- John C. Calhoun
Infobox_Vice_President
name=John C. Calhoun
nationality=American
order1=7thVice President of the United States
term_start1=March 4, 1825
term_end1=December 28, 1832
predecessor1=Daniel D. Tompkins
successor1=Martin Van Buren
birth_date=birth date|1782|3|18|mf=y
birth_place=Abbeville, South Carolina
death_date=death date and age|mf=yes|1850|03|31|1782|03|18
death_place=Washington, D.C.
spouse=Floride Colhoun Calhoun
religion=Unitarian [http://www25.uua.org/uuawo/issues/civil_liberties/curriculum/curriculum.pdf Vision & Values in a Post-9/11 World: A curriculum on Civil Liberties, Patriotism, and the U.S. Role Abroad for Unitarian Universalist Congregations] , Developed by Pamela Sparr on behalf of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations, Spring 2002. (Retrieved August 28, 2007)]
party=Democratic-Republican, Democratic, Nullifier
order2=16thUnited States Secretary of State
term_start2=April 1, 1844
term_end2=March 10, 1845
president2=John Tyler
predecessor2=Abel P. Upshur
successor2=James Buchanan
order3=10thUnited States Secretary of War
term_start3=October 8, 1817
term_end3=March 4, 1825
president3=James Monroe
predecessor3=William H. Crawford
successor3=James Barbour
president1=John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson
order4=United States Senator
fromSouth Carolina
term_start4=December 29, 1832
term_end4=March 3, 1843
predecessor4=Robert Y. Hayne
successor4=Daniel E. Huger
term_start5=November 26, 1845
term_end5=March 31, 1850
predecessor5=Daniel E. Huger
successor5=Franklin H. Elmore
order6=Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance
term_start6=1845
term_end6=1846
predecessor6=Levi Woodbury
successor6=Dixon Lewis
order7=Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromSouth Carolina 's 6th district
term_start7=March 4, 1811
term_end7=November 3, 1817
predecessor7=Joseph Calhoun
successor7=Eldred Simkins John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was a leading
United States Southern politician and political philosopher fromSouth Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Fact|date=May 2008 He is perhaps best known as the first Vice President to resign his office. Calhoun was an advocate ofslavery ,states' rights ,limited government , and nullification. He was the first Vice President born as a U.S. citizen.After a short stint in the South Carolina legislature, where he wrote legislation making South Carolina the first state to adopt universal suffrage for white men, Calhoun began his federal career as a staunch nationalist, favoring war with Britain in 1812 and a federal program of internal improvements afterwards. Fact|date=May 2008 He reversed course in the 1820s, when the "
Corrupt Bargain " of 1824 led him to renounce nationalism in favor ofstates' rights of the sortThomas Jefferson andJames Madison had propounded in theVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. Fact|date=May 2008 Although he died a decade before theAmerican Civil War broke out, Calhoun was a major inspiration to the secessionists who created the short-livedConfederate States of America . Nicknamed the "cast-iron man" for his staunch determination to defend the causes in which he believed, Calhoun pushed nullification, under which states could declare null and void federal laws they deemed to be unconstitutional.Fact|date=May 2008 He was an outspoken proponent of the institution of slavery, which he defended as a "positive good" rather than as a "necessary evil". [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slavery_a_Positive_Good] His rhetorical defense of slavery was partially responsible for escalating Southern threats ofsecession in the face of mounting abolitionist sentiment in the North. Fact|date=May 2008He was part of the "Great Triumvirate ", or the "Immortal Trio ", along with his colleaguesDaniel Webster andHenry Clay .The Calhoun Doctrine
Northerners believed that the
United States Congress had the power to exclude slavery from the territories and should exercise that power. Southerners, not surprisingly, challenged the doctrine of congressional authority to regulate or prohibit slavery in the territories. In 1847 Calhoun claimed that citizens from every state had the right to take their "property" to any territory. Congress, he asserted, had no authority to place restrictions on slavery in the territories. If the Northern majority continued to ride roughshod over the rights of the Southern minority, the Southern states would have little option but to secede.Calhoun held several high federal government offices. He served as the seventh
