- J. J. Thomson
Infobox Scientist
box_width = 300px
name = J. J. Thomson
image_size = 200px
caption = Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940). Portrait byArthur Hacker .
birth_date = 18 December 1856
birth_place =Cheetham Hill ,Manchester , UK
death_date = Death date and age|1940|8|30|1856|12|18|df=yes
death_place =Cambridge , UK
nationality =United Kingdom
fields =Physics
workplaces =University of Cambridge
alma_mater =University of Manchester University of Cambridge
doctoral_advisor =
academic_advisors = John Strutt (Rayleigh)Edward John Routh
doctoral_students =
notable_students =Charles T. R. Wilson Ernest Rutherford Francis William Aston John TownsendJ. Robert Oppenheimer Owen RichardsonWilliam Henry Bragg H. Stanley Allen John Zeleny Daniel Frost Comstock Max Born T. H. Laby Paul Langevin Balthasar van der Pol
known_for =Plum pudding model Discovery of electronDiscovery of isotopesMass spectrometer inventionFirst m/e measurementProposed first waveguideThomson scattering Thomson problem Coining term 'delta ray'Coining term 'epsilon radiation'Thomson (unit)
author_abbrev_bot =
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences =
influenced =
religion =Anglican
awards = nowrap|Nobel Prize for Physics (1906)
footnotes = Thomson is the father of Nobel laureateGeorge Paget Thomson .Sir Joseph John “J.J.” Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British
physicist andNobel laureate , credited for the discovery of theelectron and ofisotopes , and the invention of themass spectrometer . He was awarded the 1906Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of theelectron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.Biography
Joseph J. Thomson was born in 1856 in
Cheetham Hill ,Manchester in England, of Scottish parentage. His father died when he was only 16 years old. [http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/physicists/physicists_thomson.htm] In 1870 he studied engineering atUniversity of Manchester known asOwens College at that time, and moved on toTrinity College, Cambridge in 1876. In 1880, he obtained his BA in mathematics (Second Wrangler and 2ndSmith's prize ) and MA (withAdams Prize ) in 1883. In 1884 he becameCavendish Professor of Physics . One of his students wasErnest Rutherford , who would later succeed him in the post. In 1890 he married Rose Elisabeth Paget, daughter of Sir George Edward Paget, KCB, a physician and then Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge. He fathered one son,George Paget Thomson , and one daughter,Joan Paget Thomson , with her. One of Thomson's greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher, as seven of his research assistants and his aforementioned son won Nobel Prizes in physics. His son won the Nobel Prize in 1937 for proving the wavelike properties of electrons.He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was knighted in 1908 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1912. In 1914 he gave the
Romanes Lecture in Oxford on "The atomic theory". In 1918 he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death. He died on 30 August 1940 and was buried inWestminster Abbey , close to Sir Isaac Newton.Thomson was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society on 12 June 1884 and was subsequently President of theRoyal Society from 1915 to 1920.Career
Cathode rays
Thomson conducted a series of experiments with
cathode ray s andcathode ray tube s leading him to the discovery of electrons and subatomic particles. Thomson used the cathode ray tube in three different experiments.First experiment
In his first experiment, he investigated whether or not the negative charge could be separated from the cathode rays by means of magnetism. He constructed a cathode ray tube ending in a pair of cylinders with slits in them. These slits were in turn connected to an electrometer. Thomson found that if the rays were magnetically bent such that they could not enter the slit, the electrometer registered little charge. Thomson concluded that the negative charge was inseparable from the rays.
econd experiment
In his second experiment, he investigated whether or not the rays could be deflected by an electric field (something that is characteristic of charged particles). [ cite journal|title=Cathode Rays|journal= The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=October 1897|first=J. J. |last=Thomson|coauthors=|volume=Fifth Series|issue=|pages=296|id= |url=http://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjappara.htm|format=|accessdate=2008-10-04 ] Previous experimenters had failed to observe this, but Thomson believed their experiments were flawed because they contained trace amounts of gas. Thomson constructed a cathode ray tube with a practically perfect vacuum, and coated one end with phosphorescent paint. Thomson found that the rays did indeed bend under the influence of an electric field, in a direction indicating a negative charge.
