segment of Kentucky highway routes 90, 63, and 163, from Interstate 65 at Mammoth Cave National Park south to the Tennessee State Line, is named "Cordell Hull Highway".

The Shoreline School District in Shoreline, Washington, formerly had a Cordell Hull Middle School; it was renamed in the mid-1990s to Meridian Park Elementary, after a renovation.

The Cordell Hull State Office Building. Located at the base of capital hill Nashville,TN is a secure 17 story building that contains the offices of Attorney General, Health and Child Services.

Fictional appearance or mention

In the Worldwar series of alternate history novels by Harry Turtledove, Hull becomes president at some point in 1944, following the deaths of first Vice-President Wallace and then President Roosevelt (the then existing rule of succession to the Presidency called for the Secretary of State to take that office if there were no Vice-President).

Hull was portrayed by veteran actor George Macready in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!

Actor Charles Trowbridge played Hull in the 1941 film Sergeant York.

Hull is one of the Presidential Cabinet members who are characters in the musical Annie.^[5]

During the scene at the dinner table in the 2005 film Wedding Crashers, "Grandma" Mary Cleary (played by actress Ellen Albertini Dow) mentions Hull (though only by his Cabinet position, rather than by name) was "her late husband".^[6]

There was a very small chain of hotels named after him (which he allegedly owned or co-owned) in Middle Tennessee and Southern Kentucky. One of which was the Cordell Hull Hotel in downtown Gallatin, TN, which in app. 1971 was used to house the first-ever classes of the new Volunteer State Community College while the campus was being built. This was one of the hotel's last official uses.

Hull is mentioned by name in the 1937 calypso song "FDR in Trinidad" popularized by Attila the Hun.Also by Ry Cooder on his 1972 album 'Into the Purple Valley'.

Notes

1. ^ Cordell Hull, "Memoirs"
2. ^ Layton, "And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets." p. 314.
3. ^ The Voyage of the Damned: What was the Coast Guard’s Role in the S.S. St. Louis Affair?
4. ^ Fleeing Hitler and Meeting a Reluctant Miss Liberty, New York Times 2007-07-08
5. ^ Annie Casting Information, Music Theatre International website
6. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um43OniL09c

7. Gruber, Inside of Time 159 (2003)

References

Primary

• Cordell Hull. Memoirs (1948).
• The Papers of Cordell Hull

Secondary

• Julius W. Pratt, Cordell Hull, 1933–44, 2 vol. (1964)
• Biography from U.S. Congress biography page
• Hull, Cordell by EB
• Butler, Michael A. (1998), Cautious Visionary: Cordell Hull and Trade Reform, 1933-1937, Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, ISBN 0873385969 .

External links

• Cordell Hull at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• The Cordell Hull Foundation, a non-profit NGO, based around furthering international peace and co-operation.
• The Cordell Hull Institute, a US think-tank focusing on furthering debate in international economic development and trade.
• The Cordell Hull Museum, located in Byrdstown, Tennessee, focusing on Hull's life and work.
• Cordell Hull State Park

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Mounce Gore Butler	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district March 4, 1907 – March 4, 1921	Succeeded by Wynne F. Clouse
Preceded by Wynne F. Clouse	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district March 4, 1923 – March 4, 1931	Succeeded by John R. Mitchell
Party political offices
Preceded by George White	Chairman of the Democratic National Committee 1921 – 1924	Succeeded by Clem L. Shaver
United States Senate
Preceded by William Emerson Brock	United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee March 4, 1931 – March 4, 1933 Served alongside: Kenneth D. McKellar	Succeeded by Nathan L. Bachman
Political offices
Preceded by Henry L. Stimson	United States Secretary of State Served under: Franklin D. Roosevelt March 4, 1933 – November 30, 1944	Succeeded by Edward Stettinius, Jr.

Persondata
Name	Hull, Cordell
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	October 2, 1871
Place of birth	Olympus, Tennessee, U.S.
Date of death	July 23, 1955
Place of death	Washington, D.C., U.S.