Vice President of the United States , first underJohn Quincy Adams (1825–1829) and then underAndrew Jackson (1829–1832), but resigned the Vice Presidency to enter theUnited States Senate , where he had more power. He served in theUnited States House of Representatives (1810–1817) and was Secretary of War (1817–1824) underJames Monroe and Secretary of State (1844–1845) underJohn Tyler .Origins and early life
Calhoun was born the 18th (or 19th) of March, 1782, the fourth child of Patrick Calhoun and his wife Martha ("nee" Caldwell). His father was an
Ulster-Scot who emigrated fromCounty Donegal to theThirteen Colonies where he met Martha, herself the daughter of aProtestant Irish immigrant father [ [http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=PED&db=6105330&id=I19299 "wc.rootsweb.com"] ] .When his father became ill, the 17-year-old Calhoun quit school to continue the family farm. With his brothers' financial support, he later returned to his studies, earning a degree from Yale College in 1804. After studying law at the Tapping Reeve Law School in
Litchfield, Connecticut , Calhoun was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1807. Fact|date=May 2008In January 1811 Calhoun married his
first cousin once removed , Floride Bonneau Colhoun, whose branch of the family spelled the surname differently than did his. The couple had 10 children over 18 years; three died in infancy. During her husband's second term as Vice President, Floride Calhoun was a central figure in thePetticoat Affair .Early political career
In 1810, Calhoun was elected to Congress, and became one of the
War Hawk s who, led byHenry Clay , were agitating for what became theWar of 1812 . Calhoun had made his public debut in calling for war after 1807'sChesapeake-Leopard affair . After the war, Calhoun and Clay sponsored aBonus Bill forpublic works . With the goal of building a strong nation that could fight a future war, he aggressively pushed for high protectivetariff s (to build up industry), anational bank , internal improvements, and many other policies he later repudiated. [ Wiltse (1944) vol 1 ch 8-11]In 1817, President
James Monroe appointed Calhoun to be Secretary of War, where he served until 1825. As Belko (2004) argues, his management of Indian affairs proved his nationalism. His opponents were the "Old Republicans" in Congress, with their Jeffersonian ideology for economy in the federal government; they often attacked the operations and finances of the War department. Calhoun was a reform-minded executive, who attempted to institute centralization and efficiency in the Indian department, but Congress either failed to respond to his reforms or rejected them. Calhoun's frustration with congressional inaction, political rivalries, and ideological differences that dominated the late early republic spurred him to unilaterally create theBureau of Indian Affairs in 1824. Calhoun's nationalism also manifested itself in his advice to Monroe to sign off on theMissouri Compromise , which most other Southern politicians saw as a distinctly bad deal; Calhoun believed that continued agitation of the slavery issue threatened the Union, so the Missouri dispute had to be concluded. Fact|date=May 2008It should be noted that during this time period, Calhoun was perhaps the most tireless and selfless proponent of the nationalist agenda in American politics. Fact|date=May 2008 As
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wrote in 1821, "Calhoun is a man of fair and candid mind, of honorable principles, of clear and quick understanding, of cool self-possession, of enlarged philosophical views, and of ardent patriotism. He is above all sectional and factious prejudices more than any other statesman of this Union with whom I have ever acted." [Adams, "Diary", V, 361] Historian Charles Wiltse agrees, noting, "Though he is known today primarily for his sectionalism, Calhoun was the last of the great political leaders of his time to take a sectional position-later than Webster, later than Clay, later than Adams himself." [Wiltse, "John C. Calhoun: Nationalist", 234]Vice Presidency
Election
