WIN 35428

WIN 35428

Systematic (IUPAC) name
methyl (1R,2S,3S,5S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
Clinical data
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	Schedule II (US)
Identifiers
CAS number	50370-56-4 Y 77210-32-3
ATC code	?
PubChem	CID 105056
ChEMBL	CHEMBL541252 N
Synonyms	CFT, WIN 35,428
Chemical data
Formula	C16H20FNO2·C10H8S2O6
Mol. mass	277.33 g/mol (free base); 565.55 (anhydrous naphthalenedisulfonate)
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Physical data
Melt. point	202–204 °C (396–399 °F)
Spec. rot	-62.5°
N(what is this?)  35428 (verify)

(–)-2-β-Carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (β-CFT, WIN 35,428) is a stimulant, drug used in scientific research. CFT is a phenyltropane based dopamine reuptake inhibitor and is structurally derived from cocaine. It is around 3-10x more potent than cocaine and lasts around 7 times longer based on animal studies. While the naphthalenedisulfonate salt is the most commonly used form in scientific research due to its high solubility in water, the free base and hydrochloride salts are known compounds and can also be produced. The tartrate is another salt form that is reported.^[1]

Uses

CFT was first reported by Clarke and co-workers in 1973.^[2] This drug is known to function as a "positive reinforcer" (although it is less likely to be self-administered by rhesus monkeys than cocaine).^[1] Tritiated CFT is frequently used to map binding of novel ligands to the DAT, although the drug also has some SERT affinity.

Radiolabelled forms of CFT have been used in humans and animals to map the distribution of dopamine transporters in the brain. CFT was found to be particularly useful for this application as a normal fluorine atom can be substituted with the radioactive isotope ¹⁸F which is widely used in Positron emission tomography. Another radioisotope-substituted analog [11C]WIN 35,428 (where the carbon atom of either the N-methyl group, or the methyl from the 2-carbomethoxy group of CFT, has been replaced with ¹¹C) is now more commonly used for this application, as it is quicker and easier in practice to make radiolabelled CFT by methylating nor-CFT or 2-desmethyl-CFT than by reacting methylecgonidine with parafluorophenylmagnesium bromide, and also avoids the requirement for a licence to work with the restricted precursor ecgonine.

CFT is about as addictive as cocaine in animal studies, but is taken less often due to its longer duration of action. Potentially this could make it a suitable drug to be used as a substitute for cocaine, in a similar manner to how methadone is used as a substitute for opiates in treating addiction.

Street Drug

In August 2010, some media sources claimed that the designer drug, Ivory Wave contained WIN 35,428.^[3] However, samples of Ivory Wave have been found to contain MDPV,^[4] so the legitimacy of these claims remains unclear.

Legal Status

CFT is not specifically scheduled in the USA,^[5] though it is considered by chemical supply companies and perhaps law enforcement to be covered under the Federal Analog Act as a Schedule II due to its close similarity in structure and function to the schedule II drug Cocaine.^[6][7] Its legal status in other countries is unclear, though it may be illegal in Germany (Kontrollierte Droge) as well.^[7] More recent data on test of these drugs in 2011 in Europe do reveal the chemical as being present in items sold as "bath salts".^{[citation needed]}

Toxicity

Administering 100 mg/kg of CFT to rats only resulted in convulsions being reported, whereas CIT had the ability to cause death at this dose.^[8]

See also

• WIN 35,065-2
• List of cocaine analogues

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Wee, S; Carroll, FI; Woolverton, WL (2006). "A reduced rate of in vivo dopamine transporter binding is associated with lower relative reinforcing efficacy of stimulants". Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2): 351–62. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300795. PMID 15957006. http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v31/n2/full/1300795a.html. 
2. ^ Clarke, RL; Daum, SJ; Gambino, AJ; Aceto, MD; Pearl, J; Levitt, M; Cumiskey, WR; Bogado, EF (1973). "Compounds affecting the central nervous system. 4. 3 Beta-phenyltropane-2-carboxylic esters and analogs". Journal of medicinal chemistry 16 (11): 1260–7. doi:10.1021/jm00269a600. PMID 4747968. 
3. ^ "Ivory Wave: The new meow meow?". Metro.co.uk. 2010-08-17. http://www.metro.co.uk/news/838315-ivory-wave-the-new-meow-meow. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
4. ^ Sam Jones and Mike Power (2010-08-17). "Ivory Wave drug implicated in death of 24-year-old man | Society | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/aug/17/ivory-wave-drug-alleged-death. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
5. ^ "DEA, Drug Scheduling". http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html. Retrieved 2011-04-07. 
6. ^ "Controlled Substances in Research Policy (Portland VA Medical Center)" (PDF). http://www.visn20.med.va.gov/portland/research/pdf-documents/csi_research_policy.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "C124 β-CFT naphthalenedisulfonate monohydrate solid". Sigmaaldrich.com. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail?ProdNo=C124&Brand=SIGMA. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
8. ^ Carroll, FI; Runyon, SP; Abraham, P; Navarro, H; Kuhar, MJ; Pollard, GT; Howard, JL (2004). "Monoamine transporter binding, locomotor activity, and drug discrimination properties of 3-(4-substituted-phenyl)tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester isomers". Journal of medicinal chemistry 47 (25): 6401–9. doi:10.1021/jm0401311. PMID 15566309. 

References

• D'Mello GD, Goldberg DM, Goldberg SR, Stolerman IP. Conditioned taste aversion and operant behaviour in rats: effects of cocaine and a cocaine analogue (WIN 35,428). Neuropharmacology. 1979 Dec;18(12):1009-10.
• Reith, MEA., Sershen H, Lajtha A. Saturable (3H)cocaine binding in central nervous system of mouse. Life Sciences. 1980 Sep 22;27(12):1055-62.
• Spealman RD, Bergman J, Madras BK. Self-administration of the high-affinity cocaine analog 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour. 1991 Aug;39(4):1011-3.
• Milius RA, Saha JK, Madras BK, Neumeyer JL. Synthesis and Receptor Binding of N-Substituted Tropane Derivatives. High- Affinity Ligands for the Cocaine Receptor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1991,34, 1728–1731
• Cline EJ, Scheffel U, Boja JW, Carroll FI, Katz JL, Kuhar MJ. Behavioral effects of novel cocaine analogs: a comparison with in vivo receptor binding potency. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1992 Mar;260(3):1174-9.
• Singh S. Chemistry, Design, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Cocaine Antagonists. Chemistry Reviews, 2000. 100(3): 925-1024
• Li SM, Campbell BL, Katz JL. Interactions of cocaine with dopamine uptake inhibitors or dopamine releasers in rats discriminating cocaine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2006 Jun;317(3):1088-96.
• Richard H. Kline, Jr., Jeremy Wright, Kristine M. Fox, and Mohyee E. Eldefrawi. Synthesis of 3- Arylecgonine Analogues as Inhibitors of Cocaine Binding and Dopamine Uptake. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1990, (33): 2024-2027.
• Xu L, Trudell ML. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 1996; 33: 2037.