Third experiment
In his third experiment, Thomson measured the
mass-to-charge ratio of the cathode rays by measuring how much they were deflected by a magnetic field and how much energy they carried. He found that the mass to charge ratio was over a thousand times "lower" than that of a hydrogen ion (H+), suggesting either that the particles were very light or very highly charged.Thomson's conclusions were bold: cathode rays were indeed made of particles which he called "corpuscles", and these corpuscles came from within the atoms of the electrodes themselves, meaning that atoms are in fact divisible. The "corpuscles" discovered by Thomson are identified with the
electron s which had been proposed byG. Johnstone Stoney . He conducted this experiment in 1897.Thomson imagined the atom as being made up of these corpuscles swarming in a sea of positive charge; this was his
plum pudding model . This model was later proved incorrect whenErnest Rutherford showed that the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus.Nobel Prize
Thomson's discovery was made known in 1897, and caused a sensation in scientific circles, eventually resulting in him being awarded a
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906. [ [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-lecture.html Thomson's 1906 Nobel Prize lecture] ] He notes that prior to his work: (1) the (negatively charged) cathode was known to be the source of the cathode rays; (2) the cathode rays were known to have the particle-like property of charge; (3) were deflected by a magnetic field like a negatively charged particle; (4) had the wave-like property of being able to penetrate thin metal foils; (5) had not yet been subject to deflection by an electric field.Thomson succeeded in causing electric deflection because his cathode ray tubes were sufficiently evacuated that they developed only a low density of ions (produced by collisions of the cathode rays with the gas remaining in the tube). Their ion densities were low enough that the gas was a poor conductor, unlike the tubes of previous workers, where the ion density was high enough that the ions could screen out the
electric field . He found that the cathode rays (which he called corpuscles) were deflected by an electric field in the same direction as negatively charged particles would deflect. With the electrons moving along, say, the x-direction, the electric field E pointing along the y-direction, and the magnetic field B pointing along the z-direction, by adjusting the ratio of the magnetic field B to the electric field E he found that the cathode rays moved in a nearly straight line, an indication of a nearly uniform velocity v=E/B for the cathode rays emitted by the cathode. He then removed the magnetic field and measured the deflection of the cathode rays, and from this determined the charge-to-mass ratio e/m for the cathode rays. He writes: "however the cathode rays are produced, we always get the same value of e/m for all the particles in the rays. We may...produce great changes in the velocity of the particles, but unless the velocity of the particles becomes so great that they are moving nearly as fast as light, when other considerations have to be taken into account, the value of e/m is constant. The value of e/m is not merely independent of the velocity...it is independent of the kind of electrodes we use and also of the kind of gas in the tube."Thomson notes that "corpuscles" are emitted by hot metals and "Corpuscles are also given out by metals and other bodies, but especially by the alkali metals, when these are exposed to light. They are being continually given out in large quantities and with very great velocities by radioactive substances such as uranium and radium; they are produced in large quantities when salts are put into flames, and there is good reason to suppose that corpuscles reach us from the sun." Thomson also describes water drop experiments that enabled him to obtain a value for e that is about twice the modern value, and close to the then current value for the charge on a hydrogen ion in an electrolyte.
Isotopes and mass spectrometry
In 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of
canal rays , Thomson channelled a stream of ionized neon through a magnetic and an electric field and measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path. Thomson observed two patches of light on the photographic plate (see image on right), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection. Thomson concluded that the neon gas was composed of atoms of two different atomic masses (neon-20 and neon-22).This separation of neon isotopes by their mass was the first example of
mass spectrometry , which was subsequently improved and developed into a general method by Thomson's student F. W. Aston and byA. J. Dempster .Other work
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