Calhoun originally was a candidate for
President of the United States in the election of 1824, but after failing to win the endorsement of the legislature in his own state, he decided to set his sights on the Vice Presidency. Fact|date=May 2008 Thus, while no candidate received a majority in the Electoral College and the election was ultimately resolved by the House of Representatives, Calhoun was elected Vice President in a landslide. Calhoun served four years under Adams, and then, in 1828, ran for re-election as Vice President alongsideAndrew Jackson . After a decisive victory, Calhoun was then Andrew Jackon's new Vice President.The Adams Administration
Calhoun believed that the outcome of the 1824 presidential election, in which the House made Adams President despite the greater popularity of Jackson, demonstrated that control of the federal government was subject to manipulation of selfish politicians. Fact|date=May 2008 Calhoun, therefore, resolved to thwart Adams' reelection. Adams' nationalist program, which had much in common with Calhoun's former program, seemed to Calhoun calculated to further Clay's and Adams' political interests, so Calhoun opposed it. In 1828, Calhoun ran for reelection as the running mate of
Andrew Jackson , and thus became one of two Vice Presidents to serve under two Presidents (the other being George Clinton).The Jackson Administration
Under
Andrew Jackson , Calhoun's Vice Presidency remained controversial. Once again, a rift developed between Calhoun and the President.The
Tariff of 1828 (also known as theTariff of Abominations ) aggravated the rift between Calhoun and the Jacksonians. Calhoun had been assured that Jacksonians would reject the bill, but Northern Jacksonians were primarily responsible for its passage. Frustrated, Calhoun returned to his South Carolina plantation to writeSouth Carolina Exposition and Protest , an essay rejecting the nationalist philosophy he once advocated. Fact|date=May 2008He now supported the theory of
concurrent majority through the doctrine of nullification — that individual states could override federal legislation they deemed unconstitutional.Fact|date=May 2008 Nullification traced back to arguments byThomas Jefferson andJames Madison in writing theKentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, which proposed that states could nullify theAlien and Sedition Acts . Jackson, who supported states rights but believed that nullification threatened the Union, opposed it. The difference between Calhoun's arguments and those of Jefferson and Madison is that Calhoun explicitly argued for a state's right to secede from the Union, if necessary, instead of simply nullifying certain federal legislation. Madison rebuked the nullificationists and said that no state had the right to nullify federal law. [Rutland, Robert Allen. (1997) "James Madison: The Founding Father", p.248-249.]At the 1830 Jefferson Day dinner at Jesse Brown's Indian Queen Hotel (April 13, 1830), Jackson proposed a toast and proclaimed "Our federal Union, it must be preserved," to which Calhoun replied "the Union, next to our liberty, the most dear. [ Niven 173] In May 1830, the relationship between Jackson and Calhoun deteriorated further when Jackson discovered that Calhoun — while serving as Monroe's
Secretary of War — had requested President Monroe to censure Jackson (at the time a General) for invadingSpanish Florida in 1818 during theSeminole War without authorization from either Calhoun or President Monroe. Calhoun defended his 1818 request, stating it was the right thing to do. Fact|date=May 2008 The feud between him and Jackson heated up as Calhoun informed the President that another attack from his opponents was not hard for others to see, and would have a series of argumentative letters sent to each other - fueled by Jackson's opponents - until Jackson stopped the correspondence in July 1830. By February, 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final after Calhoun - responding to inaccurate press reports about the feud - published the letters in the "United States Telegram ". [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm] More damage was done to Jackson and Calhoun's relationship afterFloride Calhoun organized a coalition amongCabinet wives againstPeggy Eaton , wife of Secretary of WarJohn Eaton . It was alleged that John and Peggy Eaton had engaged in an adulterous affair while Mrs. Eaton was still legally married to her first husband,John B. Timberlake ; the allegations allegedly drove Timberlake tosuicide . Fact|date=May 2008 The scandal, which became known as thePetticoat Affair or thePeggy Eaton Affair , resulted in the resignation of Jackson's Cabinet except forPostmaster General William T. Barry andMartin Van Buren who resigned asSecretary of State , but only in order to take an alternative position in Jackson's administration as United States Ambassador to Britain. Fact|date=May 2008Nullification Crisis
In 1832, the states' rights theory was put to the test in the
Nullification Crisis afterSouth Carolina passed an ordinance that nullified federal tariffs. The tariffs favored Northern manufacturing interests over Southern agricultural concerns, and the South Carolina legislature declared them to be unconstitutional. Calhoun had also formed a political party in South Carolina known as theNullifier Party .In response to the South Carolina move, Congress passed the
Force Bill , which empowered the President to use military power to force states to obey all federal laws, and Jackson sentUS Navy warships to Charleston harbor. South Carolina then nullified the Force Bill. Tensions cooled after both sides agreed to theCompromise Tariff of 1833 , a proposal by SenatorHenry Clay to change the tariff law in a manner which satisfied Calhoun, who by then was in the Senate.The irony in this is that Calhoun (anonymously, making his true opinions unknown to Jackson) argued for the doctrine of nullification, which had gone as far as to suggest secession. Fact|date=May 2008 Calhoun had written the 1828 essay
South Carolina Exposition and Protest , arguing that a state could veto any law it considered unconstitutional. [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm] The break between Jackson and Calhoun was complete, and in 1832, Calhoun ran for the Senate rather than remain as Vice President; because he exposed his nullification beliefs during the nullification crisis, his chances of becoming President were very low. [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm] After the Compromise Tariff of 1833 went into effect, the Nullifier Party, along with other anti-Jackson politicians, formed a coalition known as the Whig Party. Calhoun sided with the Whigs until he broke with key Whig SenatorDaniel Webster over slavery as well as the Whigs' program of "internal improvements", which many Southern politicians believe improved Northern industrial interests at the expense of Southern interests. Whig party leader Clay sided with Webster on these issues.U.S. Senator and views on slavery
On December 28, 1832, Calhoun accepted election to the United States Senate from his native South Carolina, becoming the first Vice President in U.S. history to resign from office, and the third Vice President to relinquish the office prior to its full term (Vice Presidents George Clinton and
Elbridge Gerry both died in office). He would achieve his greatest influence and most lasting fame as a Senator.Calhoun led the pro-slavery faction in the Senate in the 1830s and 1840s, opposing both
abolitionism and attempts to limit the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Fact|date=May 2008 He was also a major advocate of theFugitive Slave Law , which enforced the co-operation offree states in returning escaping slaves.Fact|date=May 2008Calhoun couched his defense of Southern states' right to preserve the institution of slavery in terms of liberty and self-determination. Whereas other Southern politicians had excused slavery as a necessary evil, in a famous February 1837 , Calhoun went further, asserting that slavery was a "positive good." He rooted this claim on two grounds—white supremacy and paternalism. All societies, Calhoun claimed, are ruled by an elite group which enjoys the fruits of the labor of a less-privileged group. [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Slavery_a_Positive_Good] But unlike in the North and in Europe, where the laboring classes were cast aside to die in poverty by the aristocracy when they became too old or sick to work, in the South slaves were cared for even when no longer useful.:"I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe—look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse."
Calhoun's fierce defense of states' rights and support for the
Slave Power played a major role in deepening the growing divide between Northern and Southern states on this issue, wielding the threat of Southernsecession to backslave state demands. Fact|date=May 2008After a one year break as Secretary of State, Calhoun returned to the Senate in 1845, participating in the epic Senate struggle over the expansion of slavery in the Western states that produced the
Compromise of 1850 . But his health deteriorated and he died in March 1850, oftuberculosis inWashington, D.C. , at the age of 68, and was buried in St. Philips Churchyard inCharleston, South Carolina . Fact|date=May 2008Indian affairs
John C. Calhoun viewed the interactions with the
American Indians as fundamental to protecting the United States. Fact|date=May 2008 He felt that having a separate, distinct culture within the borders of the United States would create problems in such areas as land usage, interracial relationships, and trade. His beliefs that Indians were inferior steered Calhoun to support a policy of the removal of the Indians in the eastern United States. Fact|date=May 2008 His position in the American political system as Secretary of War and later the Vice-President allowed for Calhoun’s policies to be implemented in the United States, resulting in a nationalistic stance that did not permit the American Indian culture from existing inside the boundaries of what Calhoun saw as “white civilization.” Fact|date=May 2008Calhoun saw the Indians as savages that lived outside the culture of the white-dominated, market philosophy. Fact|date=May 2008 He saw this difference between societies as a dominate versus subordinate relationship. Fact|date=May 2008 This furthered his position: either assimilate the Indians into American culture or move them West so they are separated from white American society. Calhoun thought that the period for the Indian to be calmly assimilated had ended by the time he was appointed to the position of Secretary of War in 1817. Fact|date=May 2008For Calhoun this meant that in the best interests of both parties, the United States and the Indians, the Indians should move westward into the area west of
Lake Michigan or into the area of theLouisiana Purchase . This, in his opinion, would allow the government to control the interactions between the Indians and the white Americans. It would discourage interracial relationships as well as control the economy for the Indians through the factory system. Fact|date=May 2008 In Calhoun’s writings, his position is clear that he feels that the Indians would cease to exist if the United States did not take policies to remove them from the land that was coveted by the white Americans.Fact|date=May 2008 As savages, their society could not survive. There seemed to be urgency in Calhoun’s writing. He felt it his duty, as an enlightened person in power, to “help” the Indians become civilized. Fact|date=May 2008As Secretary of War under
James Monroe , Calhoun and his department were authorized to make what they considered generous offers to Eastern tribes in exchange for their moving west of theMississippi River . Some groups, such as someCherokee s accepted these offers. Other tribes, especially those that were not nomadic and had a connection to a specific area, refused the offers. These tribes were eventually relocated through removal. See:Trail of Tears Calhoun also established posts or forts for trading with the Indians and created an American presence in the Indian West. Fact|date=May 2008 The goal was to cut off the Indians’ trade with the British and allow the United States to monopolize thefur trade . Fact|date=May 2008 Calhoun established the Bureau of Indian Affairs as part of the War Department in 1824; he did this without congressional authorization. Congress did authorize aCommissioner of Indian Affairs in 1832 after Calhoun had left the War Department. This gave the War Department authority over all federal expenditures concerning Indians. In particular, they controlled the funds for the civilization of the Indians. Many of Calhoun’s policy ideas were implemented during his tenure as Secretary of War and Vice-President. He believed that government interference in the lives of Indians was essential because the Indians were too ignorant and uncivilized to be allowed to make their own decisions and live as they chose.Legacy
During the Civil War, the Confederate government honored Calhoun on a one-cent postage stamp, which was printed but never officially released (as seen below).
Calhoun was also honored by his alma mater,
Yale University , which named one of its undergraduate residence halls "Calhoun College ". The university also erected a statue of Calhoun inHarkness Tower , a prominent campus landmark.Clemson University is also part of Calhoun's legacy. The campus occupies the site of Calhoun's Fort Hill plantation, which he bequeathed to his wife and daughter, who promptly sold it to a relative along with 50 slaves, receiving $15,000 for the convert|1100|acre and $29,000 for the slaves. When that owner died,Thomas Green Clemson foreclosed the mortgage as administrator of his mother-in-law's estate, thus regaining the property from his in-laws' widow. Clemson's chief claim to fame, prior to founding the university in his will, was having served as Ambassador toBelgium — a post he obtained through the influence of his father-in-law, who was Secretary of State at the time. In 1888, after Calhoun's daughter died, Clemson wrote a will bequeathing his father-in-law's former estate to South Carolina on the condition that it be used for an agricultural university to be named "Clemson." A nearby town named for Calhoun was renamed Clemson in 1943.Calhoun is also the namesake for
Calhoun Community College inDecatur, Alabama , andLake Calhoun inMinneapolis, Minnesota . Many streets in the South, such as John C. Calhoun Drive inOrangeburg, South Carolina and the John C. Calhoun Expressway inAugusta, GA , are named in his memory.Calhoun County, Georgia ,Calhoun County, Illinois ,Calhoun County, Iowa ,Calhoun County, Mississippi , andCalhoun County, Michigan are also named in his honor. In 1957, United States Senators honored Calhoun as one of the "five greatest senators of all time."Calhoun Middle School in
Denton, Texas , is named after John C. Calhoun.Calhoun also has a landing on the
Santee-Cooper River inSantee, South Carolina , named after him. Calhoun Monument stands inCharleston, South Carolina . Calhoun Street, a large thoroughfare in Charleston was also named after Calhoun and the "USS John C. Calhoun" was a Fleet Ballistic Missile nuclear submarine, in commission from 1963 to 1994.Calhoun was rumored to have been involved in a duel with
Revolutionary War hero andWhiskey Rebellion mastermindLogan "Charlie Two-Shirts" Morland . The fight infamously ended in a draw when the pair, both already embroiled over their insults to each other, were further dishonored by an affront from none other thanCharles Lindbergh 's ancestor, Gunther Lindbergh. According to legend, Calhoun and Morland forgot their own quarrels, turned their weapons on Lindbergh, and mortally wounded him after he shouted, "Duels are the sport of cowards, Indian-appeasers, and Frenchmen." Most scholars, however, treat the tale as pure myth and conjecture.Facts
* Calhoun was the first
Vice President of the United States to have his photo taken.Fact|date=May 2007
* Calhoun is one of only two Vice Presidents to serve in the United States cabinet after leaving office (Henry A. Wallace being the other).
* Calhoun was the last person re-elected to the Vice Presidency until Thomas Marshall's re-election more than eight decades later in 1916.
*Calhoun is a reported ancestor of the famed singer and actressLena Horne .
*Springfield, IL , was originally named Calhoun after John C. Calhoun.
* Calhoun was one of only two Vice Presidents to serve under two different Presidents. George Clinton was the other.See also
*
List of places named for John C. Calhoun Notes
References
Primary sources
* "The Papers of John C. Calhoun" Edited by
Clyde N. Wilson ; 28 volumes, University of South Carolina Press, 1959-2003. [http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/1993older/calhoun.html] ; contains all letters, pamphlets and speeches by JCC and most letters written to him.
* [http://www.yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/benton/calhoun_340113.html speech in the Senate] , January 13, 1834, -- "fanatics and madmen of the North" "No, Sir, State rights are no more."
* [http://www.yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/benton/calhoun_340321.html speech on the bill] to continue the charter of the Bank of the United States, March 21, 1834
* [http://www.yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/benton/calhoun_370918.html speech on the Senate floor] September 18, 1837, on the bill authorizing an issue of Treasury Notes
* [http://www.yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/benton/calhoun_371003.html speech on his amendment] to separate the Government and the banks, October 3, 1837
* [http://www.yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/benton/calhoun_380310.html#vol12 reply to Clay] March 10, 1838, the Clay-Calhoun debate -- "Whatever the Government receives and treats as money, is money"
* , speech on the Senate floor, February 6, 1837.
* Calhoun, John C. Ed.H. Lee Cheek, Jr. "Calhoun: Selected Writings and Speeches (Conservative Leadership Series)", 2003. ISBN 0-89526-179-0.
* Calhoun, John C. Ed.Ross M. Lence , "Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun", 1992. ISBN 0-86597-102-1.
* "Correspondence Addressed to John C. Calhoun, 1837-1849," Chauncey S. Boucher and Robert P. Brooks, eds., "Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1929". 1931Academic secondary sources
* Bartlett, Irving H. "John C. Calhoun: A Biography" (1993)
* Belko, William S. "John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: An Essay on Political Rivalry, Ideology, and Policymaking in the Early Republic." "South Carolina Historical Magazine" 2004 105(3): 170-197. ISSN 0038-3082
* Brown, Guy Story. "Calhoun's Philosophy of Politics: A Study of "A Disquisition on Government"
* Capers; Gerald M. "John C. Calhoun, Opportunist: A Reappraisal" 1960.
* Capers Gerald M., "A Reconsideration of Calhoun's Transition from Nationalism to Nullification," "Journal of Southern History", XIV (Feb., 1948), 34-48. online in JSTOR
* Cheek, Jr., H. Lee. "Calhoun And Popular Rule: The Political Theory Of The Disquisition And Discourse." (2004) ISBN 0-8262-1548-3
* Ford Jr., Lacy K. "Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800-1860" (1988)
* Ford Jr., Lacy K. "Republican Ideology in a Slave Society: The Political Economy of John C. Calhoun, "The Journal of Southern History." Vol. 54, No. 3 (Aug., 1988), pp. 405-424 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642%28198808%2954%3A3%3C405%3ARIIASS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 in JSTOR]
* Ford Jr., Lacy K. "Inventing the Concurrent Majority: Madison, Calhoun, and the Problem of Majoritarianism in American Political Thought," "The Journal of Southern History," Vol. 60, No. 1 (Feb., 1994), pp. 19-58 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642%28199402%2960%3A1%3C19%3AITCMMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Gutzman, Kevin R. C., "Paul to Jeremiah: Calhoun's Abandonment of Nationalism," in _The Journal of Libertarian Studies_ 16 (2002), 3-33.
* Hofstadter, Richard. "Marx of the Master Class" in "The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It " (1948)
* Niven, John. "John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union" (1988)
* Peterson, Merrill. "The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun" (1987)
* Rayback Joseph G., "The Presidential Ambitions of John C. Calhoun, 1844-1848," "Journal of Southern History," XIV (Aug., 1948), 331-56. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(194808)14%3A3%3C331%3ATPAOJC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F online in JSTOR]
* Wiltse, Charles M. "John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 1782-1828" (1944) ISBN 0-8462-1041-X; "John C. Calhoun, Nullifier, 1829-1839" (1948); "John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840-1859" (1951); the standard scholarly biographyExternal links
*
*
* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/CALHOUN/2Ahed.html University of Virginia: John C. Calhoun] - Timeline, quotes, & contemporaries, viaUniversity of Virginia
* Fort Hill house [http://www.clemson.edu/about/history/forthill.html] atClemson University .
* Other images viaThe College of New Jersey : [http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000b2.htm] , [http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000b3.htm] , [http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000b1.htm]
* [http://framingbusiness.net/2006/thoughts-on-the-disquisition-of-calhoun/ Response to Calhoun's Disquisition]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2437 Find-A-Grave profile for John C. Calhoun]succession box
title=United States Secretary of War
before=William H. Crawford
after=James Barbour
years=October 8, 1817 – March 4, 1825succession box
title=United States Secretary of State
before=Abel P. Upshur
after=James Buchanan
years=April 1, 1844 – March 10, 1845succession box
title=Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance
before=Levi Woodbury
New Hampshire
years=1845 – 1846
after=Dixon Lewis
AlabamaUSRepSuccessionBox
state=South Carolina
district=6
before=Joseph Calhoun
after=Eldred Simkins
years=March 4, 1811 – November 3, 1817U.S. Senator box
state= South Carolina
class=2
before=Robert Y. Hayne
after=Daniel E. Huger
alongside=Stephen D. Miller ,William C. Preston andGeorge McDuffie
years=December 29, 1832 – March 3, 1843U.S. Senator box
state= South Carolina
class=2
before=Daniel E. Huger
after=Franklin H. Elmore
alongside=George McDuffie andAndrew P. Butler
years=November 26, 1845 – March 31, 1850s-ttl|title=Democratic Party vice presidential candidate(1)
years=1828 (won)Persondata
NAME = Calhoun, John Caldwell
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
DATE OF BIRTH = March 18, 1782
PLACE OF BIRTH =Abbeville, South Carolina
DATE OF DEATH = March 31, 1850
PLACE OF DEATH =Washington, D.C.
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